Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant: Emergence and dissemination;Surgimiento y diseminación de Staphylococcus aureus meticilinorresistente

Salud Publica de Mexico

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 381-387

  Velázquez Meza, Maria Elena ^a  

^a INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Cross infection; Drug resistance, microbial; Epidemiology, molecular; Methicilin resistance; Staphylococcus

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL ARTHRITIS; BACTERIUM DETECTION; ENDOCARDITIS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MOLECULAR CLONING; MOLECULAR TYPING; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; REVIEW; SEPTICEMIA;

METHICILLIN RESISTANCE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 31644442189     PISSN: 00363634     EISSN: 16067916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Kloss W. Taxonomy and systematics of staphylococci indigenous to humans. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:113-215.
2. Low DE. Clinical microbiology: issues in identification and susceptibility testing. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997: 233-252.
3. Skinner D, Keefer CS. Significance of bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Intern Med 1941;68:851-875.
4. Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The staphylococci in human disease. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997.
5. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998;339: 520-532.
6. Monday SR, Bohach GA. Properties of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins and toxins shock syndrome toxin-1. Londres: Academic Press, 1999:589-610.
7. Projan S J, Novick R P. The molecular basis of pathogenicity. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:55-81.
8. Jerraud S, Peyrat MA, Lim A, Tristan A, Bes M, Mougel C, et al. egc, a highly prevalent operon of enterotoxin gene, forms a putative nursery of superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 2001;166:669-677.
9. Orwin PM, Leung DY, Donahue HL, Novick RP, Schlievert PM. Biochemical and biological properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin K. Infect Immun 2001;69:360-366.
10. Yamaguchi T, Nishifuji K, Sasaki M, Fudaba Y, Aepfelbacher M, Takata T et al. Identification of the Staphylococcus aureus etd pathogenicity island which encodes a novel exfolative toxin, ETD, and EDIN-B. Infect Immun 2002;10:5835-5845.
11. Tenover F C, Gaynes RP. The epidemiology of Staphylococcus infections. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 2000.
12. Edmond MB, Wallance SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodtream infections in United States hospitals: A three-year analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29: 239-244.
13. Selvey LA, Whitby M, Johnson B. Nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Is it any worse than nosocomial methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:645-648.
14. Díaz-Ramos RD, Solórzano-Santos F, Padilla-Barrón G, Miranda-Novales MG, González-Robledo R, Trejo y Pérez A. Infecciones nosocomiales. Experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:suppl 1:S12-S17.
15. Chávez PBC. Infecciones intrahospitalarias ¿Qué ha pasado durante 23 años? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;24:89-92.
16. Molina-Gamboa JD, Garza-Moreno H. Vigilancia de infecciones nosocomiales en un hospital de cardiología. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:suppl1:S26-S31.
17. Ponce de León S, Rangel-Frausto MS, Elías-López JI, Romero-Oliveros C, Huertas-Jiménez M. Infecciones nosocomiales: tendencias seculares de un programa de control en México. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:suppl1:S5-S11.
18. Vargas OR, Salgado CJ. Agentes causales de neumonía nosocomial y su relación con microorganismos del ambiente hospitalario en pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;24:60-63.
19. Camacho RR, Avila RR, López GE, Rodríguez De la Garza R, Sánchez ZM, Masud YZJ et al. Epidemiología de las infecciones nosocomiales en una unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;24:55-59.
20. Wenzel RP, Nettleman MD, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for the 1990s and effective control measures. Am J Med 1991;91:221-227.
21. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Poulsen KB, Esperse F, Scheibel J, Skinhoj P et al. Risk factor for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1437-1444.
22. Speller DC, Johnson AP, James D. Resistance to methicillin and others antibiotics in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, England and Wales, 1989-1995. Lancet 1997;250:323-325.
23. Jessen O, Rosendal K, Buloww P. Changing sthaphylococci and staphylococcal infections: A ten year study of bacteria and cases of bacteremia. N Engl J Med 1999;281:627-635.
24. Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:582-586.
25. Fluid AC, Jones ME, Schmitz FJ, Acar J, Gupta R, Verhoef J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and frequency of occurrence of clinical blood isolates in Europe from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance rogram, 1997 and 1998. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:454-460.
26. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ito K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus ureus clinical trains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;40:135-136.
27. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N, Hanaki H. Disseminatios in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogenously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet 1997;350:1670-1673.
28. Centers for Disease Control. Public health dispatch: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pennsylvania. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:902-903.
29. Centers for Disease Control. Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin, United States. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:565-567.
30. Macia H, Medina V, Gaona R. Estafilococos resistentes a meticilina en un hospital general de León Guanajuato. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1993;3:123-127.
31. Urdez HE, Sifuentes OJ, Calva J, Villalobos ZY. Epidemiological and biological characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in a Mexican Hospital. Arch Med Res 1999;30: 325-331.
32. Calderón-Jaimes E, Espinoza de los Monteros LE, Avila-Beltrán R. Epidemiology of drug resistance: The case of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections. Salud Publica Mex 2002;44:108-112.
33. Archer GL, Niemeyer DM. Origin and evolution of DNA asociated with resistance to methicillin in staphylococci. Trends Microbiol 1994;2:343-347.
34. Suzuki E, Kyoko K, Richardson JF. Distribution of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1219-1226.
35. Pinho, MG, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. An acquired and a native enicillin-binding protein cooperate in building the cell wall of drug-resistant staphylococci. Proc Nalt Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:10886-10891.
36. Pinho, MG, Filipe SR, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. Complementation of essential peptidoglycan transpeptidase function of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) by the drug resistance protein BP2A in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2001;183:6525-6531.
37. Ito T, Katayama Y, Hiramatsu K. Cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the entire mec DNA of pre-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1449-1458.
38. Ito T, Katayama Y, Asada K, Mori N, Tsutsumimota K, Tiensasitorn C, iramatsu K. Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1323-1336.
39. Hiramatsu K, Cui L, Kuroda M, Ito. T. The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:486-493.
40. Oliveira DC, Tomasz A, de Lencastre H. The evolution of pandemic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Identification of two ancestral genetic backgrounds and the associated mec elements. Microb Drug Resist 2001;7:349-361.
41. Velazquez MME, Aires de Sousa M, Echaniz AG, Solorzano SF, Miranda NG, Silva SJ, De Lencastre H. Surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric hospital in Mexico city during a 7-year period (1997 to 2003): Clonal evolution and impact of infection control. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3877-3880.
42. Projan SJ. Antibiotic resistance in the staphylococci. En: Fischett VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI, eds. Gram-positive pathogens. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 2000: 463-470.
43. Paulsen IT, Firth N, Skurray RA. Resistance to antimicrobial agents other than β-lactams. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997: 158-174.
44. Arbeit RD. Laboratory procedures for epidemiology analysis. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:158-174.
45. Weller TM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus typing methods: Which should be international standard? J Hosp Infect 2000;44:160-172.
46. Musser JM, Schliever PM, Chow AW, Ewan P, Selander RK. A single clone of Staphylococcus aureus causes the majority of cases of toxic shock syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87: 225-229.
47. Kreiswirth BJ, Kornblum RD, Arbeit W, Eisner JN, Maslow A, McGeer DE et all. Evidence for a clonal origin of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Science 1993;259:227-230.
48. De Lencastre H, Couto I, Santos I, Melo CJ, Torres PA, Tomasz A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in a Portuguese hospital: Characterization of clonal types by a combination of DNA typing methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;13:64-73.
49. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Archer G, Biddle J, Byrne S, Goering R et al. Comparison of traditional and molecular methods of typing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32: 407-415.
50. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: Criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2233-2239.
51. Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Feil E, Morelli G, Russell JE, Urwin R et al. Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:3140-3145.
52. Spratt BG. Multilocus sequence typing: Molecular typing of bacterial pathogens in an era of rapid DNA sequencing and the internet. Curr Opin Microbiol 1999;2:312-316.
53. Tomasz A, De Lencastre H. Molecular microbiology and epidemiology: Coexistence or alliance? In prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Baltimore: Williams and Willkins, 1997:309-321.
54. Domínguez MA, De Lencastre H, Liñares J, Tomasz A. Spread and maintenance of a dominant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone during an outbreak of MRSA disease in and Spanish hospital. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2081-2087.
55. Sanches I, Ramirez M, Troni H, Abecassis M, Padua M, Tomasz A, De Lencastre H. Evidence for the geographic spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone between Portugal and Spain. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1243-1246.
56. Mato R, Santos I, Venditti M, Platt DJ, Brown A, Cheng M, De Lencastre H. Spread of the multirresistant Iberian clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to Italy and Scotland. Microb Drug Resist 1998;4:107-112.
57. Witte W, Kresken M, Braulke C, Cuny C. Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 1997;3:414-422.
58. Deplano A, Witte W, Van Leeuwen WJ, Brun Y, Struelens MJ. Clonal dissemination of epidemic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Belgium and neighboring countries. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6:239-245.
59. Melter O, Aires de Sousa M, Urbaskova P, Jakubo V, Zemlickova H, De Lencastre H. Update on the major clonal types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Czech Republic. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4998-5005.
60. Roberts RB, De Lencastre A, Eisner W, Severina EP, Shopsin B, Kreiwith BN, Tomasz A et al. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 12 New York hospitals. J Infect Dis 1998;178:164-171.
61. Teixeira L, Resende CA, Ormonde LR, Rosenbaum R, Figueiredo A, De Lencastre H et al. Geographic spread of epidemic multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus clone in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2400-2404.
62. Aires de Sousa M, Sanches I, Ferro ML, Vaz MJ, Saraiva Z, Tendeiro T et al. Intercontinental spread of a multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2590-2596.
63. Oliveira D, Sanches IS, Tamayo M, Ribeiro G, Mato R, Costa D et al. Virtually all MRSA infections in the largest Portuguese hospital are caused by two internationally spread multiresistant strains: The "Iberian" and "Brazilian" clones of MRSA. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:373-384.
64. Corso A, Santos SI, Aires De Sousa M, Rossi A, De Lencastre H. Spread of a methicillin-resistant and multiresistant epidemic clone of Staphylococcus aureus in Argentina. Microb Drug Resist 1998;4:277-288.
65. Aires De Sousa M, Miragaia M, Santos I, Avila S, Adamson I, Casagrande S et al Three year assesment of methicillin-resistant Sthaphyloccus aureus clones in Latin America from 1996 to 1998. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2197-2205.
66. Melter O, Santos S I, Schindler J, Aires De Sousa M, Mato R, Kovarova V et. al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal types in the Czech Republic. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2798-2803.
67. De Lencastre H, Severina EP, Milch H, Thege MK, Tomasz A. Wide geographic distribution of a unique methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone in Hungarian Hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 1997;3:289-296.
68. Oliveira DC, Crisóstomo I, Santos SI, Major P, Alves CR, Aires De Sousa M, et.al. Comparison of DNA sequencing of the protein A gene polymorphic region with other molecular typing techniques for typing two epidemiologically diverse collections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:574-580.
69. Aires De Sousa M, Crisóstomo I, Santos SI, Wu JS, Fuzhong J, Tomasz A, De Lencastre H. Frequent recovery of a single clonal type of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from patients in two hospitals in Taiwan and China. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:159-163.
70. Roberst RB, Chung M, De Lencastre H, Hargrave J, Tomasz A, Nicolau DP, John JF et al. Distribution of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus clones among health care facilities in Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:245-251.
71. Aires De Sousa M, De Lencastre H, Santos SI, Kikuchi K, Totsuka K, Tomasz A. Similarity of antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular typing properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates widely spread in hospitals in New York City and in a hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:253-258.
72. Sá-Leão R, Santos SI, Dias D, Peres I, Barros RM, De Lencastre H. Detection of an archaic clone of Staphylococcus aureus with low-level resistance to methicillin in a pediatric hospital in Portugal and internacional simples: Relics of a formerly widely disseminated strains? J Clin Microbiol 1999 37:1913-1920.
73. Leski T, Oliveira D, Trzcinski K, Sanches I, Aires de Sousa M, Hryniewicz W, De Lencastre H. Clonal distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poland. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:3532-3539.
74. Gomes A R, Sanches I, Aires De Sousa M, Castaneda E, De Lencastre H. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Colombian hospitals: Dominance of a single unique multidrug-resistant clone. Microb Drug Resist 2001;7:23-32.
75. Crisóstomo MI, Westh H, Tomasz A, Chung M, Oliveira DC, De Lencastre H. The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphilococcus aureus: Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin susceptible and resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9865-9870.
76. De Lencastre H, Chung M, Westh H. Archaic strains of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus molecular and micribiological properties of isolates from the 1960s in Dinmark. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:1-10.
77. Day NP, Moore CE, Enright MC, Berendt AR, Smith JM, Murphy MF et al. A link between virulence and ecological abundance in natural populations of staphylococcus aureus. Science 2001;292:114-116.
78. Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BJ. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin- susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1008-1015.
79. Johnson AP, Aucken HM, Cavendish S, Ganner M, Wale MC, Warner M et al. Dominance of EMRSA-15 and 16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia on the UK: Analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS). J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;48:143-144.