Risk of blood splashes to masks and goggles during cesarean section

Medical Science Monitor

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2006, Pages

  Aisien, Aderemi Olabisi ^a   Ujah, Innocent Achanya Otobo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BENIN   (Nigeria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF JOS   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Blood splashes; Cesarean section; Risk

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BLOOD; CESAREAN SECTION; CHILDBIRTH; DELIVERY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EMERGENCY CARE; EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICE; HUMAN; MEDICAL ASSISTANT; MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; NORMAL HUMAN; NURSE; PARITY; PRENATAL CARE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURGEON; SURGICAL MASK;

ADULT; BLOOD; CESAREAN SECTION; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL; EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MASKS; NIGERIA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OPERATING ROOMS; PREGNANCY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 32044455784     PISSN: 12341010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Report on global HIV/AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS, 2002
2. AIDS epidemic update: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization, 1999 (Document no. UNAIDS/99.53E)
3. Ippolito G, Puro V, Heptonstall J et al: Occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers: worldwide cases through September 1997. Clin Infect Dis, 1999; 28: 365-83
4. Halota W, Pawlowska M: HCV infections in view of clinical practice. Med Sci Monit, 2004; 10(Suppl.1): 24-28
5. Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J et al: Unsafe infections in developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ, 1999; 77: 789-800
6. Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M et al: Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates. Bull World Health Organ, 1999; 77: 801-807
7. Clark PA, O'Brien K: Fighting AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is a public-private partnership a viable paradigm? Med Sci Monit, 2003; 9(9): ET28-ET39
8. Fitch KM, Alvarez LP, Medina RDA et al: Occupational transmission of HIV in health care workers. A review. European Journal of Public Health, 1995; 5: 175-86
9. Mitsui T, Iwano K, Masuko K et al: Hepatitis C virus infection in medical personnel after needlestick accident. Hepatology, 1992; 16: 1109-14
10. Sartori M, La Terra G, Aglietta M et al: Transmission of hepatitis C via blood splash into conjunctiva. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993; 25: 270-71
11. Center for Disease Control: Recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. MMWR, 1985; 34: 313-25
12. Wnuk AM: Occupational exposure to HIV infection in health care workers. Med Sci Monit, 2003; 9(5): CR249-CR252
13. Bell DM: Human immunodeficiency virus transmission in health care settings: risk and risk reduction. Am J Med, 1991; 91(Suppl.3B): 294S-300S
14. Centers for Disease Control: Update: human immunodeficiency virus infections in health-care workers exposed to blood of infected patients. MMWR, 1987; 36: 285-89
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Human immunodeficiency virus transmission in household settings-United States. MMWR, 1994; 43: 347,353-56
16. Centers for Disease Control: Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR, 1987; 36(Suppl.2S): 1S-8S
17. Kelen GD, Green GB, Purcell RH et al: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in emergency department patients. N Eng J Med, 1992; 326: 1399-404
18. De Carli G, Puro V, Binkin NJ et al: The Italian study group on occupational risk of HIV infection. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection for emergency department workers. J Emerg Med, 1994; 12: 737-44
19. Hammond JS, Eckes JM, Gomez GA et al: HIV, trauma, and infection control: Universal precautions are universally ignored. J Trauma, 1990; 30: 555-58
20. Henry K, Campbell S, Collier P et al: Compliance with universal precautions and needle handling and disposal practices among emergency department staff at two community hospitals. Am J Infect Control, 1994; 22: 129-37
21. Kristensen MS, Wernberg NM, Anker-Moller E: Healthcare workers' risk of contact with body fluids in a hospital: the effect of complying with the universal precautions policy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1992; 13: 719-24
22. Stotka JL, Wong ES, Williams DS et al: An analysis of blood and body fluid exposures sustained by house officers, medical students, and nursing personnel on acute-care general medical wards: a prospective study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1991; 12: 583-90
23. Becker MH, Janz NK, Band J et al: Noncompliance with universal precautions policy: why do physicians and nurses recap needles? Am J Infect Control, 1990; 18: 232-39
24. Hersey JC, Martin LS: Use of infection control guidelines by workers in healthcare facilities to prevent occupational transmission of HBV and HIV: results from a national survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1994; 15: 243-52
25. Saghafi L, Raselli P, Francillon C et al: Exposure to blood during various procedures: results of two surveys before and after the implementation of universal precautions. Am J Infect Control, 1992; 20: 53-57
26. Sagay AS, Imade GE, Nwokedi EE: Human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women in Nigeria. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 1999; 66: 183-84
27. AVSC International: Infection prevention curriculum: A training course for healthcare providers and other staff of hospital and clinics. Trainer's manual & Participant's handbook. AVSC, USA, 1999
28. Thorne C, Newell ML, Dunn D et al: The European collaborative study: clinical and immunological characteristics of HIV I infected pregnant women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1995; 102: 869-75
29. Fernando R, Terry P, Willmot F: Midwifery and body fluid contamination. BMJ, 1992; 305: 713
30. Aisien AO, Lawson JO, Adebayo A: A five year appraisal of caesarean section in a Northern Nigeria University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2002; 9: 146-50
31. ENGENDERHEALTH: Reducing HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in health care settings. A rights-based training for health care workers. Trainer's manual and participant's handbook. ENGENDERHEALTH, USA, 2003
32. Panlilio AL, Welch BA, Bell DM et al: Blood and amniotic fluid contact sustained by obstetric personnel during deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992; 167: 703-8
33. Kouri DL, Ernest JM: Incidence of perceived and actual face shield contamination during vaginal and caesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1993; 169: 312-15
34. Tichenor JR Jr, Miller RC, Wolf EJ: Risk of eye splash in obstetric procedures. Am J Perinatol, 1994; 11: 359-61
35. Marasco S, Woods S: The risk of eye splash injuries in surgery. Aust NZJ Surg, 1998; 68: 785-87
36. Sharma JB, Ekoh S, McMillan L et al: Blood splashes to the masks and goggles during caesarean section. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1997; 104: 1405-6