메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 149, 2002, Pages 1-35

Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls

Author keywords

Banding; Dispersal; Inbreeding; Mortality; Northern spotted owl; Oregon; Predation; Radiotelemetry; Strix occidentalis caurina; Washington

Indexed keywords

AVES; STRIGIFORMES; STRIX OCCIDENTALIS CAURINA;

EID: 3242706747     PISSN: 00840173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (73)

References (147)
  • 1
    • 0000764816 scopus 로고
    • Regional movements and mortality of great horned owls in relation to snowshoe hare fluctuations
    • ADAMCIK, R. S., AND L. B. KEITH. 1978. Regional movements and mortality of great horned owls in relation to snowshoe hare fluctuations. Canadian Field-Naturalist 92:228-234.
    • (1978) Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.92 , pp. 228-234
    • Adamcik, R.S.1    Keith, L.B.2
  • 2
    • 0000764815 scopus 로고
    • Demographic and dietary responses of great horned owls during a snowshoe hare fluctuation
    • -, A. W. TODD, AND L. B. KEITH. 1978. Demographic and dietary responses of great horned owls during a snowshoe hare fluctuation. Canadian Field-Naturalist 92:156-166.
    • (1978) Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.92 , pp. 156-166
    • Todd, A.W.1    Keith, L.B.2
  • 3
    • 0012028795 scopus 로고
    • A review of current northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) research in Washington State
    • R. J. Gutiérrez and A. B. Carey, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-185
    • ALLEN, H. L., AND L. W. BREWER. 1985. A review of current northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) research in Washington State. Pages 55-57 in R. J. Gutiérrez and A. B. Carey, eds. Ecology and management of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-185.
    • (1985) Ecology and Management of the Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest , pp. 55-57
    • Allen, H.L.1    Brewer, L.W.2
  • 4
    • 0024875781 scopus 로고
    • Intrasexual competition, mating system and natal dispersal in song sparrows
    • ARCESE, P. 1989. Intrasexual competition, mating system and natal dispersal in song sparrows. Journal of Animal Behavior 38:958-979.
    • (1989) Journal of Animal Behavior , vol.38 , pp. 958-979
    • Arcese, P.1
  • 5
    • 0012059934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal movements of juvenile Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in New Mexico
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson and T.H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • ARSENAULT, D. P., A. HODGSON, AND P. B. STACEY. 1997. Dispersal movements of juvenile Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in New Mexico. Pages 47-57 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson and T.H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 47-57
    • Arsenault, D.P.1    Hodgson, A.2    Stacey, P.B.3
  • 6
    • 0001991120 scopus 로고
    • Dismigration und sterblichkeit in suddeutschland beringter schleiereulen (Tyto alba)
    • BAIRLIEN, F. VON. 1985. Dismigration und sterblichkeit in suddeutschland beringter schleiereulen (Tyto alba). Die Vogelwarte 33:81-108.
    • (1985) Die Vogelwarte , vol.33 , pp. 81-108
    • Von Bairlien, F.1
  • 8
    • 0000450669 scopus 로고
    • Sampling bias in dispersal studies based on finite areas
    • BARROWCLOUGH, G. F. 1978. Sampling bias in dispersal studies based on finite areas. Bird-banding 49:333-341.
    • (1978) Bird-banding , vol.49 , pp. 333-341
    • Barrowclough, G.F.1
  • 9
    • 0032774013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeography of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: Gene flow, genetic structure, and a novel biogeographic pattern
    • -, R. J. GUTIÉRREZ, AND J. G. GROTH. 1999. Phylogeography of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: gene flow, genetic structure, and a novel biogeographic pattern. Evolution 53:919-931.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 919-931
    • Gutiérrez, R.J.1    Groth, J.G.2
  • 11
    • 0000468958 scopus 로고
    • Is gene dispersion normal?
    • BATEMAN, A. J. 1950. Is gene dispersion normal? Heredity 4:353-363.
    • (1950) Heredity , vol.4 , pp. 353-363
    • Bateman, A.J.1
  • 12
    • 0000787161 scopus 로고
    • Natal dispersal of eastern screech owls
    • BELTHOFF, J. R., AND G. RITCHISON. 1989. Natal dispersal of eastern screech owls. Condor 91:254-265.
    • (1989) Condor , vol.91 , pp. 254-265
    • Belthoff, J.R.1    Ritchison, G.2
  • 13
    • 0002273452 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and migratory movements of radio-tagged juvenile harriers
    • BESKE, E. 1982. Seasonal and migratory movements of radio-tagged juvenile harriers. Journal of Raptor Research 16:39-53.
    • (1982) Journal of Raptor Research , vol.16 , pp. 39-53
    • Beske, E.1
  • 14
    • 0002178125 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal in the communally breeding groove-billed ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris)
    • BOWEN, B. S., R. R. KOFORD, AND S. L. VEHRENCAMP. 1989. Dispersal in the communally breeding groove-billed ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris). Condor 91:52-64.
    • (1989) Condor , vol.91 , pp. 52-64
    • Bowen, B.S.1    Koford, R.R.2    Vehrencamp, S.L.3
  • 15
    • 0003143750 scopus 로고
    • Habitat-based PVA for the northern spotted owl
    • D. J. Fletcher and B. F. J. Manly, eds. University of Otago Press, Dunedin, N.Z.
    • BOYCE, M. S., J. S. MEYER, AND L. IRWIN. 1994. Habitat-based PVA for the northern spotted owl. Pages 63-85 in D. J. Fletcher and B. F. J. Manly, eds. Statistics in ecology and environmental monitoring. University of Otago Press, Dunedin, N.Z.
    • (1994) Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring , pp. 63-85
    • Boyce, M.S.1    Meyer, J.S.2    Irwin, L.3
  • 16
    • 0001436587 scopus 로고
    • De kerkuilstand in Nederland
    • BRAAKSMA, S., AND O. DE BRUIJN. 1976. De kerkuilstand in Nederland. Limosa 49:135-187.
    • (1976) Limosa , vol.49 , pp. 135-187
    • Braaksma, S.1    De Bruijn, O.2
  • 17
    • 0004079712 scopus 로고
    • U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-265
    • BULL, E. L., AND M. G. HENJUM. 1990. Ecology of the great gray owl. U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-265.
    • (1990) Ecology of the Great Gray Owl
    • Bull, E.L.1    Henjum, M.G.2
  • 18
    • 0023512260 scopus 로고
    • A model for natural selection of genetic migration
    • BULL, J. J., C. THOMPSON, D. NG, AND R. MOORE. 1987. A model for natural selection of genetic migration. American Naturalist 129:143-157.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.129 , pp. 143-157
    • Bull, J.J.1    Thompson, C.2    Ng, D.3    Moore, R.4
  • 21
    • 0029829375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of vital rates of the northern spotted owl
    • E. D. Forsman, S. DeStefano, M. G. Raphael, and R. J. Gutiérrez, eds. Studies in Avian Biology
    • -, -, AND -. 1996. Meta-analysis of vital rates of the northern spotted owl. Pages 92-101 in E. D. Forsman, S. DeStefano, M. G. Raphael, and R. J. Gutiérrez, eds. Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17.
    • (1996) Demography of the Northern Spotted Owl , vol.17 , pp. 92-101
  • 22
    • 0026593626 scopus 로고
    • Northern spotted owls: Influence of prey base and landscape character
    • CAREY, A. B., S. P. HORTON, AND B. L. BISWELL. 1992. Northern spotted owls: influence of prey base and landscape character. Ecological Monographs 62:223-250.
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 223-250
    • Carey, A.B.1    Horton, S.P.2    Biswell, B.L.3
  • 24
    • 0028975970 scopus 로고
    • Divorce in birds: A review of the hypotheses
    • CHOUDHURY, S. 1995. Divorce in birds: a review of the hypotheses. Animal Behavior 50:413-429.
    • (1995) Animal Behavior , vol.50 , pp. 413-429
    • Choudhury, S.1
  • 25
    • 0002487574 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the pair-bond and age on the breeding biology of the Kittiwake Gull (Risa tridactyla)
    • COULSON, J. C. 1966. The influence of the pair-bond and age on the breeding biology of the Kittiwake Gull (Risa tridactyla). Journal of Animal Ecology 35:269-279.
    • (1966) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 269-279
    • Coulson, J.C.1
  • 26
    • 0033857114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between-year breeding dispersal in red-cockaded woodpeckers: Multiple causes and estimated cost
    • DANIELS, S. J., AND J. R. WALTERS. 2000. Between-year breeding dispersal in red-cockaded woodpeckers: multiple causes and estimated cost. Ecology 81:2473-2484.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2473-2484
    • Daniels, S.J.1    Walters, J.R.2
  • 27
    • 0000768974 scopus 로고
    • Effects of age, sex and breeding success on site fidelity of gray catbirds
    • DARLEY, J. A., D. M. SCOTT, AND N. K. TAYLOR. 1977. Effects of age, sex and breeding success on site fidelity of gray catbirds. Bird Banding 48:145-151.
    • (1977) Bird Banding , vol.48 , pp. 145-151
    • Darley, J.A.1    Scott, D.M.2    Taylor, N.K.3
  • 28
    • 0012057652 scopus 로고
    • Territory fidelity, mate fidelity, and movements of color-marked northern goshawks in the southern Cascades of California
    • DIETRICH, P. J., AND B. WOODBRIDGE. 1994. Territory fidelity, mate fidelity, and movements of color-marked northern goshawks in the southern Cascades of California. Studies in Avian Biology 16:130-132.
    • (1994) Studies in Avian Biology , vol.16 , pp. 130-132
    • Dietrich, P.J.1    Woodbridge, B.2
  • 29
    • 0024935957 scopus 로고
    • Spotted owls and old growth logging in the Pacific Northwest
    • DOAK, D. 1989. Spotted owls and old growth logging in the Pacific Northwest. Conservation Biology 3:389-396.
    • (1989) Conservation Biology , vol.3 , pp. 389-396
    • Doak, D.1
  • 30
    • 0008438816 scopus 로고
    • Movement strategies, mortality, and behavior of radio-marked great gray owls in southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota
    • Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM-142
    • DUNCAN, J. R. 1987. Movement strategies, mortality, and behavior of radio-marked great gray owls in southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota. Pages 101-107 in Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. Biology and conservation of northern forest owls. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM-142.
    • (1987) Biology and Conservation of Northern Forest Owls , pp. 101-107
    • Duncan, J.R.1
  • 33
    • 0000473294 scopus 로고
    • Prospecting for nest sites by cavity-nesting ducks of the genus (Bucephala)
    • EADIE, J. M., AND G. GAUTHIER. 1985. Prospecting for nest sites by cavity-nesting ducks of the genus (Bucephala). Condor 87:528-534.
    • (1985) Condor , vol.87 , pp. 528-534
    • Eadie, J.M.1    Gauthier, G.2
  • 34
    • 0012026905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-biased dispersal of young western screech-owls (Otus kennicottii) in southwestern Idaho
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • ELLSWORTH, E., AND J. R. BELTHOFF. 1997. Sex-biased dispersal of young western screech-owls (Otus kennicottii) in southwestern Idaho. Pages 155-159 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 155-159
    • Ellsworth, E.1    Belthoff, J.R.2
  • 35
    • 0017407477 scopus 로고
    • Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems
    • EMLEN, S. T., AND L. W. ORING. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.
    • (1977) Science , vol.197 , pp. 215-223
    • Emlen, S.T.1    Oring, L.W.2
  • 36
    • 0001934166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mate fidelity and divorce in monogamous birds
    • J. M. Black, ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • ENS, B. J., S. CHOUDHURY, AND J. M. BLACK. 1996. Mate fidelity and divorce in monogamous birds. Pages 344-395 in J. M. Black, ed. Partnerships in birds, the study of monogamy. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1996) Partnerships in Birds, the Study of Monogamy , pp. 344-395
    • Ens, B.J.1    Choudhury, S.2    Black, J.M.3
  • 37
    • 0003461338 scopus 로고
    • FEMAT. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Portland, Oregon, USA
    • FEMAT. 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Portland, Oregon, USA.
    • (1993) Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment
  • 38
    • 0030442206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of DNA analysis to identify sex of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina)
    • FLEMING, T. L., J. L. HALVERSON, AND J. B. BUCHANAN. 1996. Use of DNA analysis to identify sex of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). Journal of Raptor Research 30:118-122.
    • (1996) Journal of Raptor Research , vol.30 , pp. 118-122
    • Fleming, T.L.1    Halverson, J.L.2    Buchanan, J.B.3
  • 39
    • 0344780910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of territory change and breeding dispersal distance in the black kite
    • FORERO, M. G., J. A. DONAZAR, J. BLAS, AND F. HIRALDO. 1999. Causes and consequences of territory change and breeding dispersal distance in the black kite. Ecology 80:1298-1310.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1298-1310
    • Forero, M.G.1    Donazar, J.A.2    Blas, J.3    Hiraldo, F.4
  • 41
    • 0000521525 scopus 로고
    • Molt of the spotted owl
    • -. 1981. Molt of the spotted owl. Auk 98:735-742.
    • (1981) Auk , vol.98 , pp. 735-742
  • 42
    • 0003402060 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-162
    • -. 1983. Methods and materials for locating and studying spotted owls. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-162.
    • (1983) Methods and Materials for Locating and Studying Spotted Owls
  • 45
    • 0002611879 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in northern spotted owls: Theoretical implications for management
    • D. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, eds. Elsevier Press, New York, USA
    • FRANKLIN, A. B. 1992. Population regulation in northern spotted owls: theoretical implications for management. Pages 815-827 in D. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, eds. Wildlife 2001: Populations. Elsevier Press, New York, USA.
    • (1992) Wildlife 2001: Populations , pp. 815-827
    • Franklin, A.B.1
  • 46
    • 0001846630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for collecting and analyzing demographic data on the northern spotted owl
    • E. D. Forsman, S. DeStefano, M. G. Raphael, and R. J. Gutiérrez, eds. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17
    • -, D. R. ANDERSON, E. D. FORSMAN, K. P. BURNHAM, AND F. W. WAGNER. 1996. Methods for collecting and analyzing demographic data on the northern spotted owl. Pages 12-20 in E. D. Forsman, S. DeStefano, M. G. Raphael, and R. J. Gutiérrez, eds. Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17.
    • (1996) Demography of the Northern Spotted Owl , pp. 12-20
    • Anderson, D.R.1    Forsman, E.D.2    Burnham, K.P.3    Wagner, F.W.4
  • 47
    • 0033749624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate, habitat quality, and fitness in northern spotted owl populations in northwestern California
    • -, -, R. J. GUTIÉRREZ, AND K. P. BURNHAM. 2000. Climate, habitat quality, and fitness in northern spotted owl populations in northwestern California. Ecological Monographs 70:539-590.
    • (2000) Ecological Monographs , vol.70 , pp. 539-590
    • Gutiérrez, R.J.1    Burnham, K.P.2
  • 48
    • 0001594327 scopus 로고
    • Zur populationsökologie des baumfalken (Falco subbuteo, L. 1758)
    • FUICZYNSKI, D. 1978. Zur populationsökologie des baumfalken (Falco subbuteo, L. 1758). Zoologisches Fahrbuecher Systematik Band 105:193-257.
    • (1978) Zoologisches Fahrbuecher Systematik Band , vol.105 , pp. 193-257
    • Fuiczynski, D.1
  • 49
    • 0031805892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal movements and survival rates of juvenile Mexican spotted owls in northern Arizona
    • GANEY, J. L., W. M. BLOCK, J. K. DWYER, B. E. STROHMEYER, AND J. S. JENNESS. 1998. Dispersal movements and survival rates of juvenile Mexican spotted owls in northern Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 110:206-217.
    • (1998) Wilson Bulletin , vol.110 , pp. 206-217
    • Ganey, J.L.1    Block, W.M.2    Dwyer, J.K.3    Strohmeyer, B.E.4    Jenness, J.S.5
  • 50
    • 0000456480 scopus 로고
    • Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals
    • GREENWOOD, P. J. 1980. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behavior 28:1140-1162.
    • (1980) Animal Behavior , vol.28 , pp. 1140-1162
    • Greenwood, P.J.1
  • 51
    • 0000232807 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of variation in breeding area fidelity of the blackbird (Turdus merula L.)
    • -, AND P. H. HARVEY. 1976. The adaptive significance of variation in breeding area fidelity of the blackbird (Turdus merula L.). Journal of Animal Ecology 45:887-898.
    • (1976) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 887-898
    • Harvey, A.P.H.1
  • 52
    • 0020409721 scopus 로고
    • The natal and breeding dispersal of birds
    • -, AND -. 1982. The natal and breeding dispersal of birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:1-21.
    • (1982) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.13 , pp. 1-21
  • 53
    • 0002959894 scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding and dispersal in the great tit
    • -, -, AND C. M. PERRINS. 1978. Inbreeding and dispersal in the great tit. Nature 271:52-54.
    • (1978) Nature , vol.271 , pp. 52-54
    • Perrins, A.C.M.1
  • 54
    • 0001693095 scopus 로고
    • The role of dispersal in the great tit (Parus major): The causes, consequences and heritability of natal dispersal
    • -, -, AND -. 1979. The role of dispersal in the great tit (Parus major): the causes, consequences and heritability of natal dispersal. Journal of Animal Ecology 48:123-142.
    • (1979) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.48 , pp. 123-142
  • 55
    • 0020425227 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal between nest sites by stonechats (Saxicola torquata) in relation to previous breeding success
    • GREIG-SMITH, P. W. 1982. Dispersal between nest sites by stonechats (Saxicola torquata) in relation to previous breeding success. Ornis Scandinavica 13:232-238.
    • (1982) Ornis Scandinavica , vol.13 , pp. 232-238
    • Greig-Smith, P.W.1
  • 56
    • 0026013715 scopus 로고
    • Territory quality or bird quality? Factors determining breeding success in the magpie (Pica pica)
    • GOODBURN, S. F. 1991. Territory quality or bird quality? Factors determining breeding success in the magpie (Pica pica). Ibis 133:85-90.
    • (1991) Ibis , vol.133 , pp. 85-90
    • Goodburn, S.F.1
  • 58
    • 0003899715 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile spotted owl dispersal in northwestern California: Preliminary results
    • Gutiérrez, R. J. and A. B. Carey, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-185
    • -, R. J., A. B. FRANKLIN, W. LAHAYE, V. J. MERETSKY, AND J. P. WARD. 1985. Juvenile spotted owl dispersal in northwestern California: preliminary results. Pages 60-65 in Gutiérrez, R. J. and A. B. Carey, eds. Ecology and management of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-185.
    • (1985) Ecology and Management of the Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest , pp. 60-65
    • Franklin, A.B.1    Lahaye, W.2    Meretsky, V.J.3    Ward, J.P.4
  • 59
    • 0030040020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermonntain movement by Mexican spotted owls
    • -, R. J., M. E. SEAMANS, AND M. Z. PEERY. 1996. Intermountain movement by Mexican spotted owls. Great Basin Naturalist 56:87-89.
    • (1996) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.56 , pp. 87-89
    • Seamans, M.E.1    Peery, M.Z.2
  • 62
    • 0027136930 scopus 로고
    • Spatial models and the spotted owl: Exploring some biological issues behind recent biological events
    • HARRISON, S., A. STAHL, AND D. DOAK. 1993. Spatial models and the spotted owl: exploring some biological issues behind recent biological events. Conservation Biology 7:950-953.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 950-953
    • Harrison, S.1    Stahl, A.2    Doak, D.3
  • 65
    • 0000201867 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics in two-patch environments: Some anomalous consequences of an optimal habitat distribution
    • HOLT, R. D. 1985. Population dynamics in two-patch environments: some anomalous consequences of an optimal habitat distribution. Theoretical Population Biology 28:181-208.
    • (1985) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.28 , pp. 181-208
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 66
    • 0030389963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaotic population dynamics favors the evolution of dispersal
    • -, AND M. A. MCPEEK. 1996. Chaotic population dynamics favors the evolution of dispersal. American Naturalist 148:709-718.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.148 , pp. 709-718
    • McPeek, M.A.1
  • 68
    • 0002605241 scopus 로고
    • Recoveries of Saskatchewan banded great horned owls
    • HOUSTON, C. S. 1978. Recoveries of Saskatchewan banded great horned owls. Canadian Field-Naturalist 92:61-66.
    • (1978) Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.92 , pp. 61-66
    • Houston, C.S.1
  • 69
    • 0000022761 scopus 로고
    • Innate and environmental dispersal of individual vertebrates
    • HOWARD, W. E. 1960. Innate and environmental dispersal of individual vertebrates. American Midland Naturalist 63:152-161.
    • (1960) American Midland Naturalist , vol.63 , pp. 152-161
    • Howard, W.E.1
  • 70
    • 0012092838 scopus 로고
    • Disease susceptibility in owls
    • Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM-142
    • HUNTER, D. B., K. MCKEEVER, L. MCKEEVER, AND G. CRAWSHAW. 1987. Disease susceptibility in owls. Pages 67-70 in Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. Biology and conservation of northern forest owls. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM-142.
    • (1987) Biology and Conservation of Northern Forest Owls , pp. 67-70
    • Hunter, D.B.1    Mckeever, K.2    Mckeever, L.3    Crawshaw, G.4
  • 71
    • 0012092839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blackflies and Leucocytozoon spp. as causes of mortality in juvenile great horned owls in the Yukon, Canada
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • -, C. ROHNER, AND D. C. CURRIE. 1997. Blackflies and Leucocytozoon spp. as causes of mortality in juvenile great horned owls in the Yukon, Canada. Pages 243-245 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 243-245
    • Rohner, C.1    Currie, D.C.2
  • 72
    • 0024933711 scopus 로고
    • Turnover and dispersal in urban merlins Falco columbarius
    • JAMES, P. C., I. C. WARKENTIN, AND L. W. OLIPHANT. 1989. Turnover and dispersal in urban merlins Falco columbarius. Ibis 131:426-447.
    • (1989) Ibis , vol.131 , pp. 426-447
    • James, P.C.1    Warkentin, I.C.2    Oliphant, L.W.3
  • 73
    • 0025527249 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of dispersal: Theoretical models and empirical tests using birds and mammals
    • JOHNSON, M. L., AND M. S. GAINES. 1990. Evolution of dispersal: theoretical models and empirical tests using birds and mammals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:449-180.
    • (1990) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.21 , pp. 449-1180
    • Johnson, M.L.1    Gaines, M.S.2
  • 74
    • 0001528298 scopus 로고
    • Relatedness and inbreeding avoidance: Counterploys in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker
    • KOENIG, W. D., AND F. A. PITELKA. 1979. Relatedness and inbreeding avoidance: counterploys in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker. Science 206:1103-1105.
    • (1979) Science , vol.206 , pp. 1103-1105
    • Koenig, W.D.1    Pitelka, F.A.2
  • 75
    • 0027008007 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders
    • -, -, W. J. CARMEN, R. L. MUMME, AND M. T. STANBACK. 1992. The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders. Quarterly Review of Biology 67:111-150.
    • (1992) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.67 , pp. 111-150
    • Carmen, W.J.1    Mumme, R.L.2    Stanback, M.T.3
  • 76
    • 0001570580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detectability, philopatry, and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates
    • -, D. VAN VUREN. and P. N. HOOGE. 1996. Detectability, philopatry, and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:514-517.
    • (1996) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.11 , pp. 514-517
    • Van Vuren, D.1    Hooge, P.N.2
  • 77
    • 0022854783 scopus 로고
    • Gradients in population fluctuations of Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus in Europe
    • KORPIMÄKI, E. 1986. Gradients in population fluctuations of Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus in Europe. Oecologia (Berlin) 69:195-201.
    • (1986) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.69 , pp. 195-201
    • Korpimäki, E.1
  • 78
    • 0024192786 scopus 로고
    • Effects of territory quality on occupancy, breeding performance and breeding dispersal in Tengmalm's owl
    • -. 1988. Effects of territory quality on occupancy, breeding performance and breeding dispersal in Tengmalm's owl. Journal of Animal Ecology. 57:97-108.
    • (1988) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 97-108
  • 79
    • 0024189723 scopus 로고
    • Survival and natal dispersal of fledglings of Tengmalm's owl in relation to fluctuating food conditions and hatching date
    • -, AND M. LAGERSTRÖ.M. 1988. Survival and natal dispersal of fledglings of Tengmalm's owl in relation to fluctuating food conditions and hatching date. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:433-141.
    • (1988) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 433-1141
    • Lagerströ, M.1
  • 81
    • 0027011077 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic analysis of northern spotted owl viability in a fragmented forest landscape
    • LAMBERSON, R. H., R. MCKELVEY, B. R. NOON, AND C. VOSS. 1992. A dynamic analysis of northern spotted owl viability in a fragmented forest landscape. Conservation Biology 6:505-512.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 505-512
    • Lamberson, R.H.1    McKelvey, R.2    Noon, B.R.3    Voss, C.4
  • 82
    • 0028179788 scopus 로고
    • Reserve design for territorial species: The effects of patch size and spacing on the viability of the northern spotted owl
    • -, B. R. NOON, C. VOSS, AND K. S. MCKELVEY. 1994. Reserve design for territorial species: the effects of patch size and spacing on the viability of the northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology 8:185-195.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 185-195
    • Noon, B.R.1    Voss, C.2    McKelvey, K.S.3
  • 83
    • 0024183095 scopus 로고
    • Demographic models of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina)
    • LANDE, R. 1988. Demographic models of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Oecologia 75:601-607.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.75 , pp. 601-607
    • Lande, R.1
  • 85
    • 0001659776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible predation of a spotted owl by a barred owl
    • LESKIW, T., AND R. J. GUTIÉRREZ. 1998. Possible predation of a spotted owl by a barred owl. Western Birds 29:225-226.
    • (1998) Western Birds , vol.29 , pp. 225-226
    • Leskiw, T.1    Gutiérrez, R.J.2
  • 87
    • 0001578456 scopus 로고
    • Sex-based philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals: The Oedipus hypothesis
    • LIBERG, O., AND T. VON SCHANTZ. 1985. Sex-based philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals: the Oedipus hypothesis. American Naturalist 126:129-135.
    • (1985) American Naturalist , vol.126 , pp. 129-135
    • Liberg, O.1    Von Schantz, T.2
  • 88
    • 0012092840 scopus 로고
    • The operation of homing instinct
    • LINCOLN, F. C. 1934. The operation of homing instinct. Bird-Banding 5:149-155.
    • (1934) Bird-Banding , vol.5 , pp. 149-155
    • Lincoln, F.C.1
  • 89
    • 0022824852 scopus 로고
    • Site tenacity and nomadism in Tengmalm's owl (Aegolius funereus (L.)) in relation to cyclic food production
    • LOFGREN, O., B. HORNFELDT, AND B. G. CARLSSON. 1986. Site tenacity and nomadism in Tengmalm's owl (Aegolius funereus (L.)) in relation to cyclic food production. Oecologia (Berlin) 69:321-326.
    • (1986) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.69 , pp. 321-326
    • Lofgren, O.1    Hornfeldt, B.2    Carlsson, B.G.3
  • 90
    • 33846365399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadieus) nomadic?
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • MARKS, J. S. 1997. Is the northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadieus) nomadic? Page 260 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 260
    • Marks, J.S.1
  • 91
    • 0033378920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natal and breeding dispersal in barn owls
    • MARTI, C. D. 1999. Natal and breeding dispersal in barn owls. Journal of Raptor Research 33:181-189.
    • (1999) Journal of Raptor Research , vol.33 , pp. 181-189
    • Marti, C.D.1
  • 92
    • 0027079496 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of dispersal in spatially and temporally varying environments
    • MCPEEK, M. A., AND R. D. HOLT. 1992. The evolution of dispersal in spatially and temporally varying environments. American Naturalist 140:1010-1027.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 1010-1027
    • McPeek, M.A.1    Holt, R.D.2
  • 94
    • 0003569612 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal data for juvenile spotted owls: The problem of small sample size
    • R. J. Gutiérrez and A. B. Carey, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-185
    • -, AND E. C. MESLOW. 1985. Dispersal data for juvenile spotted owls: the problem of small sample size. Pages 69-73 in R. J. Gutiérrez and A. B. Carey, eds. Ecology and management of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-185.
    • (1985) Ecology and Management of the Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest , pp. 69-73
    • Meslow, E.C.1
  • 95
    • 0012053964 scopus 로고
    • Two-year old female spotted owl breeds successfully
    • -, K. NELSON, AND W. C. WRIGHT. 1985. Two-year old female spotted owl breeds successfully. Western Birds 16:93-94.
    • (1985) Western Birds , vol.16 , pp. 93-94
    • Nelson, K.1    Wright, W.C.2
  • 96
    • 0030617951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection by spotted owls during natal dispersal in western Oregon
    • -, R. J. SMALL, AND E. C. MESLOW. 1997. Habitat selection by spotted owls during natal dispersal in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:140-150.
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 140-150
    • Small, R.J.1    Meslow, E.C.2
  • 97
    • 0003045713 scopus 로고
    • Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related?
    • MOORE, J., AND R. ALI. 1984. Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal Behavior 32:94-112.
    • (1984) Animal Behavior , vol.32 , pp. 94-112
    • Moore, J.1    Ali, R.2
  • 98
    • 0000979720 scopus 로고
    • The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: Case studies in the red-winged blackbird and common grackle
    • MOORE, W. S., AND R. A. DOLBEER. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the red-winged blackbird and common grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
    • (1989) Condor , vol.91 , pp. 242-253
    • Moore, W.S.1    Dolbeer, R.A.2
  • 99
    • 0026498892 scopus 로고
    • Integrating scientific methods with habitat conservation planning: Reserve design for northern spotted owls
    • MURPHY, D. D., AND B. R. NOON. 1992. Integrating scientific methods with habitat conservation planning: reserve design for northern spotted owls. Ecological Applications 2:3-17.
    • (1992) Ecological Applications , vol.2 , pp. 3-17
    • Murphy, D.D.1    Noon, B.R.2
  • 100
    • 0000362955 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal in vertebrates
    • MURRAY, B. G., JR. 1967. Dispersal in vertebrates. Ecology 48:975-978.
    • (1967) Ecology , vol.48 , pp. 975-978
    • Murray Jr., B.G.1
  • 102
    • 0004290603 scopus 로고
    • T. and A. D. Poyser Ltd., Carlton, UK
    • -. 1986. The sparrowhawk. T. and A. D. Poyser Ltd., Carlton, UK.
    • (1986) The Sparrowhawk
  • 103
    • 0000599069 scopus 로고
    • Fidelity to breeding area and mate in sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus)
    • -, AND M. MARQUISS. 1982. Fidelity to breeding area and mate in sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus). Journal of Animal Ecology 51:327-341.
    • (1982) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 327-341
    • Marquiss, M.1
  • 104
    • 0021081838 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of sparrowhawks between birthplace and breeding place
    • -, AND -. 1983. Dispersal of sparrowhawks between birthplace and breeding place. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:463-477.
    • (1983) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 463-477
  • 105
    • 0027071147 scopus 로고
    • Fidelity to nesting territory among European sparrowhawks in three areas
    • -, AND I. WILLIE. 1992. Fidelity to nesting territory among European sparrowhawks in three areas. Journal of Raptor Research 26:108-114.
    • (1992) Journal of Raptor Research , vol.26 , pp. 108-114
    • Willie, I.1
  • 106
    • 0025670902 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical demography of spotted owls in the Pacific Northwest
    • NOON, B. R., AND C. M. BILES. 1990. Mathematical demography of spotted owls in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:18-27.
    • (1990) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.54 , pp. 18-27
    • Noon, B.R.1    Biles, C.M.2
  • 108
    • 0001815628 scopus 로고
    • Inter-troop transfer and inbreeding avoidance in (Papio anubis)
    • PACKER, C. 1979. Inter-troop transfer and inbreeding avoidance in (Papio anubis). Animal Behavior 27:1-36.
    • (1979) Animal Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 1-36
    • Packer, C.1
  • 109
    • 58149366341 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance
    • -. 1985. Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. Animal Behavior 33:676-678.
    • (1985) Animal Behavior , vol.33 , pp. 676-678
  • 110
    • 0021619498 scopus 로고
    • Breeding biology of polygynous hen harriers (Circus c. cyancus) in Orkney
    • PICOZZI, N. 1984. Breeding biology of polygynous hen harriers (Circus c. cyancus) in Orkney. Ornis Scandinavica 15:1-10
    • (1984) Ornis Scandinavica , vol.15 , pp. 1-10
    • Picozzi, N.1
  • 112
    • 0012092841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of juvenile and immature Bonelli's eagles in northeastern Spain
    • REAL, J., AND S. MANOSA. 2001. Dispersal of juvenile and immature Bonelli's eagles in northeastern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research 35:9-14.
    • (2001) Journal of Raptor Research , vol.35 , pp. 9-14
    • Real, J.1    Manosa, S.2
  • 113
    • 0000304821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informed dispersal: Prospecting by birds for breeding sites
    • REED, J. M., T. BOULINIER, E. DANCHIN, AND L. W. ORING. 1999. Informed dispersal: prospecting by birds for breeding sites. Current Ornithology 15:189-259.
    • (1999) Current Ornithology , vol.15 , pp. 189-259
    • Reed, J.M.1    Boulinier, T.2    Danchin, E.3    Oring, L.W.4
  • 114
    • 0030305611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for replacing tail-mounted radio transmitters on birds
    • REID, J. A., R. B. HORN. AND E. D. FORSMAN. 1996a. A method for replacing tail-mounted radio transmitters on birds. Journal of Field Ornithology 67:177-180.
    • (1996) Journal of Field Ornithology , vol.67 , pp. 177-180
    • Reid, J.A.1    Horn, R.B.2    Forsman, E.D.3
  • 115
    • 0029825251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demography of northern spotted owls on the Roseburg District of the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon
    • E. D. Foreman, S. DeStefano, M. G. Raphael, and R. J. Gutiérrez, eds. Studies in Avian Biology
    • -, E. D. FORSMAN, AND J. B. LINT. 1996b. Demography of northern spotted owls on the Roseburg District of the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon. Pages 59-66 in E. D. Foreman, S. DeStefano, M. G. Raphael, and R. J. Gutiérrez, eds. Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17.
    • (1996) Demography of the Northern Spotted Owl , vol.17 , pp. 59-66
    • Forsman, E.D.1    Lint, J.B.2
  • 116
    • 0012091479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection rates of spotted owls based on acoustic-lure and live-lure surveys
    • -, R. B. HORN, AND E. D. FORSMAN. 1999. Detection rates of spotted owls based on acoustic-lure and live-lure surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:986-990.
    • (1999) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 986-990
    • Horn, R.B.1    Forsman, E.D.2
  • 117
    • 0029730947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The numerical response of great horned owls to the snowshoe hare cycle: Consequences of non-territorial 'floaters' on demography
    • RHONER, C. 1996. The numerical response of great horned owls to the snowshoe hare cycle: consequences of non-territorial 'floaters' on demography. Journal of Animal Ecology 65:359-370.
    • (1996) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 359-370
    • Rhoner, C.1
  • 118
    • 0031128703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-territorial 'floaters' in great horned owls: Space use during a cyclic peak of snowshoe hares
    • -. 1997a. Non-territorial 'floaters' in great horned owls: space use during a cyclic peak of snowshoe hares. Animal Behavior 53:901-912.
    • (1997) Animal Behavior , vol.53 , pp. 901-912
  • 119
    • 0004992628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-territorial floaters in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • -. 1997b. Non-territorial floaters in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Pages 347-362 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 347-362
  • 121
    • 0026499257 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of northern flying squirrel populations in young second- and old-growth forests in western Oregon
    • ROSENBERG, D. K., AND R. G. ANTHONY. 1992. Characteristics of northern flying squirrel populations in young second- and old-growth forests in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:161-166.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.70 , pp. 161-166
    • Rosenberg, D.K.1    Anthony, R.G.2
  • 122
    • 0030027982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-time nesting area fidelity in male Cooper's hawks in Wisconsin
    • ROSENFIELD, R. N., AND J. BIELEFELDT. 1996. Life-time nesting area fidelity in male Cooper's hawks in Wisconsin. Condor 98:165-167.
    • (1996) Condor , vol.98 , pp. 165-167
    • Rosenfield, R.N.1    Bielefeldt, J.2
  • 123
    • 0027384838 scopus 로고
    • Philopatry or dispersal: Competition for territory vacancies in the splendid fairy-wren, (Malurus splendens)
    • RUSSELL, E. M., AND I. ROWLEY. 1993. Philopatry or dispersal: competition for territory vacancies in the splendid fairy-wren, (Malurus splendens). Animal Behavior 45:519-539.
    • (1993) Animal Behavior , vol.45 , pp. 519-539
    • Russell, E.M.1    Rowley, I.2
  • 125
    • 0002148807 scopus 로고
    • Mate and nest-site fidelity in ural and tawny owls
    • Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM-142
    • SAUROLA, P. 1987. Mate and nest-site fidelity in ural and tawny owls. Pages 81-86 in Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. Biology and conservation of northern forest owls. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM-142.
    • (1987) Biology and Conservation of Northern Forest Owls , pp. 81-86
    • Saurola, P.1
  • 128
    • 0002769917 scopus 로고
    • Optimal inbreeding and the evolution of philopatry
    • I. R. Swingland and P. J. Greenwood, eds. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK
    • -. 1983. Optimal inbreeding and the evolution of philopatry. Pages 132-159 in I. R. Swingland and P. J. Greenwood, eds. The ecology of animal movement. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1983) The Ecology of Animal Movement , pp. 132-159
  • 129
    • 0002492404 scopus 로고
    • The natal dispersal of ruffed grouse
    • SMALL, R. J., AND D. H. RUSCH. 1989. The natal dispersal of ruffed grouse. Auk 106:72-79.
    • (1989) Auk , vol.106 , pp. 72-79
    • Small, R.J.1    Rusch, D.H.2
  • 130
    • 84865825330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of wintering snowy owls (Nyctea scandiaca) at Logan Airport, east Boston, Massachusetts from 1981-1997
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • SMITH, N. 1997. Observations of wintering snowy owls (Nyctea scandiaca) at Logan Airport, east Boston, Massachusetts from 1981-1997. Pages 591-596 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 591-596
    • Smith, N.1
  • 131
    • 0031956105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natal dispersal in the western gull: Proximal factors and fitness consequences
    • SPEAR, L. B., P. PYLE, AND N. NUR. 1998. Natal dispersal in the western gull: proximal factors and fitness consequences. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:165-179.
    • (1998) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 165-179
    • Spear, L.B.1    Pyle, P.2    Nur, N.3
  • 132
    • 0023490977 scopus 로고
    • Territory quality and dispersal options in the acorn woodpecker, and a challenge to the habitat saturation model of cooperative breeding
    • STACEY, P. B., AND J. D. LIGON. 1987. Territory quality and dispersal options in the acorn woodpecker, and a challenge to the habitat saturation model of cooperative breeding. American Naturalist 130:654-676.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.130 , pp. 654-676
    • Stacey, P.B.1    Ligon, J.D.2
  • 133
    • 0026498552 scopus 로고
    • Environmental variation and the persistence of small populations
    • -, AND M. TAPER. 1992. Environmental variation and the persistence of small populations. Ecological Applications 2:18-29.
    • (1992) Ecological Applications , vol.2 , pp. 18-29
    • Taper, M.1
  • 134
    • 0001261362 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal, breeding behavior, and longevity of banded barn owls in North America
    • STEWART, P. A. 1952. Dispersal, breeding behavior, and longevity of banded barn owls in North America. Auk 69:227-245.
    • (1952) Auk , vol.69 , pp. 227-245
    • Stewart, P.A.1
  • 135
    • 0012028088 scopus 로고
    • Movements, population fluctuations, and mortality among great horned owls
    • -. 1969. Movements, population fluctuations, and mortality among great horned owls. Wilson Bulletin 81:155-162.
    • (1969) Wilson Bulletin , vol.81 , pp. 155-162
  • 138
    • 0012091480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update of demographic estimates for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) from Oregon's central Coast Ranges
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • THRAILKILL, J. A., R. G. ANTHONY, AND E. C. MESLOW. 1997. An update of demographic estimates for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) from Oregon's central Coast Ranges. Pages 432-448 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 432-448
    • Thrailkill, J.A.1    Anthony, R.G.2    Meslow, E.C.3
  • 139
    • 0026286672 scopus 로고
    • Models of multiple dispersers from the nest: Predictions and inference
    • TONKYN, D. W., AND J. H. PLISSNER. 1991. Models of multiple dispersers from the nest: predictions and inference. Ecology 72:1721-1730.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1721-1730
    • Tonkyn, D.W.1    Plissner, J.H.2
  • 141
    • 0003667882 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Vol 1. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
    • U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1995. Recovery plan for the Mexican spotted owl. Vol 1. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
    • (1995) Recovery Plan for the Mexican Spotted Owl
  • 142
    • 0001625213 scopus 로고
    • Emigration behavior of Clark's Nutcracker
    • VANDER WALL, S. B., S. W. HOFFMAN, AND W. K. POTTS. 1983. Emigration behavior of Clark's Nutcracker. Condor 83:162-170.
    • (1983) Condor , vol.83 , pp. 162-170
    • Vander Wall, S.B.1    Hoffman, S.W.2    Potts, W.K.3
  • 143
    • 0003431966 scopus 로고
    • The California spotted owl: General biology and ecological relations
    • J. Verner, J., K. S. McKelvey, B. R. Noon, R. J. Gutiérrez, G. I. Could, Jr., and T. W. Beck, eds. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany California. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-133
    • VERNER, J., R. J. GUTIÉRREZ, AND G. I. GOULD, JR. 1992. The California spotted owl: general biology and ecological relations. Pages 55-77 in J. Verner, J., K. S. McKelvey, B. R. Noon, R. J. Gutiérrez, G. I. Could, Jr., and T. W. Beck, eds. The California spotted owl: a technical assessment of its current status. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany California. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-133.
    • (1992) The California Spotted Owl: A Technical Assessment of Its Current Status , pp. 55-77
    • Verner, J.1    Gutiérrez, R.J.2    Gould Jr., G.I.3
  • 144
    • 0344701048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection by northern spotted owls: The consequences of prey selection and distribution
    • WARD, J. P., R. J. GUTIÉRREZ, AND B. R. NOON. 1998. Habitat selection by northern spotted owls: the consequences of prey selection and distribution. Condor 100:79-92.
    • (1998) Condor , vol.100 , pp. 79-92
    • Ward, J.P.1    Gutiérrez, R.J.2    Noon, B.R.3
  • 145
    • 0022220621 scopus 로고
    • Does competition drive dispersal?
    • WASER, P. M. 1985. Does competition drive dispersal? Ecology 60:1170-1175.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 1170-1175
    • Waser, P.M.1
  • 146
    • 0002890756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of predator exclusion and food supplementation on burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia) population change in Saskatchewan
    • J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. U.S. Forest Senice, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190
    • WELLICOME, T. I., G. L. HOLROYD, K. SCALISE, AND E.R. WILTSE. 1997. The effects of predator exclusion and food supplementation on burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia) population change in Saskatchewan. Pages 487-497 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, eds. Biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere. U.S. Forest Senice, North Central Forest Research Station, St. Paul Minnesota. General Technical Report NC-190.
    • (1997) Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere , pp. 487-497
    • Wellicome, T.I.1    Holroyd, G.L.2    Scalise, K.3    Wiltse, E.R.4
  • 147
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고
    • Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA
    • nd edition. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
    • (1984) nd Edition
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.