Analysis of apollo command module afterbody heating part I: AS-202

Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 16-30

  Wright, Michael J ^a,c,d   Prabhu, Dinesh K ^b,c,d   Martinez, Edward R ^a,e  

^a NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b ELORET CORPORATION   (United States)

^c Reacting Flow Environments Branch   (United States)

^d AIAA   (United States)

^e Thermophysics Facilities Branch   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABLATION; CALORIMETERS; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEAT PROBLEMS; HEAT TRANSFER; REYNOLDS NUMBER; TRAJECTORIES; WAKES;

CONICAL AFTERBODY; NONCONTINUUM EFFECTS; SURFACE OIL FLOW; WAKE FLOW;

SPACE SHUTTLES;

ABLATION; CALORIMETERS; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEAT PROBLEMS; HEAT TRANSFER; REYNOLDS NUMBER; SPACE SHUTTLES; TRAJECTORIES; WAKES;

EID: 32844464714     PISSN: 08878722     EISSN: 15336808     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/1.15873     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Jones, R., "Experimental Investigation of the Overall Pressure Distribution, Flow Field, and Afterbody Heat Transfer Distribution of an Apollo Reentry Configuration at a Mach Number of 8," NASA TM X-813, June 1963.
2. Bertin, J., "Wind Tunnel Heating Rates for the Apollo Spacecraft," NASA TM X-1033, Jan. 1965.
3. Marvin, J., and Kussoy, M., "Experimental Investigation of the Flow Field and Heat Transfer over the Apollo Capsule Afterbody at a Mach Number of 20," NASA TM X-1032, Feb. 1965.
4. Yee, L., "Free-Flight Measurements of Heat Transferred to the Apollo Afterbody with and Without Heat Shield Ablation," NASA TM X-1096, April 1965.
5. ∞ of 5.8 to 8.3," NASA TN D-6792, April 1972.
6. Fox, G., and Marvin, J., "An Investigation of the Apollo Afterbody Pressure and Heat Transfer at High Enthalpy," NASA TM X-11973, March 1966.
7. Cauchon, D. L., "Project Fire Flight 1 Radiative Heating Experiment," NASA TM X-1222, April 1966.
8. Cauchon, D. L., "Radiative Heating Results from the Fire II Flight Experiment at a Reentry Velocity of 11.4 Kilometers per Second," NASA TM X-1402, July 1967.
9. Lee, D. B., Bertin, J. J., and Goodrich, W. D., "Heat Transfer Rate and Pressure Measurements Obtained During Apollo Orbital Entries," NASA TN D-6028, Oct. 1970.
10. Lee, D. B., and Goodrich, W. D., "The Aerothermodynamic Environment of the Apollo Command Module During Superorbital Entry," NASA TN D-6792, April 1972.
11. Lee, D. B., "Apollo Experience Report: Aerothermodynamics Evaluation," NASA TN D-6843, June 1972.
12. Wright, M., Loomis, M., and Papadopoulos, P., "Aerothermal Analysis of the Project Fire II Afterbody Flow," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2003, pp. 240-249.
13. Henline, W., Chen, Y.-K., Palmer, G., and Stewart, D., "Trajectory-Based, 3-Dimensional Heating and Ablation Calculations for the Apollo Lunar/Earth Return Capsule," AIAA Paper 93-2788, July 1993.
14. Park, C., "Stagnation-Point Radiation for Apollo 4," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2004, pp. 349-357.
15. Hillje, E., "Entry Flight Aerodynamics from Apollo Mission AS-202," NASA TN D-4185, Oct. 1967.
16. Pavlosky, J. E., and St. Leger, L. G., "Apollo Experience Report: Thermal Protection Subsystem," NASA TN D-7564, Jan. 1974.
17. Crouch, R. K., and Walberg, G. D., "An Investigation of Ablation Behavior of Avcoat 5026/39M over a Wide Range of Thermal Environments," NASA TM X-1778, April 1969.
18. Gardon, R., "A Transducer for the Measurement of Heat Flow Rate," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 82, Nov. 1960, pp. 396-398.
19. "Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Transducer," ASTM E511-01, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshocken, PA, Oct. 2001.
20. Murthy, A. V., "Radiative Calibration of Heat-Flux Sensors at NIST: Facilities and Techniques," Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol. 105, No. 2, 2000, pp. 229-300.
21. Pitts, D., and Carter, P., "High Altitude Atmospheric Measurements for the Reentries of Gemini 6 and 7," NASA TM X-58003, Nov. 1966.
22. Wright, M., Candler, G., and Bose, D., "Data-Parallel Line Relaxation Method for the Navier-Stokes Equations," AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 9, 1998, pp. 1603-1609.
23. MacCormack, R., and Candler, G., "The Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations Using Gauss-Seidel Line Relaxation," Computers and Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1989, pp. 135-150.
24. Yee, H., "A Class of High-Resolution Explicit and Implicit Shock Capturing Methods," NASA TM 101088, Feb. 1989.
25. Jits, R., Wright, M. J., and Chen, Y.-K., "Application of a Closed-Loop Trajectory Simulation for TPS Design of Neptune Aerocapture Vehicle," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2005, pp. 1025-1034.
26. Wright, M., Bose, D., and Olejniczak, J., "The Impact of Flowfield Radiation Coupling on Aeroheating for Titan Aerocapture," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2005, pp. 17-27.
27. Park, C., "Review of Chemical-Kinetic Problems of Future NASA Missions, I: Earth Entries," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1993, pp. 385-398.
28. Bose, D., and Candler, G., "Thermal Rate Constants of the N2 + O → NO + N Reaction Using Ab Initio 3A" and 3A' Potential Energy Surfaces," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 104, No. 8, 1996, pp.2825-2833.
29. Park, C., Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1990, pp. 344-348.
30. Millikan, R., and White, D., "Systematics of Vibrational Relaxation," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 39, No. 12, 1963, pp. 3209-3213.
31. Gupta, R., Yos, J., Thompson, R., and Lee, K., "A Review of Reaction Rates and Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for an 11 -Species Air Model for Chemical and Thermal Nonequilibrium Calculations to 30000 K," NASA RP-1232, Aug. 1990.
32. Palmer, G. E., and Wright, M. J., "A Comparison of Methods to Compute High Temperature Gas Viscosity," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2003, pp. 232-239.
33. Palmer, G. E., and Wright, M. J., "A Comparison of Methods to Compute High Temperature Gas Thermal Conductivity," AIAA Paper 2003-3913, June 2003.
34. Ramshaw, J. D., "Self-Consistent Effective Binary Diffusion in Multi-component Gas Mixtures," Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1990, pp. 295-300.
35. Menter, F. R., "Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering Applications," AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 8, 1994, pp. 1598-1605.
36. Brown, J. L., "Turbulence Model Validation for Hypersonic Flows," AIAA Paper 2002-3308, June 2002.
37. Gnoffo, P., Price, J., and Braun, R., "Computation of Near Wake Aerobrake Flowfields," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1992, pp.182-189.
38. Davies, C., and Venkatapathy, E., "The Self Adaptive Grid Code SAGE, Version 3," NASA TM 208792, Aug. 1999.
39. Tobak, M., and Peake, D. J., "Topology of Three-Dimensional Separated Flows," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 14, 1982, pp. 61-85.
40. "Tecplot® Version 10.0 User's Manual," Amtec Engineering, Inc., Bellevue, WA, 2002.
41. Tauber, M. E., "A Review of High-Speed Convective Heat-Transfer Computation Methods," NASA TP-2914, July 1989.
42. Lees, L., "Hypersonic Wakes and Trails," AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1964, pp. 417-428.
43. Boyd, I. D., Chen, G., and Candler, G. V., "Predicting Failure of the Continuum Fluid Equations in Transitional Hypersonic Flows," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1995, pp. 210-219.
44. Dogra, V. K., Moss, J. N., Wilmoth, R. G., Taylor, J. C., and Hassan, H. A., "Effects of Chemistry on Blunt Body Wake Structure," AIAA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1995, pp. 463-469.