Conservative confluences, "nativist" synergy: Reinscribing Vichy's national revolution in Indochina, 1940-1945

French Historical Studies

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 601-635

  Jennings, Eric ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33144458330     PISSN: 00161071     EISSN: 15275493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00161071-27-3-601     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London, 1992)
2. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (London, 1993), 79
3. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1991), 118
4. This interconnectedness has been denied in different ways, in different contexts. According to Henry Schwarz, in the Indian context, "the estimation by native historians of the complex and contradictory ways in which native artists appropriated European forms, genres, and ideologies was, on the whole, somewhat limited"; Schwarz, Writing Cultural History in Colonial and Post-colonial India (Philadelphia, 1997), 15
5. As Chatterjee notes, "Every nationalism speaks through a discourse, 'historical in its form but apologetic in its substance,' which claims to demonstrate the rise, progress and efflorescence of its own particular genius"; Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World, 9
6. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), 16, 226
7. My thanks to Peter Zinoman for first pointing out to me how most secondary sources spoke of a strictly "Japanese period." The many studies to have examined the "Japanese side" include Kiyoko Nitz, "Independence without Nationalists? The Japanese and Vietnamese Nationalism during the Japanese Period, 1940-1945," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 15 (1984): 108-33
8. Nitz, "Japanese Military Policy towards French Indochina during the Second World War: The Road to the Meigo Sakusen (9 March 1945)," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 14 (1983): 328-53
9. Ralph B. Smith, "The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 9 (1978): 268-301
10. Jacques Valette, Indochine, 1940-1945: Français contre Japonais (Paris, 1993)
11. Alfred McCoy, ed., Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation (New Haven, CT, 1981)
12. Tran My Van, "Japan and Vietnam's Caodaists: A Wartime Relationship, 1939-1945," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27 (1996): 179-93
13. Takashi Shiraishi and Motoo Furuta, eds., Indochina in the 1940s and 1950s: Translation of Contemporary Japanese Scholarship on Southeast Asia (Ithaca, NY, 1992)
14. Shiraishi Masaya, "La présence japonaise en Indochine, 1940-1945," in L'Indochine française, 1940-1945, ed. Paul Isoart (Paris, 1982)
15. Murakami Sachiko, "Japan's Thrust into French Indochina, 1940-1945" (PhD diss., New York University, 1981)
16. and Benabi Abderrahmane, "Les Français, les Japonais et le mouvement national vietnamien (1940-1945)" (PhD diss., Université de Paris I, 1988)
17. American intelligence expressed "surprise" at "the extent of power retained by [Vichy Governor] Decoux"; Office of National Intelligence Weekly, Jan. 24, 1945, 303
18. David Marr, Vietnam, 1945: The Quest for Power (Berkeley, CA, 1995), 93
19. Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World, 85-130
20. Jennings, Vichy in the Tropics, 178
21. Ann Laura Stoler, "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia," in Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, ed. Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler (Berkeley, CA, 1997), 198-237
22. On the question of Vichy and fascism, see John Bingham, "Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France," Canadian Journal of History 29 (1994): 525-43
23. Michèle Cointet-Labrousse, Vichy et le fascisme (Brussels, 1987)
24. Alain Gérard Slama, "Vichy était-il fasciste?" Vingtième siècle 11 (1986): 41-53
25. and Roger Bourderon, "Le régime de Vichy étaitil fasciste?" Revue d'histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale 91 (1973): 23-40
26. Philippe Burrin, "La France dans le champ magnétique des fascismes," Le débat 32 (1984): 52-72
27. Robert Paxton, "The Five Stages of Fascism," Journal of Modern History 70 (1998): 3
28. On Chiang Kai-shek and fascism, see Chung Dooeum, Elitist Fascism: Chiang Kaishek's Blueshirts in 1930s China (Burlington, VT, 2000)
29. On this topic in metropolitan France, see Christian Faure, Le projet culturel de Vichy (Lyon, 1989)
30. Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), esp. 102-19
31. Pierre Pasquier, Discours prononcé le 28 octobre 1930 par M. Pasquier (Hanoi, 1930)
32. Gérard Noiriel, Les origines républicaines de Vichy (Paris, 1999)
33. Olivier Wieviorka, Les orphelins de la République: Destinées des députés et sénateurs français, 1940-1945 (Paris, 2001)
34. Denis Peschanski, La France des camps: L'internement, 1938-1946 (Paris, 2002)
35. Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery, Indochine, la colonisation ambiguë, 1858-1954 (Paris, 1995), 303
36. A. Lohenet, "Traditions annamites et rénovation française," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, Aug. 2, 1941, 11
37. Nguyen Viet Nam, "Le travail, la famille, la patrie," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, Nov. 21, 1940, 14
38. Nam Dong, "Les Annamites et la Révolution Nationale," L'action, Apr. 24, 1942, 1
39. On Decoux's control of the Vietnamese-language press, see CAOM Gouvernement Général de l'Indochine (hereafter GGI), 65415, dossier 57
40. Thieu Son, "A Revolutionary Poet or a Poetic Revolution?" Dai Viet Tap Chi, no. 1 (1942): 1. I am grateful to Hoa Pham for translating this article from the Vietnamese
41. CAOM, Résidence Supérieure du Tonkin, Nouveau Fonds (hereafter RSTNF), 06282, "Théâtres."
42. On this matter, see Bruce Lockhart, The End of the Vietnamese Monarchy (New Haven, CT, 1993), 108
43. Marr, Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 97
44. "La sagesse populaire de France et d'Annam," L'action, Apr. 14, 1942, 2
45. Susan Bayly, "French Anthropology and the Durkheimians in Colonial Indochina," Modern Asian Studies 34 (2000): 613-14
46. Pierre Brocheux, "La revue Thanh Nghi: Un groupe d'intellectuels vietnamiens confrontés aux problèmes de leur nation, 1941-1945," Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 34 (1987): 319
47. Søren Ivarsson, "Bringing Laos into Existence: Laos between Indochina and Siam, 1860-1945" (PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen, 1999), 102
48. Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine (Hanoi, 1941)
49. Documents on Vichy's heraldry commission can be found in CAOM, Affaires Politiques 898, dossier 18, "Constitution d'une Commission Héraldique de France." On Vichy recipes for new flags and crests in West Africa, see Hubert Deschamps, Roi de la brousse: Mémoires d'autres mondes (Paris, 1975), 246
50. Ha Xuan Te, "Drapeau tricolore et drapeau annamite," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, Oct. 16, 1941, 8
51. See Arundhati Virmani, "National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923," Past and Present, no. 164 (1999): 169-87
52. Lebovics, True France
53. Nam Dong, "Les Annamites et la Révolution Nationale," 1
54. Service Historique de la Marine, Vincennes (hereafter SHM), 171 GG2, carton 3, Oct. 2, 1942
55. Ha Xuan Te, "Drapeau tricolore et drapeau annamite," 8
56. Charles Rochet, Pays lao: Le Laos dans la tourmente, 1939-1945 (Paris, 1946), 43-44
57. On Vichyite propaganda in metropolitan France, see Denis Peschanski and Laurent Gervereau, eds., La propagande sous Vichy (Paris, 1990)
58. "L'inauguration du monument Henri Maître aux trois frontières," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, Feb. 11, 1943, 5
59. and Keith Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley, CA, 1983), 334-39
60. On the cult of Joan of Arc in Cambodia under Decoux, see Penny Edwards, "'Propagender': Marianne, Joan of Arc, and the Export of French Gender Ideology to Colonial Cambodia," in Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France, ed. Tony Chafer and Amanda Sackur (London, 2002), 124-27
61. Jeanne d'Arc would prove a potent anticolonial referent in other contexts as well. See Marilyn Booth, "The Egyptian Lives of Jeanne d'Arc," in Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East, ed. Lila Abu-Lughod (Princeton, NJ, 1998), 171-210
62. Jean François, "Fêtes et pèlerinages au Tonkin: La fête des Jeanne d'Arc d'Annam, Trung Trac et Trung Nhi," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, Apr. 2, 1942, 9
63. Anne-Marie Thiesse, "Les deux identités de la France," Modern and Contemporary France 9 (2001): 10
64. See also Thiesse, La création des identités nationales (Paris, 1999)
65. Christopher E. Goscha, Vietnam or Indochina? Contesting Concepts of Space in Vietnamese Nationalism, 1887-1954 (Copenhagen, 1995), 82-83
66. see also Paul Isoart, "Aux origines d'une guerre: L'Indochine française, 1940-1945," in Isoart, L'Indochine française, 17
67. Maurice Ducoroy, Ma trahison en Indochine (Paris, 1949), 16
68. Jean Decoux, A la barre de l'Indochine (Paris, 1949), 388-89
69. Georges Pisier, "Jean Decoux," in Hommes et destins, vol. 6 (Paris, 1985), 110
70. "Marche des étudiants, chant fédéral de l'Université indochinoise," La tribune indochinoise, July 1, 1942, 1-2
71. Hy Van Luong, Revolution in the Village: Tradition and Transformation in North Vietnam, 1925-1988 (Honolulu, HI, 1992), 83
72. Goscha, Vietnam or Indochina? 80
73. On Bui Quang Chieû, see Marr, Vietnam, 1945, 94
74. Bui Quang Chieû, "Viel Annam," La tribune indochinoise, Mar. 9, 1942, 1
75. Nguyen Manh Tuong, "Rencontre," in Témoignages (Hanoi, 1941), 20-21
76. Vu Ngoc Lien, "Chanson et musique annamites," L'Annam nouveau, Nov. 7, 1940
77. "La tradition et nous," Tribune indochinoise, Jan. 26, 1942, 1-2
78. "La femme au foyer," L'Annam nouveau, Dec. 21, 1941, 1
79. Bruce Lincoln, "Retiring Syncretism," Historical Reflections/Réflexions historiques 27 (2001): 453
80. and Sander Gilman and Ted Chamberlin, Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress (New York, 1985)
81. Ngo Huu Thoi, "Opinion annamite: En marge de l'oeuvre du Maréchal Pétain; Retour aux vieilles disciplines et aux traditions historiques," L'écho annamite, Apr. 18, 1941, 1
82. Philippe Devillers, in Charles-Robert Ageron, ed., Les chemins de la décolonisation de l'Empire français, 1936-1956 (Paris, 1986), 289
83. Tran Dang, "Dix ans de règne, 1932-1942," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, Apr. 16, 1942, 15
84. On Pham Quynh's fascination with Charles Maurras, see Pierre Lamant, "La Révolution Nationale dans l'Indochine de l'Amiral Decoux," Revue d'histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale, no. 138 (1985): 34
85. and Trinh Van Thao, Vietnam du confucianisme au communisme (Paris, 1990), 214-17, 318
86. and Bernard Le Calloc'h, "Le rôle de Pham-Quynh dans la promotion du quôc-ngu et de la littérature vietnamienne moderne," Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer 72 (1985): 309-20
87. Pierre-Richard Féray, Le Vietnam au 20ème siècle (Paris, 1979), 172
88. Jean Decoux, Pham Quynh, Mission du mandarinat: Discours prononcés le 24 dec. 1941 à l'occasion de la proclamation des résultats du concours de Tri-Huyen, 14-15
89. Morgan Sportès, Tonkinoise (Paris, 1995)
90. CAOM, Affaires Politiques 2520, dossier 9, report no. 11, Apr. 11, 1941, 20
91. CAOM, Indochine NF 2766
92. Commissariat général à l'éducation physique, aux sports et à la jeunesse, Premières tâches du chef de jeunesse provincial, Hanoi, Oct. 1942, 12. My thanks to David Del Testa for drawing this document to my attention
93. Captain Vaziaga, "L'Indochine en marche: Les écoles de cadres de jeunesse," Indochine, hebdomadaire illustré, July 1, 1943, 10
94. AMB, Fonds Decoux, box 2, "L'Indochine au travail."
95. CAOM Conseiller Politique du Haut Commissariat, Cochinchine, Rapport mensuel, Sûreté intérieure, report for the period from June 16 to July 15, 1943, 21
96. Brocheux, "L'occasion favorable," 165
97. Pierre Brocheux and Agathe Larcher, "Une adolescence indochinoise," in Nicolas Bancel et al., De l'Indochine à l'Algérie: La jeunesse en mouvements des deux côtés du miroir colonial, 1940-1962 (Paris, 2003), 43
98. SHM, 10 H 78, dossier on "the Japanese occupation, and political life in Indochina, 1940-1945," 13
99. Brocheux, "L'occasion favorable," 164
100. Said, Culture and Imperialism, 16
101. Benedict Anderson, The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World (London, 1998), 1-2