Chronic glutamine supplementation increases nasal but not salivary IgA during 9 days of interval training

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 97, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 585-591

  Krieger, James W ^a,b   Crowe, Michelle ^a   Blank, Sally E ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Glutamine homeostasis; Immune indexes; Upper respiratory tract infection

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; PLACEBO;

ADULT; AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FATIGUE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; NOSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RUNNING; SALIVA LEVEL; TRAINING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; GLUTAMINE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NOSE; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; SALIVA;

EID: 3242721291     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2003     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Bradford M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254, 1976.
2. Brenner IKM, Severs YD, Rhind SG, Shephard RJ, and Shek PN. Immune function and incidence of infection during basic infantry training. Mil Med 165: 878-883, 2000.
3. Bulus N, Cersosimo E, Ghishan F, and Abumrad NN. Physiologic importance of glutamine. Metabolism 38: 1-5, 1989.
4. Carins J and Booth C. Salivary immunoglobulin-A as a marker of stress during strenuous physical training. Aviat Space Environ Med 73: 1203-1207, 2002.
5. Cooper KH. The Aerobics Way. New York: Bantam Books, 1977.
6. Dawes C and Macpherson LM. Effects of nine different chewing-gums and lozenges on salivary flow rate and pH. Caries Res 26: 176-182, 1992.
7. Dill DB and Costill DL. Calculations of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red blood cells with dehydration. J Appl Physiol 37: 247-248, 1974.
8. Field CJ, Johnson I, and Pratt VC. Glutamine and arginine: immunonutrients for improved health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: S377-S388, 2000.
9. Fry RW, Grove JR, Morton AR, Zeroni PM, Gaudieri S, and Keast D. Psychological and immunological correlates of acute overtraining. Br J Sports Med 28: 241-246, 1994.
10. Fry RW, Morton AR, Garcia-Webb P, Crawford GPM, and Keast D. Biological responses to overload training in endurance sports. Eur J Appl Physiol 64: 335-344, 1992.
11. Gleeson M. Mucosal immune responses and risk of respiratory illness in elite athletes. Exerc Immunol Rev 6: 5-42, 2000.
12. Gleeson M, Hall ST, McDonald WA, Flanagan AJ, and Clancy RL. Salivary IgA subclasses and infection risk in elite swimmers. Immunol Cell Biol 77: 351-355, 1999.
13. Gleeson M, McDonald WA, Pyne DB, Cripps AW, Francis JL, Fricker PA, and Clancy RL. Salivary IgA levels and infection risk in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 67-73, 1999.
14. Gwaltney JM Jr. Rhinovirus infection of the normal human airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152: S36-S39, 1995.
15. Halson SL, Lancaster GI, Jeukendrup AE, and Gleeson M. Immunological responses to overreaching in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 854-861, 2003.
16. Hiscock N and Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced immunodepression-plasma glutamine is not the link. J Appl Physiol 93: 813-822, 2002.
17. a. Hurvich CM and Tsai CL. Regression and time series model selection in small samples. Biometrika 76: 297-307, 1989.
18. Keast D, Arstein D, Harper W, Fry RW, and Morton AR. Depression of plasma glutamine concentration after exercise stress and its possible influence on the immune system. Med J Aust 162: 15-18, 1995.
19. Kingsbury KJ, Kay L, and Hjelm M. Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection. Br J Sports Med 32: 25-32, 1998.
20. Krzywkowski K, Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, Link-Amster H, Boza J, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, and Pedersen BK. Effect of glutamine and protein supplementation on exercise-induced decreases in salivary IgA. J Appl Physiol 91: 832-838, 2001.
21. Lindberg K and Berglund B. Effect of treatment with nasal IgA on the incidence of infectious disease in world-class canoeists. Int J Sports Med 17: 235-238, 1996.
22. Mackinnon LT. Chronic exercise training effects on immune function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: S369-S376, 2000.
23. Mackinnon LT, Ginn E, and Seymour GJ. Decreased salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate after intense interval exercise in elite kayakers. Eur J Appl Physiol 67: 180-184, 1993.
24. Mackinnon LT, Ginn EM, and Seymour GJ. Temporal relationship between decreased salivary IgA and upper respiratory tract infection in elite athletes. Aust J Sci Med Sport 25: 94-99, 1993.
25. Mackinnon LT and Hooper SL. Mucosal (secretory) immune system responses to exercise of varying intensity and during overtraining. Int J Sports Med 15: S179-S183, 1994.
26. Mackinnon LT and Hooper SL. Plasma glutamine and upper respiratory tract infection during intensified training in swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 285-290, 1996.
27. McNair DM, Lorr M, and Droppleman LF. Profile of Mood States Manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1971.
28. Morgan WP, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Raglin JS, and O'Connor PJ. Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 20: 408-414, 1988.
29. Mouton C, Fillion L, Tawadros E, and Tessier R. Salivary IgA is a weak stress marker. Behav Med 15: 179-185, 1989.
30. Newsholme EA. Biochemical mechanisms to explain immunosuppression in well-trained and overtrained athletes. Int J Sports Med 15: S142-S147, 1994.
31. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: nutritional countermeasures. Can J Appl Physiol 26: S45-S55, 2001.
32. Parry-Billings M, Budgett R, Koutedakis Y, Blomstrand E, Brooks S, Williams C, Calder PC, Pilling S, Baigrie R, and Newsholme EA. Plasma amino acid concentrations in the overtraining syndrome: possible effects on the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24: 1353-1358, 1992.
33. Proctor GB and Carpenter GH. Chewing stimulates secretion of human salivary secretory immunoglobulin A. J Dent Res 80: 909-913, 2001.
34. Rowbottom DG, Keast D, Goodman C, and Morton AR. The haematological, biochemical and immunological profile of athletes suffering from the overtraining syndrome. Eur J Appl Physiol 70: 502-509, 1995.
35. Rowbottom DG, Keast D, and Morton AR. The emerging role of glutamine as an indicator of exercise stress and overtraining. Sports Med 21: 80-97, 1996.
36. Tharp GD and Barnes MW. Reduction of saliva immunoglobulin levels by swim training. Eur J Appl Physiol 60: 61-64, 1990.
37. Tomasi TB, Trudeau FB, Czerwinski D, and Erredge S. Immune parameters in athletes before and after strenuous exercise. J Clin Immunol 2: 173-178, 1982.
38. Verde TJ, Thomas SG, and Shephard RJ. Potential markers of heavy training in highly trained distance runners. Br J Sports Med 26: 167-175, 1992.
39. Wagenmakers AJM. Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism. In: Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, edited by Holloszy J. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p. 287-314.
40. Weltzin R, Traina-Dorge V, Soike K, Zhang JY, Mack P, Soman G, Drabik G, and Monath TP. Intranasal monoclonal IgA antibody to respiratory syncytial virus protects rhesus monkeys against upper and lower respiratory tract infections. J Infect Dis 174: 256-261, 1996.
41. Ziegler TR, Benfell K, Smith RJ, Young LS, Brown E, Ferrari-Baliviera E, Lowe DK, and Wilmore DW. Safety and metabolic effects of L-glutamine administration in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14: 137S-146S, 1990.