Cardiovascular risk stratification according to the 2003 ESH-ESC guidelines in uncomplicated patients with essential hypertension: Comparison with the 1999 WHO/ISH guidelines criteria

Blood Pressure

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 142-151

  Cuspidi, Cesare ^a   Meani, Stefano ^a   Salerno, Maurizio ^a   Severgnini, Barbara ^a   Fusi, Veronica ^a   Valerio, Cristiana ^a   Catini, Eleonora ^a   Magrini, Fabio ^a   Zanchetti, Alberto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

1999 WHO ISH guidelines; 2003 ESH ESC guidelines; cardiovascular risk stratification; hypertension

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD CHEMISTRY; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; EUROPEAN UNION; FEMALE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MICROALBUMINURIA; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; URINALYSIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; KIDNEY DISEASES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; RISK FACTORS; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 3242788800     PISSN: 08037051     EISSN: 16511999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08037050410033169     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 2. Short term reductions in blood pressure overview of randomized drugs trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827 – 8.
2. Blood Pressure Lowering Trialists 'Collaboration. Effects of ACE-inhibitors, calcium antagonists and other blood pressure lowering drugs: results of a prospectively designed overview of randomised trials. Lancet 2000; 355: 1955 – 64.
3. Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton D. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic and cardiovascular risks. US population data. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 598 – 615.
4. Banegas JR, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Ruilope LM, et al. Hypertension magnitude and management in the elderly population of Spain. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 2157 – 64.
5. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease - Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure. Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765 – 74.
6. Kannel WB, Wilson WF. Hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor. In: Bulpitt CJ, editor. Handbook of hypertension. Epidemiology of hypertension. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2000: 19 – 42.
7. Alderman MH. Blood pressure management: individualized treatment based on absolute risk and the potential for benefit. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 329 – 35.
8. Ramsay LE, Wallis EJ, Yeo WW, Jackson PR. Absolute and relative risk in hypertension. In: Bulpitt CJ, editor. Hand-book of hypertension. Epidemiology of hypertension. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2000: 43 – 56.
9. Ministry of Health. Guidelines for the management of mildly raised blood pressure in New Zealand. Wellington: Core Services Committee. Ministry of Health, 1995.
10. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evalu-ation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413 – 46.
11. Wood D, Durington P, Poulter N, McInnnes GT, Rees A, Wray R. Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Heart 1998; 80: 1 – 29.
12. WHO/ISH Hypertension Guidelines Committee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hyper-tension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151 – 83.
13. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Guidelines Committee. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011 – 53.
14. Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation 1991; 83: 356 – 62.
15. Devereux RB, Reichek N. Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977; 55: 613 – 18.
16. Hammond I, Devereux RB, Alderman MH, et al. The prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic left ventri-cular hypertrophy among employed with uncomplicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 639 – 50.
17. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Patterns of left ventricular geometry and geometric remodelling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1550 – 8.
18. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Paoletti R. Intimal plus media thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986; 74: 1399 – 408.
19. Salonen R, Hapanen A, Salonen JM. Measurement of intima-media thickness of common carotid arteries with high resolution B-mode ultrasonography: inter and intraob-server variability. Ultrasound Med Biol 1991; 17: 225 – 30.
20. Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Macca G, et al. Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and carotid thickening in a large selected hypertensive population: impact of different echo-cardiographic and ultrasonographic diagnostic criteria. Blood Press 2001; 10: 142 – 9.
21. Ogden LG, He J, Lydick E, Whelton PK. Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to the INC VI stratification. Hypertension 2000; 35: 539 – 43.
22. Tazi MA, Abir-Khalil S, Chaouki N, et al. Prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in Morocco: results of a National Survey, 2000. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 897 – 903.
23. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically deter-mined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1561 – 6.
24. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Milner M, et al. Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Arch Intern Med 1986; 105: 173 – 8.
25. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasonographically assessed carotid morphology and the risk of coronary heart disease. Atheroscler Thromb 1991; 11: 1241 – 9.
26. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK for the Cardiovascular Health Study Collaboration Research Group. Carotid artery intima-media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 14 – 22.
27. Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB. The spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population sample: the Framingham Study. Circulation 1987; 75 Suppl I: 26 – 33.
28. Wachtell K, Belle NJ, Liebson PR, et al. Impact of different partition values on prevalence of left ventricular hyper-trophy and concentric geometry in a large hypertensive population in the LIFE Study. Hypertension 2000; 35: 6 – 12.
29. Hodis HM, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. The role of carotid intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 262 – 9.
30. Abergel E, Chatellier G, Battaglia C, Menard J. Can echocardiography identify mildly hypertensive patients at high risk, left untreated based on current guidelines? J Hypertens 1999; 17: 817 – 24.
31. Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Macca G, et al. Cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients: impact of echocardio-graphy and carotid ultrasonography. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 375 – 80.
32. Leoncini G, Sacchi G, Viazzi F, et al. Microalbuminuria identifies overall cardiovascular risk in essential hyper-tension: an artificial neural network-based approach. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1315 – 21.
33. Cuspidi C, Ambrosioni E, Mancia G, Pessina A, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A. The role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the APROS study (Assessment of Prognostic Risk Observational Survey). J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1307 – 14.
34. Ricker PM, Burin JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14719 initially health American women. Circulation 2003; 107: 3917.
35. Chalmers J. Enhancing risk-stratification in hypertensive subjects: how far should we go in routine screening for target organ damage? J Hypertens 2002; 20: 12557.