Pacific walrus: Benthic bioturbator of Beringia

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Volumn 330, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 403-419

  Ray, G Carleton ^a   McCormick Ray, Jerry ^a   Berg, Peter ^a   Epstein, Howard E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Benthic function; Benthic structure; Bering Sea; Beringia; Nutrient flux; Odobenus rosmarus; Walrus

Indexed keywords

BENTHOS; BIOTURBATION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PINNIPED;

BERING SEA; PACIFIC OCEAN;

ODOBENIDAE; ODOBENUS ROSMARUS; ODOBENUS ROSMARUS DIVERGENS;

EID: 32944456611     PISSN: 00220981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.043     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (75)

1. K.R. Arrigo Primary production in sea ice D.N. Thomas G.S. Dieckmann Sea Ice: An Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology 2003 Blackwell Sciience Oxford, UK 143 183
2. E.W. Born, S. Rysggard, G. Ehlmé, M. Sejr, M. Acquarone, and N. Levermann Underwater observations of foraging free-living Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) and estimates of their food consumption Polar Biology 26 2003 348 357
3. D.C. Burrell, K. Tomos, A.S. Naidu, and C.M. Hoskin Some geochemical characteristics of Bering Sea sediments D.W. Hood E.J. Kelly Oceanography of the Bering Sea Occasional Publication vol. 1 1988 Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska, Fairbanks 305 319
4. J.L. Clement, L.W. Cooper, and J.M. Grebmeier Late-winter water column and sea ice conditions in the northern Bering Sea Journal of Geophysical Research 109 CO3022 2004 1 16
5. R.T. Cooney, and K.O. Coyle Trophic implications of cross-shelf copepod distribution in the southeastern Bering Sea Marine Biology 70 1982 187 196
6. L.W. Cooper, J.M. Grebmeier, I.L. Larsen, V.G. Egorov, C. Theodorakis, H.P. Kelly, and J.R. Lovvorn Seasonal variation in sedimentation of organic materials in the St. Lawrence Island polynya region, Bering Sea Marine Ecology. Progress Services 226 2002 13 26
7. M.J. Dunbar Ecological Development in Polar Regions: A Study in Evolution 1968 Prentice-Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs, NJ
8. F.H. Fay History and present status of the Pacific walrus population Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference 22 1957 431 443
9. F.H. Fay Ecology and Biology of the Pacific Walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger North American Fauna vol. 74 1982 U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
10. F.H. Fay, and J.J. Burns Maximal feeding depth of walruses Arctic 41 3 1988 239 240
11. Fay, F.H., Ray, G.C., Kibal'chich, A.A., 1984. Time and location of mating and associated behavior of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger. Soviet-American Cooperative Research on Marine Mammals. In: Fay, F.H., Fedoseev, G.A. (Eds.), vol. 1-Pinnipeds. NOAA Tech. Rept. NMFS 12, pp. 89-99.
12. F.H. Fay, B.P. Kelly, and J.L. Sease Managing the exploitation of Pacific walruses: a tragedy of delayed response and poor communication Marine Mammal Science 5 1 1989 1 16
13. F.H. Fay, L.L. Eberhardt, B.P. Kelly, J.J. Burns, and L.T. Quakenbush Status of the Pacific walrus population, 1950-1989 Marine Mammal Science 13 4 1997 537 565
14. I. Gjertz, D. Griffiths, B.A. Kraaft, C. Lydersen, and Ø. Wiig Diving and haul-out patterns of walruses Odobenus rosmarus in Svalbard Polar Biology 24 2001 214 219
15. C.S. Gorbics, J.L. Garlich-Milller, and S.L. Schliebe Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments 1998: Sea Otters, Polar Bear and Walrus 1998 Marine Mammal Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Anchorage, Alaska
16. J.K. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper Influence of the St. Lawrence Island polynya upon the Bering Sea benthos Journal of Geophysical Research 100 C3 1995 4439 (89-12-4460)
17. J.M. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper Biological implications of arctic change ACIA International Symposium on Climate Change in the Arctic, Reykjaviik, Iceland, 9-12 November 2004 2004
18. J.M. Grebmeier, and K.H. Dunton Benthic processes in the northern Bering/Chukchi Seas: status and global change Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic. Report of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska 2000 U.S. Marine Mammal Commission Bethesda, MD, USA 61 71
19. J.M. Grebmeier, and C.P. McRoy Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas: III. Benthic food supply and carbon cycling Marine Ecology. Progress Series 53 1989 79 91
20. J.M. Grebmeier, C.P. McRoy, and H.M. Feder Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas: I. Food supply source and benthic biomass Marine Ecology. Progress Series 48 1988 57 67
21. J.M. Grebmeier, H.M. Feder, and C.P. McRoy Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas: II. Benthic community structure Marine Ecology. Progress Series 51 1989 253 268
22. K. Henriksen, T.H. Blackburn, B.A. Lomstein, and C.P. McRoy Rates of nitrification, distribution of nitrifying bacteria and inorganic fluxes in northern Bering-Chukchi shelf sediments Continental Shelf Research 13 5/6 1993 629 651
23. R.L. Howe, A.P. Rees, and S. Widdicombe The impact of two species of bioturbating shrimp (Callianassa subterranea and Upogebia deltaura) on sediment denitification Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84 2004 629 632
24. C.V. Jay, S.D. Farley, and G.W. Garner Summer diving behavior of male walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska Marine Mammal Science 17 3 2001 617 631
25. K.R. Johnson, and C.H. Nelson Side-scan sonar assessment of gray whale feeding in the Bering Sea Science 225 1984 1150 1152
26. R.A. Kastelein, and N.M. Gerrits The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus): Part 1. The skull Aquatic Mammals 16 3 1990 101 119
27. R.A. Kastelein, and P. Mosterd The excavation technique for mollusks of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) under controlled conditions Aquatic Mammals 15 1 1989 3 5
28. R.A. Kastelein, and M.A. van Gaalen The sensitivity of the vibrissae of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Part 1 Aquatic Mammals 14 3 1988 123 133
29. R.A. Kastelein, S. Stevens, and P. Mosterd The tactile sensitivity of the mystacial vibrissae of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Part 2. Masking Aquatic Mammals 16 2 1990 78 87
30. R.A. Kastelein, N.M. Gerrits, and J.L. Dubbeldam The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus): Part 2. Description of the muscles and of their role in feeding and haul-out behavior Aquatic Mammals 17 3 1991 156 180
31. R.A. Kastelein, M. Muller, and A. Terlouw Oral suction of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in air and under water Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 59 1994 105 115
32. R.A. Kastelein, Dubbledam, and M.A.G. de Bakker The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus): Part 5. The tongue and its function in walrus ecology Aquatic Mammals 23 1 1997 29 47
33. M.P. Lizotte The microbiology of sea ice D.N. Thomas G.S. Dieckmann Sea Ice: An Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology 2003 Blackwell Science Oxford, UK 184 210
34. A.M. Lohrer, S.F. Thrush, and M.M. Gibbs Bioturbators enhance ecosystem function through complex biogeochemical interactions Nature 431 2004 1092 1095
35. + Marine Ecology. Progress Series 57 1989 237 247
36. G.R. Lopez, and J.S. Levinton Ecology of deposit-feeding animals in marine sediments The Quarterly Review of Biology 62 3 1987 235 260
37. J.R. Lovvorn, S.E. Richman, J.M. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper Diet and body condition of spectacled eiders wintering in pack ice of the Bering Sea Polar Biology 26 2003 259 267
38. J.R. Lovvorn, L.W. Cooper, M.L. Brooks, C.C. De Ruyck, J.K. Bump, and J.M. Grebmeier Organic matter pathways to zooplankton and benthos under pack ice in late winter and open water in late summer in the north-central Bering Sea Marine Ecology. Progress Series 291 2005 135 150
39. N.V. Maximovich, and A.V. Guerassimova Life history characteristics of the clam Mya arenaria in the White Sea Helgoland Marine Research 57 2003 91 99
40. Mayr, E., 1997. This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
41. S.E. Moore, J.M. Grebmeier, and J.R. Davies Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat in the northern Bering Sea Canadian Journal of Zoology 81 2003 734 742
42. Naidu, A.S., 1987. Marine surficial sediments. Map 1.4 in Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Strategic Assessment Branch. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
43. A.S. Naidu, L.W. Cooper, J.M. Grebmeier, T.E. Whitledge, and M.J. Hameedi The continental margin of the north Bering-Chukchi Sea: distribution, sources, fluxes, and burial rates of organic carbon R. Stein R.W. MacDonald The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin
44. C.H. Nelson, and K.R. Johnson Whales and walruses as tillers of the sea floor Scientific American 256 2 1987 112 117
45. NOAA 1987. Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Strategic Assessment Branch. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
46. W.E. Odum, E.P. Odum, and H.T. Odum Nature's pulsing paradigm Estuaries 18 4 1995 547 555
47. E.G. Ólafsson Density dependence in suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding populations of the bivalve Macoma balthica: a field experiment Journal of Animal Ecology 55 1986 517 526
48. J.S. Oliver, P.N. Slattery, E.F. O'Connor, and L.F. Lowry Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, feeding in the Bering Sea: a benthic perspective Fishery Bulletin 81 3 1983 501 512
49. J.S. Oliver, R.G. Kvitek, and P.N. Slattery Walrus feeding disturbance: scavenging habits and recolonization of the Bering Sea benthos Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 91 1985 233 246
50. G.C. Ray Underwater observation increases understanding of marine mammals Marine Technology Science Journal 7 1 1973 16 20
51. G.C. Ray Submersible systems for ecological research in polar regions Marine Technology Science Journal 18 1 1984 54 60
52. G.C. Ray, and B. Curtsinger Learning the ways of the walrus National Geographic 156 4 1979 564 580
53. G.C. Ray, and G.L. Hufford Relationships among Beringian marine mammals and sea ice Rapports et Procés-verbal des Réunion-Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 188 1989 22 39
54. G.C. Ray, and J. McCormick-Ray Coastal-Marine Conservation: Science and Policy 2004 Blackwell Science Oxford, UK 189 202 Chapter 6
55. G.C. Ray, and D. Wartzok Remote sensing of marine mammals of Beringia. Results of BESMEX: the Bering Sea marine mammal experiment Report under NASA Contract NAS2-9300 1980 1 77
56. D.C. Rhoads Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 12 1974 263 300
57. L. Roseberry, B. Vincent, and C. Lemaire Croissance et reproduction de Mya arenaria dans la zone intertidale du Saint-Laurent Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 3 1991 724 732
58. G.T. Rowe, and W.C. Phoel Nutrient regeneration and oxygen demand in Bering Sea continental shelf sediments Continental Shelf Research 12 4 1992 439 449
59. J.L. Sarmiento, R. Slater, R. Barber, L. Bopp, S.C. Doney, A.C. Hirst, J. Kleypas, R. Matear, U. Mikolajewicz, P. Monfray, V. Soldatov, S.A. Spall, and R. Stouffer Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18 GB3003 2004 1 23
60. S.B. Seitzinger, and A.E. Giblin Estimating denitrification in North Atlantic continental shelf sediments Biogeochemistry 35 1996 235 260
61. M.K. Sejr, M.K. Sand, K.T. Jensen, J.K. Petersen, P.B. Christensen, and S. Rysgaard Growth and production of Hiatella arctica (Bivalvia) in a high-Arctic fjord (Young Sound, Northeast Greenland) Marine Ecology. Progress Series 244 2002 163 169
62. Sheffield, G.G. 197. Walrus feeding: a re-examination. MS Thesis, University of Alaska: 1-55.
63. G. Sheffield, F.H. Fay, H. Feder, and B.P. Kelly Laboratory digestion of prey and interpretation of walrus stomach contents Marine Mammal Science 17 2 2001 310 330
64. H.H. Shugart A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models 1984 Springer-Verlag New York, NY
65. M.A. Simpkins, L.M. Hiruki-Raring, G. Sheffield, J.M. Grebmeier, and J.L. Bengtson Habitat selection by ice-associated pinnipeds near St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, in March 2001 Polar Biology 26 2003 577 586
66. V. Smetacek, and S. Nicol Polar ocean systems in a changing world Nature 437 2005 362 368
67. A.M. Springer, and C.P. McRoy The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea: III. Patterns of primary production Continental Shelf Research 13 5-6 1993 575 599
68. A.M. Springer, C.P. McRoy, and M.V. Flint The Bering Sea green belt: shelf-edge processes and ecosystem production Fisheries Oceanography 5 3-4 1996 205 223
69. Stoker, S. 1973. Under-ice studies of winter benthos on the continental shelf of the northeastern Bering Sea. Masters Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
70. Stoker, S., 1981. Benthic invertebrate macrofauna of the eastern Bering/Chukchi continental shelf. Pp. 1069-1090. In: Hood, D.W., Calder, J.A. (Eds.), The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources, vol. 2. Office Marine Pollution Assessment, NOAA, U.S Dept. Commerce, Washington, D.C., p. 455.
71. L.M. Votrogov, and L.S. Bogoslovskaya Gray whale off the Chukotka Peninsula Report of the International Whaling Commission 30 1980 435 438
72. Wartzok, D., Ray, G.C., 1980. The hauling-out behavior of the Pacific Walrus. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service PB80-192578: 1-46.
73. H.E. Welch, and K. Martin-Bergmann Does the clam Mya truncata regenerate its siphon after predation by walrus? An experimental approach Arctic 43 2 1990 157 158
74. D.P. Weston Macrobenthos-sediment relationships on the continental shelf off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Continental Shelf Research 8 5 1988 267 286
75. R.A. Wheatcroft, and D.E. Drake Post-depositional alteration and preservation of sedimentary event layers on continental margins: I. The role of episodic sedimentation Marine Geology 199 2003 123 137