'With one accord rejoice on this glad day': Celebrating the monarchy in nineteenth-century Otago

New Zealand Journal of History

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 137-160

  Clarke, Alison ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 32644454849     PISSN: 00288322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Otago Daily Times (ODT), 23 March 1865, p.4; 28 March 1868, p.5;
2. Otago Witness (OW), 28 March 1868, pp. 1-2.
3. On the shooting and its aftermath in Australia, see Philip M. Cowburn, 'The Attempted Assassination of the Duke of Edinburgh, 1868', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 55, 1 (1969), pp.19-42;
4. K.S. Inglis, The Australian Colonists: An exploration of social history 1788-1870, Carlton, 1974, pp.94-104.
5. There are but passing references to the role of the monarchy in nineteenth-century New Zealand in 'standard' histories. The most supportive comes from Jeanine Graham, who notes that pre-1870 photographic records reveal 'how important royal occasions were in the lives of the expatriates'. See Jeanine Graham, 'The Pioneers', in Keith Sinclair, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand, Auckland, 1990, p.64. Peter Gibbons remarks that newspapers 'gave excessive publicity to the British royal family', also noting that 'turn of the century vigorous expressions of loyalty gradually gave way to a sickly sentimentality'.
6. See P.J. Gibbons, 'The Climate of Opinion', in Geoffrey W. Rice, ed., The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., Auckland, 1992, p.322. In his recent two-volume general history, James Belich pays considerable attention to nineteenth-century nationalism and imperialism, but ignores the popularity of the monarchy.
7. See James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zcalanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century, Auckland, 1996;
8. Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zcalanders From the 1880s to the Year 2000, Auckland, 2001, especially pp.79-81.
9. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire, London, 2001, p. 102. Emphasis in the original.
10. David Cannadine, 'The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition", c. 1820-1977', in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge, 1992, pp.101-64. Significant recent works covering the Victorian period of the British monarchy include Richard Williams, The Contentious Crown: Public Discussion of the British Monarchy in the Reign of Queen Victoria, Aldershot, 1997;
11. Margaret Homans and Adrienne Munich, eds, Remaking Queen Victoria, Cambridge, 1997;
12. Margaret Homans, Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837-1876, Chicago, 1998.
13. Keith Sinclair, A Destiny Apart: New Zealand's Search for National Identity, Wellington, 1986, pp. 177-87.
14. Miles Fairburn, The Ideal Society and its Enemies: The Foundation of Modern New Zealand Society 1850-1900, Auckland, 1989, p.161.
15. Miles Fairburn, Nearly out of Heart and Hope: The Puzzle of a Colonial Labourer's Diary, Auckland, 1995, p.203. Emphasis in the original.
16. A.H. McLintock, The History of Otago: The Origins and Growth of a Wakefield Class Settlement, Dunedin, 1949, pp.237-97.
17. Erik Olssen, A History of Otago, Dunedin, 1984, pp.63-64.
18. On religious sectarianism in nineteenth-century New Zealand, see Allan Davidson, Christianity in Aotearoa: A History of Church and Society in New Zealand, Wellington, 1991;
19. Peter Lineham, "The Nature and Meaning of Protestantism in New Zealand Culture', Turnbull Library Record, 26 (1993), pp. 59-75;
20. John Stenhouse, 'Religion, Politics, and the New Zealand Wars 1860-1872', in Rex Ahdar and John Stenhouse, eds, God and Government: The New Zealand Experience, Dunedin, 2000, pp.21-39.
21. Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, London, 1963, p.60.
22. Ian Bradley, God Save the Queen: The Spiritual Dimension of Monarchy, London, 2002.
23. See also Ferdinand Mount's essay reviewing Bradley's work in the Times Literary Supplement, 1 February 2002, p.28.
24. There has been much debate over the concept of 'civil religion'. Robert Bellah's seminal article, 'Civil Religion in America', Daedalus, 96 (1967), pp. 1-21, prompted many studies.
25. For a recent discussion which considers the vexed problem of defining the concept, see Derek H. Davis, 'Law, morals, and civil religion in America', Journal of Church and State, 39, 3 (1997), pp.411-25.
26. On the church/state relationship, see G.A. Wood, 'Church and State in New Zealand in the 1850s', Journal of Religious History, 8 (1975), pp.255-70;
27. Ivanica Vodanovich, 'Religion and Legitimation in New Zealand: Redefining the Relationship Between Church and State', British Review of New Zealand Studies, 3 (1990), pp.52-64;
28. Rex Ahdar, 'New Zealand and the Idea of a Christian State', in Ahdar and Stenhouse, God and Government, pp.59-76.
29. On civil religion in twentieth-century New Zealand see especially Hans Mol, The Fixed and the Fickle: Religion and Identity in New Zealand, Waterloo, Ontario, 1982, p.93;
30. Michael Hill and Wiebe Zwaga, 'Civil and Civic: Engineering a National Religious Consensus', New Zealand Sociology, 2 (1987), pp.25-35;
31. Mark Pickering, 'The Insubstantial Pageant: is there a civil religious tradition in New Zealand?' MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 1985;
32. Brian Colless and Peter Donovan, 'The Religion of the New Zealanders', in Brian Colless and Peter Donovan, eds. Religion in New Zealand Society, 2nd ed., Palmerston North, 1985, pp.11-12. Excepting Mol, these scholars are sceptical about the applicability of the civil religion concept to New Zealand. Keith Sinclair found in New Zealand nationalism a 'secular religion' (A Destiny Apart, pp. 184-5). Peter Donovan suggests that in more recent times, Maori ceremonial has become 'an increasingly accepted civil religion':
33. see 'Civic Responsibilities of the Churches to People of Other Faiths', in Ahdar and Stenhouse, God and Government, pp.81-82.
34. Vodanovich, p.52; Ahdar, 'New Zealand and the Idea of a Christian State'.
35. John Markoff and Daniel Regan, 'The Rise and Fall of Civil Religion: Comparative Perspectives', Sociological Analysis, 42 (1981), pp.333-52.
36. Thomas Ferens diary, 24 May 1848, C039, Otago Settlers Museum (OSM), Dunedin.
37. See Bill Dacker, Te Mamae me te Aroha, The Pain and the Love: A History of Kai Tahu Whanui in Otago, 1844-1994, Dunedin, 1994.
38. Malcolm McKinnon, ed., New Zealand Historical Atlas: Ko Papatuanuku e Takoto Nei, Auckland, 1997, plates 45, 53.
39. On the Chinese in Otago, see James Ng, Windows on a Chinese Past, Vol. One, Dunedin, 1993. Although they remained scattered through the province, by 1888 Dunedin had a 280-strong Chinese community.
40. Brian Moloughney and John Stenhouse, '"Drug-besotten, sin-begotten fiends of filth": New Zealanders and the Oriental Other, 1850-1920', NZJH, 33, 1 (1999), p.61.
41. David McGill, The Lion and the Wolfhound: The Irish Rebellion on the New Zealand Goldfields, Wellington, 1990;
42. Richard P. Davis, Irish Issues in New Zealand Politics 1868-1922, Dunedin, 1974, pp.16-21;
43. Judith Bassett, '"A Thousand Miles of Loyalty": The Royal Tour of 1901', NZJH, 21/ 1 (1987), p. 135.
44. Russell Thew, 'Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and New Zealand 1869-1870', Research Essay, University of Otago, 1970, pp.13, 33.
45. Cited in numerous sources, for example, Philip Magnus, Gladstone: A Biography, London, 1954, p.207.
46. On republicanism in Britain around this time, see also Dorothy Thompson, Queen Victoria: Gender & Power, London, 1990;
47. Tom Nairn, The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy, London, 1988, pp.325-31;
48. Kingsley Martin, The Crown and the Establishment, London, 1962, pp.31-54;
49. Freda Harcourt, 'Gladstone, Monarchism and the "New" Imperialism, 1868-74', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 14, 1 (1985), pp.20-51.
50. On the wide gap 'between the popular perception and the private reality of the royal family', see David Cannadine, The Pleasures of the Past, Harmondsworth, 1997, pp.23-31. Queen Victoria was undoubtedly 'less agreeable' than her iconic image suggested.
51. The Otago Witness published a 16-page supplement, the 'Queen's Jubilee Special Edition', on 17 June 1887. The 24 June edition also carried eight special jubilee pages, with engravings and biographical details of the Queen. The 20 June supplement of the Otago Daily Times carried the same material as the Witness's 24 June edition (the two papers were owned by the same company).
52. Otago Workman, 28 May 1887, p.4.
53. On Lister, see Kieran O'Connell, '"Be Strong and Show Thyself a Man": Christian masculinities in southern Dunedin, 1885-1925', BA (Hons) dissertation, University of Otago, 2001, pp.40-56;
54. Erik Olssen, Building the New World: work, politics and society in Caversham 1880s-1920s, Auckland, 1995, pp.171-6;
55. Erik Olssen, 'Lister, Samuel', in The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Vol. Two, 1870-1900, Wellington, 1993, pp.272-3.
56. Olssen, Building the New World, pp.36-38.
57. Albert Métin, Socialism Without Doctrine, trans. Russel Ward, Chippendale, 1977 (first published in French, 1901), p. 189. A 1904 French visitor, Andre Siegfried, likewise commented that 'the King enjoys an undisputed position and a prestige which we run no risk of exaggerating. It would be very difficult to find a single republican in the whole of New Zealand.'
58. See André Siegfried, Democracy in New Zealand, trans. E.V. Burns, London, 1914 (first published in French, 1904), p.274.
59. New Zealand Tablet (NZT), I July 1887, p. 1.
60. Mark Stocker, 'Queen Victoria Monuments in New Zealand: A Centenary Survey', History Now, 7, 4 (2001), pp.5-9.
61. On debates over memorial projects elsewhere, see Elizabeth Hammerton and David Cannadine, 'Conflict and Consensus on a Ceremonial Occasion: The Diamond Jubilee in Cambridge in 1897', Historical Journal, 24, 1 (1981), pp. 111-46.
62. On evolving debates between advocates of utilitarianism and ornamentalism in war memorials in New Zealand, see Chris Maclean and Jock Phillips, The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials, Wellington, 1990.
63. New Zealand Gazette, 21 June 1887.
64. The South Otago Museum, Balclutha, holds two copies of this souvenir.
65. Ian Bradley, Abide with Me: The World of Victorian Hymns, London, 1997, p.xvi.
66. Gertrude Clara Dyer, 'How I spent Record Reign Day';
67. The medals featured the Queen's head in relief, flanked by images of a Maori canoe and a 'New Zealand palm tree'. OW, 22 April 1897, p.20.
68. On 'cultural colonization', see Peter Gibbons, 'Cultural Colonization and National Identity', NZJH, 36, 1 (2002), pp.5-17.
69. On material culture and the jubilees in Britain, see Thomas Richards, 'The Image of Victoria in the Year of Jubilee', Victorian Studies, 31, 1 (1987), pp.7-32;
70. Tori Smith, '"Almost Pathetic . But Also Very Glorious": The Consumer Spectacle of the Diamond Jubilee', Histoire Sociale / Social History, 29, 58 (1996), pp.333-56.
71. John Stenhouse, "The New Zealand Response to Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee of 1897', BA (Hons) dissertation, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1979, p.11;
72. Stenhouse, 'New Zealand Response to Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee', p.30.
73. For an exploration of the jubilee as 'a festival of imperial strength, splendour and unity', and of the British empire at this moment of apotheosis, see Jan Morris, Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire, London, 1998.
74. Moloughney and Stenhouse, 'Drug-besotten, sin-begotten fiends', p.44.
75. 6NZ Presbyterian, 1 September 1882, cit. James Ng, Windows on a Chinese Past, Vol. Two, Dunedin, 1995, p.140.
76. Queen Victoria, More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Highlands, London, 1885, pp. 105-7.
77. See also Walter L. Arnstein, 'Queen Victoria and Religion', in Gail Malmgreen, ed., Religion in the Lives of English Women, Beckenham, Kent, 1986, pp.88-128;
78. Bradley, God Savethe Queen, pp.122-1.
79. Emile Durkheim, 6The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Karen E. Fields, New York, 1995.