From Hope to Disillusion: African Americans, the United Nations, and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1947

Diplomatic History

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 531-564

  Anderson, Carol ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1542744959     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00286.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (225)

1. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 1; Pittsburgh Courier, 10 January and 8 August 1942, quoted in Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History 55 (June 1968): 96-97; James L. Roark, "American Black Leaders: The Response to Colonialism and the Cold War, 1943-1953," African Historical Studies 4:2 (1971): 253-70; Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986).
2. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 1; Pittsburgh Courier, 10 January and 8 August 1942, quoted in Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History 55 (June 1968): 96-97; James L. Roark, "American Black Leaders: The Response to Colonialism and the Cold War, 1943-1953," African Historical Studies 4:2 (1971): 253-70; Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986).
3. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 1; Pittsburgh Courier, 10 January and 8 August 1942, quoted in Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History 55 (June 1968): 96-97; James L. Roark, "American Black Leaders: The Response to Colonialism and the Cold War, 1943-1953," African Historical Studies 4:2 (1971): 253-70; Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986).
4. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 1; Pittsburgh Courier, 10 January and 8 August 1942, quoted in Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History 55 (June 1968): 96-97; James L. Roark, "American Black Leaders: The Response to Colonialism and the Cold War, 1943-1953," African Historical Studies 4:2 (1971): 253-70; Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986).
5. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 1; Pittsburgh Courier, 10 January and 8 August 1942, quoted in Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History 55 (June 1968): 96-97; James L. Roark, "American Black Leaders: The Response to Colonialism and the Cold War, 1943-1953," African Historical Studies 4:2 (1971): 253-70; Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986).
6. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 1; Pittsburgh Courier, 10 January and 8 August 1942, quoted in Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History 55 (June 1968): 96-97; James L. Roark, "American Black Leaders: The Response to Colonialism and the Cold War, 1943-1953," African Historical Studies 4:2 (1971): 253-70; Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986).
7. Walter White memorandum to NAACP board of directors, 1 August 1944, Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Washington, 1982, microfilm), pt. 1, reel 6; National Negro Congress, "Program," ([1944])- Papers of the National Negro Congress (Washington, 1988, microfilm), pt. 2, reel 20.
8. Walter White memorandum to NAACP board of directors, 1 August 1944, Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Washington, 1982, microfilm), pt. 1, reel 6; National Negro Congress, "Program," ([1944])- Papers of the National Negro Congress (Washington, 1988, microfilm), pt. 2, reel 20.
9. "Resolutions Adopted at the Wartime Conference: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People," 12-16 July 1944, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 11; "Address by Walter White at Closing Meeting of Wartime Conference," 16 July 1944, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 11; editorial, New Africa 3 (July-August 1944): 3.
10. "Resolutions Adopted at the Wartime Conference: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People," 12-16 July 1944, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 11; "Address by Walter White at Closing Meeting of Wartime Conference," 16 July 1944, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 11; editorial, New Africa 3 (July-August 1944): 3.
11. "Resolutions Adopted at the Wartime Conference: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People," 12-16 July 1944, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 11; "Address by Walter White at Closing Meeting of Wartime Conference," 16 July 1944, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 11; editorial, New Africa 3 (July-August 1944): 3.
12. Walter White to W. E. B. Du Bois, 17 May 1944, Papers of W. E. B. Du Bois (Sanford, NC, 1979, microfilm), reel 56; "Fragment of NAACP Minutes," May 1944. Du Bois Papers, reel 56; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York, 1993), 3-4, 561, 564-65, 568, 577; White to William H. Hastie, 21 April 1944, Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 240, file "William E. B. Du Bois: General, 1943-44," Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
13. Walter White to W. E. B. Du Bois, 17 May 1944, Papers of W. E. B. Du Bois (Sanford, NC, 1979, microfilm), reel 56; "Fragment of NAACP Minutes," May 1944. Du Bois Papers, reel 56; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York, 1993), 3-4, 561, 564-65, 568, 577; White to William H. Hastie, 21 April 1944, Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 240, file "William E. B. Du Bois: General, 1943-44," Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
14. Walter White to W. E. B. Du Bois, 17 May 1944, Papers of W. E. B. Du Bois (Sanford, NC, 1979, microfilm), reel 56; "Fragment of NAACP Minutes," May 1944. Du Bois Papers, reel 56; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York, 1993), 3-4, 561, 564-65, 568, 577; White to William H. Hastie, 21 April 1944, Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 240, file "William E. B. Du Bois: General, 1943-44," Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
15. Walter White to W. E. B. Du Bois, 17 May 1944, Papers of W. E. B. Du Bois (Sanford, NC, 1979, microfilm), reel 56; "Fragment of NAACP Minutes," May 1944. Du Bois Papers, reel 56; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York, 1993), 3-4, 561, 564-65, 568, 577; White to William H. Hastie, 21 April 1944, Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 240, file "William E. B. Du Bois: General, 1943-44," Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
16. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Negro and Imperialism," transcript of radio broadcast, 15 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 527, file "Speakers: W. E. B. Du Bois, 1944-48"; Du Bois to American Friends Service et al., 21 October 1944, Du Bois Papers, reel 55; W. E. B. Du Bois, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace in the Postwar World (New York, 1945), 3-4.
17. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Negro and Imperialism," transcript of radio broadcast, 15 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 527, file "Speakers: W. E. B. Du Bois, 1944-48"; Du Bois to American Friends Service et al., 21 October 1944, Du Bois Papers, reel 55; W. E. B. Du Bois, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace in the Postwar World (New York, 1945), 3-4.
18. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Negro and Imperialism," transcript of radio broadcast, 15 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 527, file "Speakers: W. E. B. Du Bois, 1944-48"; Du Bois to American Friends Service et al., 21 October 1944, Du Bois Papers, reel 55; W. E. B. Du Bois, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace in the Postwar World (New York, 1945), 3-4.
19. Minutes of meeting of Committee on Administration, 27 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1942-44"; "Sign-In Sheet for Colonial Conference," 6 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Colonial Representatives Stand for Freedom Now," 12 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945" (emphasis in original); "Resolution of the Colonial Conference in New York," 6 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945"; L. D. Reddick to Du Bois, 5 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57 (emphasis added); Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, 1990), 37, 56, 91-93, 170-71, 173-76, 231, 236-40.
20. Minutes of meeting of Committee on Administration, 27 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1942-44"; "Sign-In Sheet for Colonial Conference," 6 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Colonial Representatives Stand for Freedom Now," 12 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945" (emphasis in original); "Resolution of the Colonial Conference in New York," 6 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945"; L. D. Reddick to Du Bois, 5 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57 (emphasis added); Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, 1990), 37, 56, 91-93, 170-71, 173-76, 231, 236-40.
21. Minutes of meeting of Committee on Administration, 27 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1942-44"; "Sign-In Sheet for Colonial Conference," 6 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Colonial Representatives Stand for Freedom Now," 12 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945" (emphasis in original); "Resolution of the Colonial Conference in New York," 6 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945"; L. D. Reddick to Du Bois, 5 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57 (emphasis added); Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, 1990), 37, 56, 91-93, 170-71, 173-76, 231, 236-40.
22. Minutes of meeting of Committee on Administration, 27 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1942-44"; "Sign-In Sheet for Colonial Conference," 6 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Colonial Representatives Stand for Freedom Now," 12 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945" (emphasis in original); "Resolution of the Colonial Conference in New York," 6 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945"; L. D. Reddick to Du Bois, 5 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57 (emphasis added); Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, 1990), 37, 56, 91-93, 170-71, 173-76, 231, 236-40.
23. Minutes of meeting of Committee on Administration, 27 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1942-44"; "Sign-In Sheet for Colonial Conference," 6 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Colonial Representatives Stand for Freedom Now," 12 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945" (emphasis in original); "Resolution of the Colonial Conference in New York," 6 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945"; L. D. Reddick to Du Bois, 5 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57 (emphasis added); Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, 1990), 37, 56, 91-93, 170-71, 173-76, 231, 236-40.
24. Minutes of meeting of Committee on Administration, 27 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1942-44"; "Sign-In Sheet for Colonial Conference," 6 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Colonial Representatives Stand for Freedom Now," 12 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945" (emphasis in original); "Resolution of the Colonial Conference in New York," 6 April 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 197, file "Colonial Conference, 1945"; L. D. Reddick to Du Bois, 5 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57 (emphasis added); Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, 1990), 37, 56, 91-93, 170-71, 173-76, 231, 236-40.
25. Du Bois to Stettinius, 10 March 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois telegram to Leo Pasvolskv, to April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58.
26. Du Bois to Stettinius, 10 March 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois telegram to Leo Pasvolskv, to April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58.
27. Edward R. Stettinius diary, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, Records of Harley A. Notter, 1939-1945, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945," National Archives, Washington, DC; Dorothy B. Robins, Experiment in Democracy: The Story of U.S. Citizen Organizations in Forging the Charter of the United Nations (New York, 1971), 34-56, 81-99.
28. Edward R. Stettinius diary, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, Records of Harley A. Notter, 1939-1945, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945," National Archives, Washington, DC; Dorothy B. Robins, Experiment in Democracy: The Story of U.S. Citizen Organizations in Forging the Charter of the United Nations (New York, 1971), 34-56, 81-99.
29. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
30. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
31. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
32. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
33. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
34. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
35. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York, 1948), 295; Stettinius telegram to George E. C. Hayes, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Minutes of the Second Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 23, 1945, 10 a.m.," U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 (Washington, 1967), 1:148-49 (hereafter FRUS); "Memorandum by Mr. Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant to the Secretary of State for White House Liaison, of a Meeting at the White House, Thursday, March 29, 1945, 11:45 a.m.," ibid., 167; "Minutes of the Third Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Friday, March 30, 1945, 11 a.m.," ibid., 171; "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, April 3, 1945, 10 a.m.," ibid., 187-88; Benjamin Gerig to Du Bois, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Irene Diggs memorandum to Walter White, 6 November 1944, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 634, file "United Nations: Bretton Woods Conference, 1944-46"; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 8-14 April 1945."
36. Du Bois memorandum to White, 12 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; Du Bois and White telegram to National Urban League et al., 13 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Summary of Survey," ([April 1945]), Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois to White, 17 April 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58.
37. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
38. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
39. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
40. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
41. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
42. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
43. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
44. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
45. White memorandum to Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Stettinius diary, RG 59, Notter Records, box 29, file "Stettinius Diary, Week of 15-23 April 1945 (Section Ten)"; "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:67-68; "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation Held at Washington, Monday April 9, 1945, 3:15 p.m.," ibid., 221; "Minutes of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 3, 1945, 6:20 p.m.," ibid., 581; Stettinius diary, 2 May 1945, RG 59, Notter Records, box 30, file "Stettinius Diary - San Francisco Conference Vol. I: April 23, Midnight-May 31, 1945 (2 of 5)"; "Minutes of the Twenty-First Meeting (Executive Session) of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, April 27, 1945, 8:55 p.m.," FRUS, 1945, 1:484; "Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 5:30 p.m.," ibid., 532-41; "Handwritten Notes from Consultants' Meeting in Room 312," (n.d.), Du Bois Papers, reel 56.
46. Ely Culbertson to Stettinius, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; White memorandum to Du Bois and Bethune, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 57.
47. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
48. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
49. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
50. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
51. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
52. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
53. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
54. For the U. S. position on trusteeship see "The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in France (Caffery)," FRUS, 1945 1:80; "Minutes of the First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Tuesday, March 13, 1945, 11a.m.," ibid., 117; "Memorandum by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dependent Areas," ibid., 135; "Draft United States Proposals for Trusteeship, [San Francisco,] April 26, 1945," ibid., 459-60; and "Press Release: Statement by the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Chairman of the American Delegation," 5 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58. For the U.S. military's stance on strategic areas within the trusteeship plan see "Memorandum by the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, [Washington,] 26 February 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:95-95; "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Adviser on Caribbean Affairs (Taussig), [Washington,] March 15, 1945," ibid., 122; and "Memorandum by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to President Truman, Washington, April 18, 1945," ibid., 350-51.
55. "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 11, 1945, 9 a.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:252-53; "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Monday, April 16, 1945, 9 a.m.," Ibid., 308; "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," ibid., 338-42; "Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 527; "Minutes of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 16, 1945, 6 p.m.," ibid., 765; "Minutes of the Seventy-First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, June 14, 1945," ibid., 1301-2.
56. "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 11, 1945, 9 a.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:252-53; "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Monday, April 16, 1945, 9 a.m.," Ibid., 308; "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," ibid., 338-42; "Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 527; "Minutes of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 16, 1945, 6 p.m.," ibid., 765; "Minutes of the Seventy-First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, June 14, 1945," ibid., 1301-2.
57. "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 11, 1945, 9 a.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:252-53; "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Monday, April 16, 1945, 9 a.m.," Ibid., 308; "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," ibid., 338-42; "Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 527; "Minutes of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 16, 1945, 6 p.m.," ibid., 765; "Minutes of the Seventy-First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, June 14, 1945," ibid., 1301-2.
58. "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 11, 1945, 9 a.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:252-53; "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Monday, April 16, 1945, 9 a.m.," Ibid., 308; "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," ibid., 338-42; "Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 527; "Minutes of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 16, 1945, 6 p.m.," ibid., 765; "Minutes of the Seventy-First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, June 14, 1945," ibid., 1301-2.
59. "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 11, 1945, 9 a.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:252-53; "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Monday, April 16, 1945, 9 a.m.," Ibid., 308; "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," ibid., 338-42; "Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 527; "Minutes of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 16, 1945, 6 p.m.," ibid., 765; "Minutes of the Seventy-First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, June 14, 1945," ibid., 1301-2.
60. "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 11, 1945, 9 a.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:252-53; "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Monday, April 16, 1945, 9 a.m.," Ibid., 308; "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," ibid., 338-42; "Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 2, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 527; "Minutes of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, May 16, 1945, 6 p.m.," ibid., 765; "Minutes of the Seventy-First Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, June 14, 1945," ibid., 1301-2.
61. United Nations, United Nations Conference on International Organization San Francisco, 1945: Documents, vol. 3 Dumbarton Oaks Proposals Comments and Proposed Amendments (London and New York, 1945), 622-23; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Walter White et al., telegram to Stettinius, 7 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58.
62. United Nations, United Nations Conference on International Organization San Francisco, 1945: Documents, vol. 3 Dumbarton Oaks Proposals Comments and Proposed Amendments (London and New York, 1945), 622-23; "Report of the Secretary," May 1945, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; Walter White et al., telegram to Stettinius, 7 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 58.
63. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
64. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
65. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International
66. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
67. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
68. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
69. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
70. "Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Thursday, May 17, 1945, 6 p.m.," FRUS, 1945 1:789-90; "Minutes of the Sixtieth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Friday, June 1, 1945, 9 a.m.," ibid., 1055; United Nations Conference on International Organization, "Working Paper for Chapter on Dependent Territories and Arrangements for International Trusteeship," 15 May 1945; Du Bois to the delegates of the USA UNCIO, [May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Arrangements for International Trusteeship: Additional Chapter Proposed by the United States," (May 1945], Du Bois Papers, reel 58; "Minutes of the Seventy-Seventh Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at San Francisco, Wednesday, June 20, 1945," FRUS, 1945 1:1390-91; Du Bois to American delegation - UNCIO, 16 May 1945, NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; Du Bois telegram to Metz L. P. Lochard, 4 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Council on African Affairs. "Text and Analysis of the Colonial Provision of the United Nations Charter," (n.d.), NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June." See also Robert L. Harris, Jr., "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter," in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville, 1991), 126-45.
71. "Draft Minutes of Committee on Administration Meeting," 28 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1945"; White memorandum to Roy Wilkins, 14 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57. The U.S. delegation also feared that it had aligned itself too closely to the colonial powers. See "The Acting Secretary of State to the Chairman of the United States Delegation (Stettinius)," 8 May 1945, FRUS, 1945 1:652.
72. "Draft Minutes of Committee on Administration Meeting," 28 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 127, file "Board of Directors: Committee on Administration, 1945"; White memorandum to Roy Wilkins, 14 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 57. The U.S. delegation also feared that it had aligned itself too closely to the colonial powers. See "The Acting Secretary of State to the Chairman of the United States Delegation (Stettinius)," 8 May 1945, FRUS, 1945 1:652.
73. Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche: An American Life (New York, 1993), 118-20; "Memorandum for the Files from the Secretary-RF: Long Distance Telephone Conversation with Ralph J. Bunche in San Francisco, California June 3, 1945," 4 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, the "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June."
74. Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche: An American Life (New York, 1993), 118-20; "Memorandum for the Files from the Secretary-RF: Long Distance Telephone Conversation with Ralph J. Bunche in San Francisco, California June 3, 1945," 4 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, the "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June."
75. White telegram to Stettinus, 12 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 20 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 18 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations- UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June "; Du Bois to Lawrence Spivak, 22 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Urquhart, Bunche, 121; Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African-American Intellectual (Amherst, 1993), 169; Rayford W. Logan diary, 20 June 1945, Rayford W. Logan Papers, Library of Congress.
76. White telegram to Stettinus, 12 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 20 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 18 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations- UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June "; Du Bois to Lawrence Spivak, 22 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Urquhart, Bunche, 121; Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African-American Intellectual (Amherst, 1993), 169; Rayford W. Logan diary, 20 June 1945, Rayford W. Logan Papers, Library of Congress.
77. White telegram to Stettinus, 12 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 20 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 18 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations- UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June "; Du Bois to Lawrence Spivak, 22 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Urquhart, Bunche, 121; Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African-American Intellectual (Amherst, 1993), 169; Rayford W. Logan diary, 20 June 1945, Rayford W. Logan Papers, Library of Congress.
78. White telegram to Stettinus, 12 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 20 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 18 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations- UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June "; Du Bois to Lawrence Spivak, 22 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Urquhart, Bunche, 121; Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African-American Intellectual (Amherst, 1993), 169; Rayford W. Logan diary, 20 June 1945, Rayford W. Logan Papers, Library of Congress.
79. White telegram to Stettinus, 12 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 20 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations-UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June"; White telegram to Stettinius, 18 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations- UNCIO-General, 1945-May 11-June "; Du Bois to Lawrence Spivak, 22 May 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 56; Urquhart, Bunche, 121; Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African-American Intellectual (Amherst, 1993), 169; Rayford W. Logan diary, 20 June 1945, Rayford W. Logan Papers, Library of Congress.
80. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
81. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
82. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
83. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
84. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
85. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
86. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
87. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
88. Thelma Dale to Max Yergan, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan et al. to Brown, 3 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 10 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Yergan telegram to Dale, 22 May 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Bethune telegram to White, 22 May 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945 "; Bethune to Wilkins, 5 June 1945, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 639, file "United Nations: The United Nations Conference on International Organizations-Mary McLeod Bethune, 1945"; Logan diary, 24 June 1945; "Conference of Negro Leaders," 23 June 1945, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "Statement of Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune," 23 June 1945, Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, box 3, folder 17, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; "Negro Leaders Issue New Program," Congress View 3 (July 1945): 8.
89. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
90. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
91. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
92. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
93. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
94. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
95. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
96. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
97. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
98. James F. Bynes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947); Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-47 (New York, 1972); Bruce Robellet kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980); Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970); Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; Walter LaFeber, America Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1975 (New York, 1967); Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951, (London, 1984); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York, 1984); Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, 1981); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 6-7.
99. "Statement of Walter White at 37th Annual Meeting NAACP," 7 January 1946, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 14.
100. Winston S. Churchill, "Sinews of Peace," 5 March 1946, in Winston S. Churchill, His Complete Speeches: 1897-1963, vol. 7, 1943-1949, ed. Robert Rhodes James (New York, 1974), 7285-93.
101. "Comment by NAACP on Ex-Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Address on March 5th at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri," 7 March 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 616, file "State Department, 1941-47"; "Churchill Speech," Report of the Secretary, 4 April 1946, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; quoted in Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1988), 303-4.
102. "Comment by NAACP on Ex-Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Address on March 5th at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri," 7 March 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 616, file "State Department, 1941-47"; "Churchill Speech," Report of the Secretary, 4 April 1946, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; quoted in Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1988), 303-4.
103. "Comment by NAACP on Ex-Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Address on March 5th at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri," 7 March 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 616, file "State Department, 1941-47"; "Churchill Speech," Report of the Secretary, 4 April 1946, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 7; quoted in Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1988), 303-4.
104. George Streator, "Negro Congress Appeals to UN: Detroit Gathering Asks It to Halt Oppression of the Race in this Country," New: York Times, 1 June 1946; quoted in Logan diary, 27 June 1945; George Streator, "Negro Youth Told Future is in South: Dr. Du Bois says the Region Should be Freedom 'Firing Line'-Byrnes Assailed," New York Times, 21 October 1946; "UN and the Negro," People's Voice, 8 June 1946.
105. George Streator, "Negro Congress Appeals to UN: Detroit Gathering Asks It to Halt Oppression of the Race in this Country," New: York Times, 1 June 1946; quoted in Logan diary, 27 June 1945; George Streator, "Negro Youth Told Future is in South: Dr. Du Bois says the Region Should be Freedom 'Firing Line'-Byrnes Assailed," New York Times, 21 October 1946; "UN and the Negro," People's Voice, 8 June 1946.
106. George Streator, "Negro Congress Appeals to UN: Detroit Gathering Asks It to Halt Oppression of the Race in this Country," New: York Times, 1 June 1946; quoted in Logan diary, 27 June 1945; George Streator, "Negro Youth Told Future is in South: Dr. Du Bois says the Region Should be Freedom 'Firing Line'-Byrnes Assailed," New York Times, 21 October 1946; "UN and the Negro," People's Voice, 8 June 1946.
107. National Executive Board, "Recommendations of the UN Committee," 30 May 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
108. National Executive Board, "Recommendations of the UN Committee," 30 May 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
109. Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
110. Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; National Negro Congress, "The Jurisdiction of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "National Negro Congress Petitions UNO to End Nat'l Bias," New York Age, 8 June 1946; National Negro Congress, A Petition to the United Nations on Behalf of 13 Million Oppressed Negro Citizens of the United States of America (New York, 1946), 2-3.
111. Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; National Negro Congress, "The Jurisdiction of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "National Negro Congress Petitions UNO to End Nat'l Bias," New York Age, 8 June 1946; National Negro Congress, A Petition to the United Nations on Behalf of 13 Million Oppressed Negro Citizens of the United States of America (New York, 1946), 2-3.
112. Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; National Negro Congress, "The Jurisdiction of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "National Negro Congress Petitions UNO to End Nat'l Bias," New York Age, 8 June 1946; National Negro Congress, A Petition to the United Nations on Behalf of 13 Million Oppressed Negro Citizens of the United States of America (New York, 1946), 2-3.
113. Herbert Aptheker, "The Oppression of the American Negro: The Facts," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; National Negro Congress, "The Jurisdiction of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations," NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "National Negro Congress Petitions UNO to End Nat'l Bias," New York Age, 8 June 1946; National Negro Congress, A Petition to the United Nations on Behalf of 13 Million Oppressed Negro Citizens of the United States of America (New York, 1946), 2-3.
114. National Negro Congress memorandum to Council & Affiliates, [1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 12; Russell Barnes, "UN Action Doubtful on Negroes' Petition: Appeal for Relief from Discrimination Could Prove Embarrassing to the U.S.," Detroit News, 3 June 1946; "Summary Record of the Presentation of a Petition by Dr. Max Yergan, President, National Negro Congress," 6 June 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
115. National Negro Congress memorandum to Council & Affiliates, [1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 12; Russell Barnes, "UN Action Doubtful on Negroes' Petition: Appeal for Relief from Discrimination Could Prove Embarrassing to the U.S.," Detroit News, 3 June 1946; "Summary Record of the Presentation of a Petition by Dr. Max Yergan, President, National Negro Congress," 6 June 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
116. National Negro Congress memorandum to Council & Affiliates, [1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 12; Russell Barnes, "UN Action Doubtful on Negroes' Petition: Appeal for Relief from Discrimination Could Prove Embarrassing to the U.S.," Detroit News, 3 June 1946; "Summary Record of the Presentation of a Petition by Dr. Max Yergan, President, National Negro Congress," 6 June 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
117. Cicero Alvin Hughes, "Toward a Black United Front: The National Negro Congress Movement" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1982), 240; John Baxter Streater, Jr., "The National Negro Congress, 1936-1947" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 1981), 241.
118. Cicero Alvin Hughes, "Toward a Black United Front: The National Negro Congress Movement" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1982), 240; John Baxter Streater, Jr., "The National Negro Congress, 1936-1947" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 1981), 241.
119. Ralph Bunche, "Critique of the National Negro Congress," 1940, Papers of Ralph J. Bunche (Los Angeles, 1980, microfilm), reel 1.
120. Streater, "The National Negro Congress," 241, 299-342; Hughes, "Toward a Black United From," 189-229.
121. Streater, "The National Negro Congress," 241, 299-342; Hughes, "Toward a Black United From," 189-229.
122. "The American People's Tribunal," [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; untitled, [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "UN Commission Seeks More Data on Negroes," Peoples Voice, 6 July 1946; Guy Hottel memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover, 3 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress (Wilmington, DE, 1987, microlilm), reel 2; "Summarization-U.N. Signature Campaign," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
123. "The American People's Tribunal," [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; untitled, [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "UN Commission Seeks More Data on Negroes," Peoples Voice, 6 July 1946; Guy Hottel memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover, 3 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress (Wilmington, DE, 1987, microlilm), reel 2; "Summarization-U.N. Signature Campaign," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
124. "The American People's Tribunal," [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; untitled, [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "UN Commission Seeks More Data on Negroes," Peoples Voice, 6 July 1946; Guy Hottel memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover, 3 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress (Wilmington, DE, 1987, microlilm), reel 2; "Summarization-U.N. Signature Campaign," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
125. "The American People's Tribunal," [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; untitled, [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "UN Commission Seeks More Data on Negroes," Peoples Voice, 6 July 1946; Guy Hottel memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover, 3 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress (Wilmington, DE, 1987, microlilm), reel 2; "Summarization-U.N. Signature Campaign," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
126. "The American People's Tribunal," [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; untitled, [July 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; "UN Commission Seeks More Data on Negroes," Peoples Voice, 6 July 1946; Guy Hottel memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover, 3 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress (Wilmington, DE, 1987, microlilm), reel 2; "Summarization-U.N. Signature Campaign," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
127. Yergan to Bethune, 15 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Bethune to Yergan, 20 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Adelaide Bean memorandum to Thelma Dale, [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Statement on the Presentation to the Human Rights Commission of the United Nations of a Document, 'Jim Crow America,' in Evidence of the Oppression of Negro Americans," [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
128. Yergan to Bethune, 15 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Bethune to Yergan, 20 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Adelaide Bean memorandum to Thelma Dale, [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Statement on the Presentation to the Human Rights Commission of the United Nations of a Document, 'Jim Crow America,' in Evidence of the Oppression of Negro Americans," [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
129. Yergan to Bethune, 15 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Bethune to Yergan, 20 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Adelaide Bean memorandum to Thelma Dale, [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Statement on the Presentation to the Human Rights Commission of the United Nations of a Document, 'Jim Crow America,' in Evidence of the Oppression of Negro Americans," [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
130. Yergan to Bethune, 15 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Bethune to Yergan, 20 November 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Adelaide Bean memorandum to Thelma Dale, [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Statement on the Presentation to the Human Rights Commission of the United Nations of a Document, 'Jim Crow America,' in Evidence of the Oppression of Negro Americans," [November 1946], NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
131. Scheidt teletype to director, 11 September 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report NY 100-3633, (n.d.), FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Mary Sperling McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954 (Amherst, 1978), 14; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Chicago Parley of Progressives Turned Liberals Against Reds: Communist Activity There Seen Linked With the Conference's Attack on Baruch Atom Plan-An Attack Which Gromyko had Predicted," Chicago Herald Tribune, 7 October 1946; "Publicity Cost for Exploitation of United Nations Petition," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Edward E. Strong to Rowena Sudduth, 19 September 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
132. Scheidt teletype to director, 11 September 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report NY 100-3633, (n.d.), FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Mary Sperling McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954 (Amherst, 1978), 14; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Chicago Parley of Progressives Turned Liberals Against Reds: Communist Activity There Seen Linked With the Conference's Attack on Baruch Atom Plan-An Attack Which Gromyko had Predicted," Chicago Herald Tribune, 7 October 1946; "Publicity Cost for Exploitation of United Nations Petition," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Edward E. Strong to Rowena Sudduth, 19 September 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
133. Scheidt teletype to director, 11 September 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report NY 100-3633, (n.d.), FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Mary Sperling McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954 (Amherst, 1978), 14; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Chicago Parley of Progressives Turned Liberals Against Reds: Communist Activity There Seen Linked With the Conference's Attack on Baruch Atom Plan-An Attack Which Gromyko had Predicted," Chicago Herald Tribune, 7 October 1946; "Publicity Cost for Exploitation of United Nations Petition," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Edward E. Strong to Rowena Sudduth, 19 September 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
134. Scheidt teletype to director, 11 September 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report NY 100-3633, (n.d.), FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Mary Sperling McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954 (Amherst, 1978), 14; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Chicago Parley of Progressives Turned Liberals Against Reds: Communist Activity There Seen Linked With the Conference's Attack on Baruch Atom Plan-An Attack Which Gromyko had Predicted," Chicago Herald Tribune, 7 October 1946; "Publicity Cost for Exploitation of United Nations Petition," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Edward E. Strong to Rowena Sudduth, 19 September 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
135. Scheidt teletype to director, 11 September 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report NY 100-3633, (n.d.), FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Mary Sperling McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954 (Amherst, 1978), 14; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Chicago Parley of Progressives Turned Liberals Against Reds: Communist Activity There Seen Linked With the Conference's Attack on Baruch Atom Plan-An Attack Which Gromyko had Predicted," Chicago Herald Tribune, 7 October 1946; "Publicity Cost for Exploitation of United Nations Petition," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Edward E. Strong to Rowena Sudduth, 19 September 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
136. Scheidt teletype to director, 11 September 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report NY 100-3633, (n.d.), FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Mary Sperling McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954 (Amherst, 1978), 14; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Chicago Parley of Progressives Turned Liberals Against Reds: Communist Activity There Seen Linked With the Conference's Attack on Baruch Atom Plan-An Attack Which Gromyko had Predicted," Chicago Herald Tribune, 7 October 1946; "Publicity Cost for Exploitation of United Nations Petition," (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26; Edward E. Strong to Rowena Sudduth, 19 September 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 26.
137. United States Delegation to the United Nations, 10 July 1946, US/A/2, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 48, file "US/A/1-75," Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland; United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations: 1946-1947 (Lake Success, NY, 1947), 144-48.
138. United States Delegation to the United Nations, 10 July 1946, US/A/2, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 48, file "US/A/1-75," Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland; United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations: 1946-1947 (Lake Success, NY, 1947), 144-48.
139. "Memorandum of Conversation," 29 October 1946, US/A/70, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 48 file "US/A/1-75"; "Memorandum of Conversation," 6, November 1947, US/A/C.1/546, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 38, file "US/A/C.1/ 451-550." For a full discussion of the "alliance" between South Africa and the United States see Thomas Borstlemann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The U'nited States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993).
140. "Memorandum of Conversation," 29 October 1946, US/A/70, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 48 file "US/A/1-75"; "Memorandum of Conversation," 6, November 1947, US/A/C.1/546, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 38, file "US/A/C.1/ 451-550." For a full discussion of the "alliance" between South Africa and the United States see Thomas Borstlemann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The U'nited States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993).
141. "Memorandum of Conversation," 29 October 1946, US/A/70, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 48 file "US/A/1-75"; "Memorandum of Conversation," 6, November 1947, US/A/C.1/546, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 38, file "US/A/C.1/ 451-550." For a full discussion of the "alliance" between South Africa and the United States see Thomas Borstlemann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The U'nited States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993).
142. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32"; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32"; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32."
143. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32"; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32"; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32."
144. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32"; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32"; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32."
145. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32 "; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M/ (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32" ; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32 "; Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly, 5 October 1948, US(P) A/M/(Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US(P)/A/M/(Chr)1-34 "; "Memorandum of Conversation," 23 September 1947, US/A/C. 1/160-US/A/C.4/38, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 37, file "US/A/C. 1/101-200."
146. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32 "; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M/ (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32" ; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32 "; Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly, 5 October 1948, US(P) A/M/(Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US(P)/A/M/(Chr)1-34 "; "Memorandum of Conversation," 23 September 1947, US/A/C. 1/160-US/A/C.4/38, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 37, file "US/A/C. 1/101-200."
147. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32 "; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M/ (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32" ; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32 "; Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly, 5 October 1948, US(P) A/M/(Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US(P)/A/M/(Chr)1-34 "; "Memorandum of Conversation," 23 September 1947, US/A/C. 1/160-US/A/C.4/38, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 37, file "US/A/C. 1/101-200."
148. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32 "; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M/ (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32" ; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32 "; Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly, 5 October 1948, US(P) A/M/(Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US(P)/A/M/(Chr)1-34 "; "Memorandum of Conversation," 23 September 1947, US/A/C. 1/160-US/A/C.4/38, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 37, file "US/A/C. 1/101-200."
149. Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M (Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/ 1-32 "; Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the United States General Assembly Delegation, 28 October 1946, US/A/M/ (Chr)/11, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32" ; Minutes of the Fifteenth Meeting of the General Assembly Delegation, 12 November 1946, US/A/M/(Chr)/15, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US/A/M (CHR)/1-32 "; Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly, 5 October 1948, US(P) A/M/(Chr)/10, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 60, file "US(P)/A/M/(Chr)1-34 "; "Memorandum of Conversation," 23 September 1947, US/A/C. 1/160-US/A/C.4/38, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 37, file "US/A/C. 1/101-200."
150. Yearbook of the United Nations: 1946-1947, 144-48.
151. United Nations Conference Summary Proceedings, 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Yergan to Dwight Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; editorial, New York Amsterdam News, 14 December 1946.
152. United Nations Conference Summary Proceedings, 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Yergan to Dwight Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; editorial, New York Amsterdam News, 14 December 1946.
153. United Nations Conference Summary Proceedings, 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; Yergan to Dwight Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; editorial, New York Amsterdam News, 14 December 1946.
154. Yergan to Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Proposals for Extending UN Petition Campaign as Adopted by the Conference on United Nations and Minorities," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "United Nations Conference: Summary Proceedings," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Suggested Contents of Supplementary Petition to the United Nations," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
155. Yergan to Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Proposals for Extending UN Petition Campaign as Adopted by the Conference on United Nations and Minorities," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "United Nations Conference: Summary Proceedings," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Suggested Contents of Supplementary Petition to the United Nations," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
156. Yergan to Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Proposals for Extending UN Petition Campaign as Adopted by the Conference on United Nations and Minorities," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "United Nations Conference: Summary Proceedings," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Suggested Contents of Supplementary Petition to the United Nations," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
157. Yergan to Bradley, 29 January 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Proposals for Extending UN Petition Campaign as Adopted by the Conference on United Nations and Minorities," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "United Nations Conference: Summary Proceedings," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28; "Suggested Contents of Supplementary Petition to the United Nations," 8 February 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 28.
158. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
159. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
160. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
161. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
162. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
163. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
164. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
165. Alfred McPherson et al. to Revels Cayton, 6 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Marie Harris, 22 October 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Bertha Tipton to Revels Cayton, 8 July 1946, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; Edward Strong to Dorothy Funn, (n.d.), NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 29; FBI Report, 8 January 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; FBI Report, 22 October 1946, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Washington memorandum to director, FBI, 10 January 1948, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
166. FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Special Committee Meeting: Minutes, 7 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34; National Negro Congress Financial Statement, 23 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34.; unsigned to P. Kenneth O'Donnell, 3 February 1961, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Detroit memo to director, FBI, 15 May 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
167. FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Special Committee Meeting: Minutes, 7 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34; National Negro Congress Financial Statement, 23 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34.; unsigned to P. Kenneth O'Donnell, 3 February 1961, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Detroit memo to director, FBI, 15 May 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
168. FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Special Committee Meeting: Minutes, 7 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34; National Negro Congress Financial Statement, 23 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34.; unsigned to P. Kenneth O'Donnell, 3 February 1961, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Detroit memo to director, FBI, 15 May 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
169. FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Special Committee Meeting: Minutes, 7 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34; National Negro Congress Financial Statement, 23 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34.; unsigned to P. Kenneth O'Donnell, 3 February 1961, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Detroit memo to director, FBI, 15 May 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
170. FBI Report, 17 February 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; Special Committee Meeting: Minutes, 7 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34; National Negro Congress Financial Statement, 23 July 1947, NNC Papers, pt. 2, reel 34.; unsigned to P. Kenneth O'Donnell, 3 February 1961, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2; special agent in charge, Detroit memo to director, FBI, 15 May 1947, FBI File on National Negro Congress, reel 2.
171. Gloster Current to Walter White, 4 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; Wilkins memorandum to White, 6 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; White to Ralph Bundle, 7 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47 "; Du Bois to B. R. Ambedkar, 31 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; White memorandum to Du Bois, 1 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955). box 634, file "United Nations-General, 1945-46"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59.
172. Gloster Current to Walter White, 4 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; Wilkins memorandum to White, 6 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; White to Ralph Bundle, 7 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47 "; Du Bois to B. R. Ambedkar, 31 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; White memorandum to Du Bois, 1 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955). box 634, file "United Nations-General, 1945-46"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59.
173. Gloster Current to Walter White, 4 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; Wilkins memorandum to White, 6 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; White to Ralph Bundle, 7 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47 "; Du Bois to B. R. Ambedkar, 31 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; White memorandum to Du Bois, 1 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955). box 634, file "United Nations-General, 1945-46"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59.
174. Gloster Current to Walter White, 4 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; Wilkins memorandum to White, 6 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47"; White to Ralph Bundle, 7 June 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 444, file "National Negro Congress: 1945-47 "; Du Bois to B. R. Ambedkar, 31 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; White memorandum to Du Bois, 1 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955). box 634, file "United Nations-General, 1945-46"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59.
175. Minutes of the board of directors meeting, 11 June 1945, NAACP Papers, reel 3: "Report of the Department of Special Research. NAACP: June 4 to September 7, 1946," Du Bois Papers, reel 59.
176. Du Bois to NNC, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 26 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 23 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Buis-General, 1946"; White memorandum to Du Buis, 17 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois to Robert Ming, Jr., 30 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois telegram to Charles Houston, 20 November 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois memorandum to White, 2 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
177. Du Bois to NNC, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 26 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 23 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Buis-General, 1946"; White memorandum to Du Buis, 17 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois to Robert Ming, Jr., 30 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois telegram to Charles Houston, 20 November 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois memorandum to White, 2 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
178. Du Bois to NNC, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 26 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 23 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Buis-General, 1946"; White memorandum to Du Buis, 17 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois to Robert Ming, Jr., 30 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois telegram to Charles Houston, 20 November 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois memorandum to White, 2 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
179. Du Bois to NNC, 1 August 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 26 August 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 23 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Buis-General, 1946"; White memorandum to Du Buis, 17 September 1946, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 241, file "William E. B. Du Bois-General, 1946"; Du Bois memorandum to White, 5 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois memorandum to White, 1 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Du Bois to Robert Ming, Jr., 30 September 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois telegram to Charles Houston, 20 November 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Du Bois memorandum to White, 2 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
180. Logan to Du Bois, 12 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Logan to Du Bois, 12 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58; Logan to Du Bois, 27 October 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 58.
181. Leslie S. Perry to Du Bois, 7 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
182. Robert L. Carter memorandum to Du Bois, 22 January 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637. file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept."
183. Du Bois memorandum to Arthur S. Spingarn, 16 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois memorandum to White, 29 January 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; John P. Humphrey to Arthur B. Spingarn, 19 February 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP); 1947, Oct."
184. Du Bois memorandum to Arthur S. Spingarn, 16 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois memorandum to White, 29 January 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; John P. Humphrey to Arthur B. Spingarn, 19 February 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP); 1947, Oct."
185. Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (New York, 1982), xi, 73-74, 77-78.
186. Harry S. Truman, "The Truman Doctrine," in The Annals of America, vol. 16, 1940-1949: The Second World War and After (Chicago, 1968), 435-36; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 288, 292.
187. Harry S. Truman, "The Truman Doctrine," in The Annals of America, vol. 16, 1940-1949: The Second World War and After (Chicago, 1968), 435-36; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 288, 292.
188. Civil Rights Congress, We Charge Genocide: The Historic Petition to the United Nations for Relief from a Crime of the United States Government against the Negro People (New York, 1951), 66-67.
189. Du Bois to Harold Preece, 12 August 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
190. Du Bois memorandum to White, 28 August 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William H. Stoneman, 16 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Trygve Lie, 11 September 1948 [sic], NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to William H. Melish, 18 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Hugh H. Smythe to Afghanistan UN delegation et al., 29 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William H. Stoneman to Du Bois, 29 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Vijaya Pandit to Du Bois, 25 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William Melish to Du Bois, 30 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver W. Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William Melish, 6 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; T. Tokina to Hugh H. Smythe, 10 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
191. Du Bois memorandum to White, 28 August 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William H. Stoneman, 16 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Trygve Lie, 11 September 1948 [sic], NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to William H. Melish, 18 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Hugh H. Smythe to Afghanistan UN delegation et al., 29 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William H. Stoneman to Du Bois, 29 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Vijaya Pandit to Du Bois, 25 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William Melish to Du Bois, 30 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver W. Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William Melish, 6 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; T. Tokina to Hugh H. Smythe, 10 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
192. Du Bois memorandum to White, 28 August 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William H. Stoneman, 16 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Trygve Lie, 11 September 1948 [sic], NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to William H. Melish, 18 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Hugh H. Smythe to Afghanistan UN delegation et al., 29 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William H. Stoneman to Du Bois, 29 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Vijaya Pandit to Du Bois, 25 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William Melish to Du Bois, 30 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver W. Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William Melish, 6 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; T. Tokina to Hugh H. Smythe, 10 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
193. Du Bois memorandum to White, 28 August 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William H. Stoneman, 16 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Trygve Lie, 11 September 1948 [sic], NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to William H. Melish, 18 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Hugh H. Smythe to Afghanistan UN delegation et al., 29 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William H. Stoneman to Du Bois, 29 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Vijaya Pandit to Du Bois, 25 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William Melish to Du Bois, 30 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver W. Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William Melish, 6 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; T. Tokina to Hugh H. Smythe, 10 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
194. Du Bois memorandum to White, 28 August 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William H. Stoneman, 16 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Trygve Lie, 11 September 1948 [sic], NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to William H. Melish, 18 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Hugh H. Smythe to Afghanistan UN delegation et al., 29 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William H. Stoneman to Du Bois, 29 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Vijaya Pandit to Du Bois, 25 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; William Melish to Du Bois, 30 September 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Oliver W. Harrington to Al Smith, 2 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Du Bois to William Melish, 6 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; T. Tokina to Hugh H. Smythe, 10 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
195. White memorandum to Du Bois, 29 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to White, 31 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to Eleanor Roosevelt, 17 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Eleanor Roosevelt to Du Bois, 22 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; White and Du Bois to Eleanor Roosevelt, 22 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Eleanor Roosevelt, 14 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois memorandum to Walter White, 24 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Warren R. Austin to Hugh H. Smythe, 9 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; John P. Humphrey to Du Bois, 9 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to Warren R. Austin, 14 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Warren R. Austin to Du Bois, 21 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept."
196. White memorandum to Du Bois, 29 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to White, 31 January 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to Eleanor Roosevelt, 17 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; Eleanor Roosevelt to Du Bois, 22 July 1946, Du Bois Papers, reel 59; White and Du Bois to Eleanor Roosevelt, 22 September 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept"; Du Bois to Eleanor Roosevelt, 14 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois memorandum to Walter White, 24 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Warren R. Austin to Hugh H. Smythe, 9 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; John P. Humphrey to Du Bois, 9 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to Warren R. Austin, 14 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Warren R. Austin to Du Bois, 21 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept."
197. Marian Wynn Perry memorandum to Du Bois, 9 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; Du Bois to Perry, 14 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
198. White memorandum to Du Bois, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Oliver Harrington to Agnes Meyer, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Logan diary, 16 November 1947; George Streator, "Negroes to Bring Cause Before U.N.: Statement Charges that South Offers Greater U.S. Threat than Soviet Activities," New York Times, 12 October 1947; Du Bois memorandum to White, 17 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; W. F. B. Du Bois, ed., An Appeal to the World: A Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress (New York, 1947).
199. White memorandum to Du Bois, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Oliver Harrington to Agnes Meyer, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Logan diary, 16 November 1947; George Streator, "Negroes to Bring Cause Before U.N.: Statement Charges that South Offers Greater U.S. Threat than Soviet Activities," New York Times, 12 October 1947; Du Bois memorandum to White, 17 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; W. F. B. Du Bois, ed., An Appeal to the World: A Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress (New York, 1947).
200. White memorandum to Du Bois, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Oliver Harrington to Agnes Meyer, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Logan diary, 16 November 1947; George Streator, "Negroes to Bring Cause Before U.N.: Statement Charges that South Offers Greater U.S. Threat than Soviet Activities," New York Times, 12 October 1947; Du Bois memorandum to White, 17 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; W. F. B. Du Bois, ed., An Appeal to the World: A Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress (New York, 1947).
201. White memorandum to Du Bois, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Oliver Harrington to Agnes Meyer, 11 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct"; Logan diary, 16 November 1947; George Streator, "Negroes to Bring Cause Before U.N.: Statement Charges that South Offers Greater U.S. Threat than Soviet Activities," New York Times, 12 October 1947; Du Bois memorandum to White, 17 October 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; W. F. B. Du Bois, ed., An Appeal to the World: A Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress (New York, 1947).
202. "Introductory Statement by Walter White, Executive Secretary of the NAACP October 23, 1947. On Occasion of Presentation of Petition to the United Nations," NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 68, file "Articles: W. F. B. Du Bois Preface to Statement on Denial of Human Rights to Negroes, 1947"; "Statement of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois to The Representatives of the Human Rights Commission and its Parent Bodies-The Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly," 23 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 68, file "Articles: W. E. B. Du Bois Preface to Statement on Denial of Human Rights to Negroes, 1947"; "Statement by Professor John P. Humphrey, Director, Division of Human Rights, Social Affairs Department," NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct."
203. "Introductory Statement by Walter White, Executive Secretary of the NAACP October 23, 1947. On Occasion of Presentation of Petition to the United Nations," NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 68, file "Articles: W. F. B. Du Bois Preface to Statement on Denial of Human Rights to Negroes, 1947"; "Statement of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois to The Representatives of the Human Rights Commission and its Parent Bodies-The Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly," 23 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 68, file "Articles: W. E. B. Du Bois Preface to Statement on Denial of Human Rights to Negroes, 1947"; "Statement by Professor John P. Humphrey, Director, Division of Human Rights, Social Affairs Department," NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct."
204. "Introductory Statement by Walter White, Executive Secretary of the NAACP October 23, 1947. On Occasion of Presentation of Petition to the United Nations," NAACP Papers. Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 68, file "Articles: W. F. B. Du Bois Preface to Statement on Denial of Human Rights to Negroes, 1947"; "Statement of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois to The Representatives of the Human Rights Commission and its Parent Bodies-The Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly," 23 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 68, file "Articles: W. E. B. Du Bois Preface to Statement on Denial of Human Rights to Negroes, 1947"; "Statement by Professor John P. Humphrey, Director, Division of Human Rights, Social Affairs Department," NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Oct."
205. Du Bois to Austin, 28 October 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Jan-Sept."
206. Gallman telegram to Marshall, 10 January 1947, RG 59, file 811.4016/1-1047; memorandum of conversation, 15 January 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/1-1547; Dean Acheson to Morris Rosenthal, 3 March 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Rosenthal to Acheson, 11 February 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Barber memorandum to Briggs, 8 May 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/5-847; John J. Macdonald to Marshall, 5 November 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/11-547; Smythe to Estelle Robbins, 26 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; "Position Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/76, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 173, file "Instructions to the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly: Committee 3 (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)"; "Statement in Answer to Possible Charge that the United States Discriminates Against Negroes in this Country," 15 April 1949, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 89, file "Rights: Human (1946-49)"; P. M. Burnett to Durwald V. Sandifer, [October 1947], U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 78, file "Discrimination, Race: US, 1947"; "Comment Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/75, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 175, file "Background Book: Committee III (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural), Volume IV"; Du Bois's Department of Special Research mailed copies of the NAACP's petition to over 45 different publications. For a complete listing see "Review Copies of NAACP U.N. Petition Sent To," 15 January 1948, Du Bois Papers, reel 62. Several diplomatic historians have examined the issue of race as part of a larger analysis of U.S. foreign policy. See Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberations and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-47 (Priceton, 1981); John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven 1987); Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, 1988); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978).
207. Gallman telegram to Marshall, 10 January 1947, RG 59, file 811.4016/1-1047; memorandum of conversation, 15 January 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/1-1547; Dean Acheson to Morris Rosenthal, 3 March 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Rosenthal to Acheson, 11 February 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Barber memorandum to Briggs, 8 May 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/5-847; John J. Macdonald to Marshall, 5 November 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/11-547; Smythe to Estelle Robbins, 26 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; "Position Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/76, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 173, file "Instructions to the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly: Committee 3 (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)"; "Statement in Answer to Possible Charge that the United States Discriminates Against Negroes in this Country," 15 April 1949, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 89, file "Rights: Human (1946-49)"; P. M. Burnett to Durwald V. Sandifer, [October 1947], U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 78, file "Discrimination, Race: US, 1947"; "Comment Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/75, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 175, file "Background Book: Committee III (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural), Volume IV"; Du Bois's Department of Special Research mailed copies of the NAACP's petition to over 45 different publications. For a complete listing see "Review Copies of NAACP U.N. Petition Sent To," 15 January 1948, Du Bois Papers, reel 62. Several diplomatic historians have examined the issue of race as part of a larger analysis of U.S. foreign policy. See Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberations and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-47 (Priceton, 1981); John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven 1987); Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, 1988); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978).
208. Gallman telegram to Marshall, 10 January 1947, RG 59, file 811.4016/1-1047; memorandum of conversation, 15 January 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/1-1547; Dean Acheson to Morris Rosenthal, 3 March 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Rosenthal to Acheson, 11 February 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Barber memorandum to Briggs, 8 May 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/5-847; John J. Macdonald to Marshall, 5 November 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/11-547; Smythe to Estelle Robbins, 26 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; "Position Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/76, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 173, file "Instructions to the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly: Committee 3 (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)"; "Statement in Answer to Possible Charge that the United States Discriminates Against Negroes in this Country," 15 April 1949, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 89, file "Rights: Human (1946-49)"; P. M. Burnett to Durwald V. Sandifer, [October 1947], U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 78, file "Discrimination, Race: US, 1947"; "Comment Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/75, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 175, file "Background Book: Committee III (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural), Volume IV"; Du Bois's Department of Special Research mailed copies of the NAACP's petition to over 45 different publications. For a complete listing see "Review Copies of NAACP U.N. Petition Sent To," 15 January 1948, Du Bois Papers, reel 62. Several diplomatic historians have examined the issue of race as part of a larger analysis of U.S. foreign policy. See Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberations and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-47 (Priceton, 1981); John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven 1987); Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, 1988); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978).
209. Gallman telegram to Marshall, 10 January 1947, RG 59, file 811.4016/1-1047; memorandum of conversation, 15 January 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/1-1547; Dean Acheson to Morris Rosenthal, 3 March 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Rosenthal to Acheson, 11 February 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Barber memorandum to Briggs, 8 May 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/5-847; John J. Macdonald to Marshall, 5 November 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/11-547; Smythe to Estelle Robbins, 26 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; "Position Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/76, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 173, file "Instructions to the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly: Committee 3 (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)"; "Statement in Answer to Possible Charge that the United States Discriminates Against Negroes in this Country," 15 April 1949, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 89, file "Rights: Human (1946-49)"; P. M. Burnett to Durwald V. Sandifer, [October 1947], U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 78, file "Discrimination, Race: US, 1947"; "Comment Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/75, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 175, file "Background Book: Committee III (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural), Volume IV"; Du Bois's Department of Special Research mailed copies of the NAACP's petition to over 45 different publications. For a complete listing see "Review Copies of NAACP U.N. Petition Sent To," 15 January 1948, Du Bois Papers, reel 62. Several diplomatic historians have examined the issue of race as part of a larger analysis of U.S. foreign policy. See Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberations and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-47 (Priceton, 1981); John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven 1987); Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, 1988); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978).
210. Gallman telegram to Marshall, 10 January 1947, RG 59, file 811.4016/1-1047; memorandum of conversation, 15 January 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/1-1547; Dean Acheson to Morris Rosenthal, 3 March 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Rosenthal to Acheson, 11 February 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Barber memorandum to Briggs, 8 May 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/5-847; John J. Macdonald to Marshall, 5 November 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/11-547; Smythe to Estelle Robbins, 26 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; "Position Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/76, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 173, file "Instructions to the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly: Committee 3 (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)"; "Statement in Answer to Possible Charge that the United States Discriminates Against Negroes in this Country," 15 April 1949, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 89, file "Rights: Human (1946-49)"; P. M. Burnett to Durwald V. Sandifer, [October 1947], U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 78, file "Discrimination, Race: US, 1947"; "Comment Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/75, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 175, file "Background Book: Committee III (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural), Volume IV"; Du Bois's Department of Special Research mailed copies of the NAACP's petition to over 45 different publications. For a complete listing see "Review Copies of NAACP U.N. Petition Sent To," 15 January 1948, Du Bois Papers, reel 62. Several diplomatic historians have examined the issue of race as part of a larger analysis of U.S. foreign policy. See Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberations and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-47 (Priceton, 1981); John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven 1987); Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, 1988); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978).
211. Gallman telegram to Marshall, 10 January 1947, RG 59, file 811.4016/1-1047; memorandum of conversation, 15 January 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/1-1547; Dean Acheson to Morris Rosenthal, 3 March 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Rosenthal to Acheson, 11 February 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/2-1147; Barber memorandum to Briggs, 8 May 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/5-847; John J. Macdonald to Marshall, 5 November 1947, RG 59, 811.4016/11-547; Smythe to Estelle Robbins, 26 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60; "Position Paper: Discrimination Against Negroes in the United States," 30 August 1948, SD/A/C.3/76, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 173, file "Instructions to the United States Delegation to the Third Regular Session of the General Assembly: Committee 3 (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)"; "Statement in Answer to Possible Charge that the United States Discriminates Against Negroes in this Country," 15 April 1949, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84, box 89, file "Rights: Human (1946-49)"; P. M. Burnett to Durwald V. Sandifer, [October 1947], U.S. Mission to the United
212. Robert S. Abbott, "An Important Appeal," Chicago Defender, 1 November 1947; Saul K. Padover, "How About Democracy for Negros Too?" P.M., 14 October 1947. A digest of press responses is included in Smythe to Cedric Dover, 3 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60. See also Smythe to Common Sense, "American Negroes Petition The United Nations for Help in Removing Discrimination," 29 October 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
213. Robert S. Abbott, "An Important Appeal," Chicago Defender, 1 November 1947; Saul K. Padover, "How About Democracy for Negros Too?" P.M., 14 October 1947. A digest of press responses is included in Smythe to Cedric Dover, 3 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60. See also Smythe to Common Sense, "American Negroes Petition The United Nations for Help in Removing Discrimination," 29 October 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
214. Robert S. Abbott, "An Important Appeal," Chicago Defender, 1 November 1947; Saul K. Padover, "How About Democracy for Negros Too?" P.M., 14 October 1947. A digest of press responses is included in Smythe to Cedric Dover, 3 November 1947, Du Bois Papers, reel 60. See also Smythe to Common Sense, "American Negroes Petition The United Nations for Help in Removing Discrimination," 29 October 1945, Du Bois Papers, reel 60.
215. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East; Gardner, Architects of Illusions; Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; LaFeber, American, Russia, and the Cold War.
216. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East; Gardner, Architects of Illusions; Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; LaFeber, American, Russia, and the Cold War.
217. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East; Gardner, Architects of Illusions; Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; LaFeber, American, Russia, and the Cold War.
218. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East; Gardner, Architects of Illusions; Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; LaFeber, American, Russia, and the Cold War.
219. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East; Gardner, Architects of Illusions; Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; LaFeber, American, Russia, and the Cold War.
220. "Commission on Human Rights: Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Draft Resolution proposed by Mr. A. P Borisov," E/CN.4/Sub.2/ 24, 1 December 1947, Papers of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio; "Proposal of Mr. M. R. Masani (India) with Regard to the Implementation of Human Rights," E/CN.4/Sub.2/27, 1 December 1947, Papers of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights; "Amendment to Mr. Borisov's Resolution (E/CN.4/ Sub.2/24) Proposed by Mr. M. A. Masani (India)," E/CN. 4./Sub.2/32, 2 December 1947, Papers of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights; "First Session: Summary Record of Twelfth Meeting," E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR/12, 2 December 1947; "First Session: Summary Record of the Thirteenth Meeting," E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR/13, 2 December 1947; "First Session: Summary Record of the Fourteenth Meeting," E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR/14, 3 December 1947; "First Session: Report Submitted to the Commission on Human Rights by the Subcommission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities," E/CN.4/Sub.2/38, 5 December 1947; "First Session: Summary Record of the Eighteenth Meeting," E/CN.4/Sub.2/ SR18, 7 December 1947; Marian Wynn Perry, "Untitled," [1948], NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 635, file "United Nations General Assembly, November 1948-49."
221. "UN Turns Down Petition," Philadelphia Tribune, 13 December 1947, in NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Nov-Dec"; Eleanor Roosevelt to White, 8 December 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 635, file "United Nations General Assembly, 1946-August 1948"; White, A Man Called White, 359.
222. "UN Turns Down Petition," Philadelphia Tribune, 13 December 1947, in NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Nov-Dec"; Eleanor Roosevelt to White, 8 December 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 635, file "United Nations General Assembly, 1946-August 1948"; White, A Man Called White, 359.
223. "UN Turns Down Petition," Philadelphia Tribune, 13 December 1947, in NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 637, file "United Nations Petition (NAACP): 1947, Nov-Dec"; Eleanor Roosevelt to White, 8 December 1947, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 635, file "United Nations General Assembly, 1946-August 1948"; White, A Man Called White, 359.
224. "Equality of Opportunity Everywhere: Keynote Address to 41st Annual Convention by Roy Wilkins," 20 June 1950, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 12; White to Boyo Fazemi, 18 July 1950, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 4, file "Africa General, 1950-51" (emphasis added).
225. "Equality of Opportunity Everywhere: Keynote Address to 41st Annual Convention by Roy Wilkins," 20 June 1950, NAACP Papers, pt. 1, reel 12; White to Boyo Fazemi, 18 July 1950, NAACP Papers, Group II, Series A, General Office File (1940-1955), box 4, file "Africa General, 1950-51" (emphasis added).