메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 141-166

Severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults;Pneumonies communautaires graves de l'adulte

Author keywords

"legionella pneumophila"; "streptococcus pneumoniae"; Acute respiratory failure; Community acquired pneumonia; Hypoxemia; Intensive care; Intracellular bacteria; Septic shock; Severe sepsis

Indexed keywords


EID: 32644446402     PISSN: 16386205     EISSN: 16386205     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.emcar.2005.08.002     Document Type: Short Survey
Times cited : (2)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0028332577 scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Etiology, epidemiology, and prognostic factors
    • Moine P, Vercken JB, Chevret S, Chastang C, Gajdos P. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and prognostic factors. Chest 1994;105:1487-95.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.105 , pp. 1487-1495
    • Moine, P.1    Vercken, J.B.2    Chevret, S.3    Chastang, C.4    Gajdos, P.5
  • 3
    • 0022348547 scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Factors influencing need of intensive care treatment and prognosis
    • Örtqvist A, Sterner G, Nilsson JA. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: factors influencing need of intensive care treatment and prognosis. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;17:377-86.
    • (1985) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 377-386
    • Örtqvist, A.1    Sterner, G.2    Nilsson, J.A.3
  • 4
    • 0026504469 scopus 로고
    • The British thoracic society, the etiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit
    • The British Thoracic Society, the etiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit. Respir Med 1992;86:7-13.
    • (1992) Respir Med , vol.86 , pp. 7-13
  • 5
    • 0028889934 scopus 로고
    • A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit
    • Leroy O, Santre C, Beuscart C, Georges H, Query B, Jacquier JM, et al. A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1995;21:24-31.
    • (1995) Intensive Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 24-31
    • Leroy, O.1    Santre, C.2    Beuscart, C.3    Georges, H.4    Query, B.5    Jacquier, J.M.6
  • 6
    • 0029151009 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain
    • Pallares R, Linares J, Vadillo M, Cabellos C, Manresa F, Viladrich PF, et al. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Engl J Med 1995;333:474-80.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 474-480
    • Pallares, R.1    Linares, J.2    Vadillo, M.3    Cabellos, C.4    Manresa, F.5    Viladrich, P.F.6
  • 8
    • 0033629719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between FcgammaRIIa-R131 allotype and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Yee AM, Phan HM, Zuniga R, Salmon JE, Musher DM. Association between FcgammaRIIa-R131 allotype and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:25-8.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 25-28
    • Yee, A.M.1    Phan, H.M.2    Zuniga, R.3    Salmon, J.E.4    Musher, D.M.5
  • 9
    • 0034960156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Septic shock and respiratory failure in community-acquired pneumonia have different TNF polymorphism associations
    • Waterer GW, Quasney MW, Cantor RM, Wunderink RG. Septic shock and respiratory failure in community-acquired pneumonia have different TNF polymorphism associations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1599-604.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1599-1604
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Quasney, M.W.2    Cantor, R.M.3    Wunderink, R.G.4
  • 11
    • 11944258698 scopus 로고
    • New and emerging for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases
    • Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, Arisumi D, Yu VL, Kapoor W, et al. New and emerging for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine 1990;69:307-16.
    • (1990) Medicine , vol.69 , pp. 307-316
    • Fang, G.D.1    Fine, M.2    Orloff, J.3    Arisumi, D.4    Yu, V.L.5    Kapoor, W.6
  • 12
    • 0024698207 scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5-year prospective study
    • Marrie TJ, Durant H, Yates L. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5-year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:586-99.
    • (1989) Rev Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 586-599
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Durant, H.2    Yates, L.3
  • 13
    • 0037006653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentlne leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients
    • Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, Fournet JC, Lina G, Bes M, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentlne leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 2002;359:753-9.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 753-759
    • Gillet, Y.1    Issartel, B.2    Vanhems, P.3    Fournet, J.C.4    Lina, G.5    Bes, M.6
  • 16
    • 0033542045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the Pneumonia patient Outcomes research team (PORT) cohort study
    • Fine MJ, Stone RA, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, Lave JR, et al. Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the Pneumonia patient Outcomes research team (PORT) cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:970-80.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 970-980
    • Fine, M.J.1    Stone, R.A.2    De Singer3    Coley, C.M.4    Marrie, T.J.5    Lave, J.R.6
  • 18
    • 0034959819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention
    • Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, Bass JB, Broughton WA, Campbell GD, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-54.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1730-1754
    • Niederman, M.S.1    Mandell, L.A.2    Anzueto, A.3    Bass, J.B.4    Broughton, W.A.5    Campbell, G.D.6
  • 20
    • 0345550450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults
    • Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher MD, Whitney C. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1405-33.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 1405-1433
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Bartlett, J.G.2    Dowell, S.F.3    File, T.M.4    Musher, M.D.5    Whitney, C.6
  • 21
    • 0038554228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: An international derivation and validation study
    • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377-82.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 377-382
    • Lim, W.S.1    Van Der Eerden, M.M.2    Laing, R.3    Boersma, W.G.4    Karalus, N.5    Town, G.I.6
  • 22
    • 0035654187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults
    • réactualisation 2004 sur
    • British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Thorax 2001;56(supplIV):1-64 (réactualisation 2004 sur www.brit-thoracic.org.uk) .
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 1-64
  • 23
    • 0032802803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simplified prediction rule for prognosis of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia in ICUs
    • Leroy O, Devos P, Query B, Georges H, Vandenbussche C, Coffinier C, et al. Simplified prediction rule for prognosis of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia in ICUs. Chest 1999;116:157-65.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 157-165
    • Leroy, O.1    Devos, P.2    Query, B.3    Georges, H.4    Vandenbussche, C.5    Coffinier, C.6
  • 24
    • 0036083430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enquête nationale sur les pneumonies communautaires à pneumocoque chez des malades adultes hospitalisés
    • Jehl F, Bédos JP, Poirier R, Léophonte P, Sirot J, Chardon H, et al. Enquête nationale sur les pneumonies communautaires à pneumocoque chez des malades adultes hospitalisés. Med Mal Infect 2002;32:267-83.
    • (2002) Med Mal Infect , vol.32 , pp. 267-283
    • Jehl, F.1    Bédos, J.P.2    Poirier, R.3    Léophonte, P.4    Sirot, J.5    Chardon, H.6
  • 26
    • 1642286527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, Ma A, Bartlett JG. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:637-44.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 637-644
    • Houck, P.M.1    Bratzler, D.W.2    Nsa, W.3    Ma, A.4    Bartlett, J.G.5
  • 27
    • 0000325984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • e conférence de consensus en thérapeutique anti-infectieuse de la Société de pathologie infectieuse de langue française (SPILF)
    • e conférence de consensus en thérapeutique anti-infectieuse de la Société de pathologie infectieuse de langue française (SPILF). Med Mal Infect 2000;30:566-80.
    • (2000) Med Mal Infect , vol.30 , pp. 566-580
  • 28
    • 0030031642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis
    • Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, Mutha SS, Sankey SS, Weissfeld LA, et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1996;275:134-41.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 134-141
    • Fine, M.J.1    Ma, S.2    Carson, C.A.3    Mutha, S.S.4    Sankey, S.S.5    Weissfeld, L.A.6
  • 29
    • 0036724321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria
    • Angus DC, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, Clermont G, Dremsizov TT, Coley C, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:717-23.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 717-723
    • Angus, D.C.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Obrosky, D.S.3    Clermont, G.4    Dremsizov, T.T.5    Coley, C.6
  • 30
    • 0034458012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious
    • Diseases Society of America
    • Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr. TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:347-82.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 347-382
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Dowell, S.F.2    Mandell, L.A.3    File Jr., T.M.4    Musher, D.M.5    Fine, M.J.6
  • 31
    • 0023268420 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of bacterial infection of the lung
    • Bartlett JG. Diagnosis of bacterial infection of the lung. Clin Chest Med 1987;8:119-34.
    • (1987) Clin Chest Med , vol.8 , pp. 119-134
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 32
    • 0027421566 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture or serology
    • Östergaard L, Andersen PL. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture or serology. Chest 1993;104:1400-7.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1400-1407
    • Östergaard, L.1    Andersen, P.L.2
  • 34
    • 0033119559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Falguera M, Nogués A, Rubio-Caballero M. Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 1999;106:385-90.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.106 , pp. 385-390
    • Ruiz-Gonzalez, A.1    Falguera, M.2    Nogués, A.3    Rubio-Caballero, M.4
  • 35
    • 0031705990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive diagnostic techniques for pneumonia: Protected specimen brush, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy methods
    • Torres A, El-Biary M. Invasive diagnostic techniques for pneumonia: protected specimen brush, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy methods. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998;12:701-22.
    • (1998) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.12 , pp. 701-722
    • Torres, A.1    El-Biary, M.2
  • 36
    • 0025253225 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy and protected brush culture in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Örtqvist A, Kelin M, Lejdeborn L, Lundberg B. Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy and protected brush culture in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1990;97:576-82.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 576-582
    • Örtqvist, A.1    Kelin, M.2    Lejdeborn, L.3    Lundberg, B.4
  • 37
    • 0027506107 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Comparison between bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter cultures
    • Jimenez P, Saldias F, Meneses M, Silva ME, Wilson MG, Otth L. Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Comparison between bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter cultures. Chest 1993;103:1023-7.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 1023-1027
    • Jimenez, P.1    Saldias, F.2    Meneses, M.3    Silva, M.E.4    Wilson, M.G.5    Otth, L.6
  • 38
    • 0036210069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation vs. conventional oxygen supplementation in hypoxemic patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy
    • Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M, Arcangeli A, Cavalière F, Proietti R, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation vs. conventional oxygen supplementation in hypoxemic patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy. Chest 2002;121:1149-54.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , pp. 1149-1154
    • Antonelli, M.1    Conti, G.2    Rocco, M.3    Arcangeli, A.4    Cavalière, F.5    Proietti, R.6
  • 39
    • 0031894382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: Guidelines for management
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Bartlett JG, Breiman RF, Mandell LA, File TM. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:811-38.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 811-838
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Breiman, R.F.2    Mandell, L.A.3    File, T.M.4
  • 42
    • 0034931115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures
    • Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med 2001;95:78-82.
    • (2001) Respir Med , vol.95 , pp. 78-82
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Wunderink, R.G.2
  • 44
    • 0344519703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective observational study
    • Campbell SG, Marrie TJ, Anstey R, Dickinson G, Ackroyd-Stolarz S. The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study. Chest 2003;123:1142-50.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 1142-1150
    • Campbell, S.G.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Anstey, R.3    Dickinson, G.4    Ackroyd-Stolarz, S.5
  • 45
    • 0032723895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of blood cultures on antibiotic therapy in pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Waterer GW, Jennings SG, Wunderink RG. The impact of blood cultures on antibiotic therapy in pneumococcal pneumonia. Chest 1999;116:1278-81.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 1278-1281
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Jennings, S.G.2    Wunderink, R.G.3
  • 46
    • 0037308494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the immunochromatographic Binax NOW assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen in a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in Spain
    • Gutierrez F, Masia M, Rodriguez JC, Ayelo A, Soldan B, Cebrian L, et al. Evaluation of the immunochromatographic Binax NOW assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen in a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in Spain. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:286-92.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 286-292
    • Gutierrez, F.1    Masia, M.2    Rodriguez, J.C.3    Ayelo, A.4    Soldan, B.5    Cebrian, L.6
  • 47
    • 0023864119 scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia: Importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiologic investigations
    • Levy M, Dromer F, Brion N, Leturdu F, Carbon F. Community-acquired pneumonia: importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiologic investigations. Chest 1988;92:43-8.
    • (1988) Chest , vol.92 , pp. 43-48
    • Levy, M.1    Dromer, F.2    Brion, N.3    Leturdu, F.4    Carbon, F.5
  • 48
    • 0037048257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Incidence, risk, and prognosis
    • Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, Mensa J, Gonzalez J, Niederman MS, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1849-58.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1849-1858
    • Arancibia, F.1    Bauer, T.T.2    Ewig, S.3    Mensa, J.4    Gonzalez, J.5    Niederman, M.S.6
  • 49
    • 0034716325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions
    • Glezen WP, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Pledra PA, Couch RB. Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. JAMA 2000;283:499-505.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 499-505
    • Glezen, W.P.1    Greenberg, S.B.2    Atmar, R.L.3    Pledra, P.A.4    Couch, R.B.5
  • 52
    • 0032191081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: Epidemiology, etiology, management and prevention
    • Muder RR. Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: epidemiology, etiology, management and prevention. Am J Med 1998;105:319-30.
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.105 , pp. 319-330
    • Muder, R.R.1
  • 53
    • 0021808786 scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the ederly in nursing home
    • Stead WW, Lofgren JP, Warren E, Thomas C. Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the ederly in nursing home. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1483-7.
    • (1985) N Engl J Med , vol.312 , pp. 1483-1487
    • Stead, W.W.1    Lofgren, J.P.2    Warren, E.3    Thomas, C.4
  • 54
    • 0022922593 scopus 로고
    • Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. A case-control study
    • Marrie TJ, Durant H, Kwan C. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. A case-control study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:697-702.
    • (1986) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.34 , pp. 697-702
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Durant, H.2    Kwan, C.3
  • 55
    • 0026515798 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia in a long-term care facility: A five-year prospective study of 163 consecutive episodes
    • Muder RR, Brennen C, Wagener M, Goetz A. Bacteremia in a long-term care facility: a five-year prospective study of 163 consecutive episodes. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:647-54.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 647-654
    • Muder, R.R.1    Brennen, C.2    Wagener, M.3    Goetz, A.4
  • 56
    • 0034456999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: An evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society
    • The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group
    • Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, Chow AW, Hyland RH. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:383-421.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 383-421
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Grossman, R.F.3    Chow, A.W.4    Hyland, R.H.5
  • 57
    • 0025131819 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients
    • Fagon JY, Chastre J, Trouillet JL, Domart Y, Dombret MC, Bornet M, et al. Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Respir Dis 1990;142:1004-8.
    • (1990) Am J Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 1004-1008
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Trouillet, J.L.3    Domart, Y.4    Dombret, M.C.5    Bornet, M.6
  • 58
    • 10544237677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • A Spanish multicenter study
    • Torres A, Dorca J, Zalacain R, Bello S, El-Ebiary M, Molinos L, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A Spanish multicenter study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1456-61.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1456-1461
    • Torres, A.1    Dorca, J.2    Zalacain, R.3    Bello, S.4    El-Ebiary, M.5    Molinos, L.6
  • 60
    • 27944435099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapport d'activité 2003
    • Centre National de Référence des Pneumocoques. Rapport d'activité 2003. Epidémiologie 2002. www.invs.sante.fr/ surveillance.
    • (2002) Epidémiologie
  • 61
    • 0000171815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observatoires régionaux du pneumocoque: Surveillance de la sensibilité aux antibiotiques des pneumocoques isolés en situation pathogène en France en 1999
    • Laurens G, Murbach V, Cattier B, Chomarat M, Cottin J, Demachy MC, et al. Observatoires régionaux du pneumocoque: surveillance de la sensibilité aux antibiotiques des pneumocoques isolés en situation pathogène en France en 1999. Bull Epidémiol Hebd 2001;33:155-9.
    • (2001) Bull Epidémiol Hebd , vol.33 , pp. 155-159
    • Laurens, G.1    Murbach, V.2    Cattier, B.3    Chomarat, M.4    Cottin, J.5    Demachy, M.C.6
  • 62
  • 63
    • 0344177502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of 1 113 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections in Spain: Results of a 1-year (1996-1997) multi-center surveillance study
    • Baquero F, Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Garcia de Loma J, Aguilar L. Antimicrobial resistance of 1 113 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections in Spain: results of a 1-year (1996-1997) multi-center surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:357-9.
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 357-359
    • Baquero, F.1    Garcia-Rodriguez, J.A.2    Garcia De Loma, J.3    Aguilar, L.4
  • 64
    • 4644309428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observatoires régionaux du pneumocoque : Analyse de la résistance aux antibiotiques et des sérotypes de Streptococcus pneumoniae en 2001
    • Vergnaud M, Bourdon S, Brun M, Cattier B, Chanal C, Chardon H, et al. Observatoires régionaux du pneumocoque : analyse de la résistance aux antibiotiques et des sérotypes de Streptococcus pneumoniae en 2001. Bull Epidémiol Hebd 2003;37:173-6.
    • (2003) Bull Epidémiol Hebd , vol.37 , pp. 173-176
    • Vergnaud, M.1    Bourdon, S.2    Brun, M.3    Cattier, B.4    Chanal, C.5    Chardon, H.6
  • 65
    • 0033595136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada
    • Chen DK, McGeer A, De Azavedo JC, Low DE. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. N Engl J Med 1999;341:233-9.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 233-239
    • Chen, D.K.1    McGeer, A.2    De Azavedo, J.C.3    Low, D.E.4
  • 67
    • 0032908242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among multiply resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong
    • Ho PL, Que TL, Tsang DN, Ng TK, Chow KH, Seto WH. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among multiply resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1310-3.
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 1310-1313
    • Ho, P.L.1    Que, T.L.2    Tsang, D.N.3    Ng, T.K.4    Chow, K.H.5    Seto, W.H.6
  • 68
    • 0242460570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults residing in long-term care facilities and in the community
    • Kupronis BA, Richards CL, Whitney CG. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults residing in long-term care facilities and in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1520-5.
    • (2003) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.51 , pp. 1520-1525
    • Kupronis, B.A.1    Richards, C.L.2    Whitney, C.G.3
  • 69
    • 0028116573 scopus 로고
    • Predictive factors for invasive disease due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A population-based study
    • Nava JM, Bella F, Garau J, Lite J, Morera MA, Marti C, et al. Predictive factors for invasive disease due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:884-90.
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.19 , pp. 884-890
    • Nava, J.M.1    Bella, F.2    Garau, J.3    Lite, J.4    Ma, M.5    Marti, C.6
  • 70
    • 0030046008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features of and risk factors for infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with diminished susceptibility to penicillin: Findings of a French survey
    • Bèdos JP, Chevret S, Chastang C, Geslin P, Regnier B. Epidemiological features of and risk factors for infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with diminished susceptibility to penicillin: findings of a French survey. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:63-72.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 63-72
    • Bèdos, J.P.1    Chevret, S.2    Chastang, C.3    Geslin, P.4    Regnier, B.5
  • 71
    • 0031708359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia caused by penicillin-non-susceptible and penicillin-susceptible pneumococci in adults: A case-control study
    • Einarsson S, Krustjansson M, Kristinsson KG, Kjartansson G, Jonsson S. Pneumonia caused by penicillin-non-susceptible and penicillin-susceptible pneumococci in adults: a case-control study. Scand J Infect Dis 1998;30:253-6.
    • (1998) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 253-256
    • Einarsson, S.1    Krustjansson, M.2    Kristinsson, K.G.3    Kjartansson, G.4    Jonsson, S.5
  • 73
    • 0032860519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae at San Francisco General Hospital
    • Winston LG, Perlman JL, Rose DA, Gerberding JL. Penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae at San Francisco General Hospital. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:580-5.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 580-585
    • Winston, L.G.1    Perlman, J.L.2    Rose, D.A.3    Gerberding, J.L.4
  • 74
    • 0041525486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: A European multicenter study during 2000-2001
    • Jones ME, Blosser-Middleton RS, Critchley IA, Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF. In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: a European multicenter study during 2000-2001. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:590-9.
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.9 , pp. 590-599
    • Jones, M.E.1    Blosser-Middleton, R.S.2    Critchley, I.A.3    Karlowsky, J.A.4    Thornsberry, C.5    Sahm, D.F.6
  • 75
    • 0031679439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrapulmonary concentrations of antimicrobial agents
    • Nix DE. Intrapulmonary concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998;12:631-46.
    • (1998) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.12 , pp. 631-646
    • Nix, D.E.1
  • 78
    • 0031776406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Study on Community-Acquired Pneumonia (ESOCAP) comittee. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections
    • Huchon G, Woodhead M. European Study on Community-Acquired Pneumonia (ESOCAP) comittee. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 1998;11:986-91.
    • (1998) Eur Respir J , vol.11 , pp. 986-991
    • Huchon, G.1    Woodhead, M.2
  • 79
    • 0034702109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: A report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumonias Therapeutic Working Group
    • Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH, Klugman KP, Mabry LR, Musher DM, et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumonias Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1399-408.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 1399-1408
    • Heffelfinger, J.D.1    Dowell, S.F.2    Jorgensen, J.H.3    Kp, K.4    Mabry, L.R.5    Musher, D.M.6
  • 80
    • 0028567871 scopus 로고
    • Confronting drug-resistant pneumococci
    • Austrian R. Confronting drug-resistant pneumococci. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:807-9.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 807-809
    • Austrian, R.1
  • 81
    • 0033606799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American City: A 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997
    • Mufson MA, Stanek RJ. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American City: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. Am J Med 1999;107(1A):34S-43S.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.107 , Issue.1 A
    • Ma, M.1    Stanek, R.J.2
  • 82
    • 0034890569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderinck RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1837-42.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 1837-1842
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Somes, G.W.2    Wunderinck, R.G.3
  • 83
    • 2442705225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monotherapy versus dual therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients
    • Martinez FJ. Monotherapy versus dual therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:S328-40.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38
    • Martinez, F.J.1
  • 84
    • 0035840852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics
    • Culic O, Erakovic V, Parnham MJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;429:209-29.
    • (2001) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.429 , pp. 209-229
    • Culic, O.1    Erakovic, V.2    Parnham, M.J.3
  • 87
    • 0038690407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: A randomized controlled trial
    • Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, Demeyer I, Doig C, Rodriguez AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:238-47.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 238-247
    • Abraham, E.1    Reinhart, K.2    Opal, S.3    Demeyer, I.4    Doig, C.5    Rodriguez, A.L.6
  • 88
    • 0742272595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro
    • Gauduchon V, Cozon G, Vandenesch F, Genestier AL, Eyssade N, Peyrol S, et al. Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro. J Infect Dis 2004;189:346-53.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.189 , pp. 346-353
    • Gauduchon, V.1    Cozon, G.2    Vandenesch, F.3    Genestier, A.L.4    Eyssade, N.5    Peyrol, S.6
  • 89
    • 17344363557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of Fllgrastim as an adjunct to antibiotics for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Nelson S, Belknap SM, Carlson RW, Dale D, DeBoisblanc B, Farkas S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of Fllgrastim as an adjunct to antibiotics for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1998:178:1075-80.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , pp. 1075-1080
    • Nelson, S.1    Belknap, S.M.2    Carlson, R.W.3    Dale, D.4    Deboisblanc, B.5    Farkas, S.6
  • 90
    • 0033618436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The additive benefits of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations during influenza seasons among elderly persons with chronic lung disease
    • Nichol KL. The additive benefits of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations during influenza seasons among elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Vaccine 1999;17:S91-3.
    • (1999) Vaccine , vol.17
    • Nichol, K.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.