The genus Hafnia: From soup to nuts

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 12-28

  Janda, J Michael ^a,b   Abbott, Sharon L ^a  

^a Division of Communicable Disease Control   (United States)

^b Microbial Diseases Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEFEPIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CEPHALOSPORINASE; CHLORAMPHENICOL DERIVATIVE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; FOLIC ACID ANTAGONIST; MONOBACTAM DERIVATIVE; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIBOSOME RNA;

ADULT; AGED; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ESCHERICHIA; ESCHERICHIA ALBERTII; FEMALE; GENE SEQUENCE; GENUS; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HABITAT STRUCTURE; HAFNIA; HUMAN; INTESTINE INFECTION; MALE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; PNEUMONIA; POPULATION GENETICS; REVIEW; SEPTICEMIA; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CHILD; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; GASTROENTERITIS; HAFNIA; HAFNIA ALVEI; HUMANS;

ANIMALIA; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ESCHERICHIA; ESCHERICHIA ALBERTII; HAFNIA; HAFNIA ALVEI; NEGIBACTERIA;

EID: 31544475967     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.12-28.2006     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Abbott, S. L., J. O'Connor, T. Robin, B. L. Zimmer, and J. M. Janda. 2003. Biochemical properties of a newly described Escherichia species, Escherichia albertii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:4852-4854.
2. Ahmad, S., W. G. Weisburg, and R. A. Jensen. 1990. Evolution of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and application to the fine-tuned phylogenetic positioning of enteric bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 172:1051-1061.
3. Akcam, F. Z., M. Isler, O. R. Tarhan, and H. E. Eroglu. 2005. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Hafnia alvei in a patient with peritoneal mesothelioma. Saudi Med. J. 26:151-153.
4. Albert, M. J., K. Alam, M. Islam, J. Montanaro, A. S. M. H. Rahman, K. Haider, M. A. Hossain, A. K. M. G. Kibriya, and S. Tzipori. 1991. Hafnia alvei, a probable cause of diarrhea in humans. Infect. Immun. 59:1507-1513.
5. Albert, M. J., S. M. Faraque, M. Ansaruzzaman, M. M. Islam, K. Haider, K. Alam, I. Kabir, and R. Robins-Browne. 1992. Sharing of virulence-associated properties at the phenotypic and genotypic levels between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Hafnia alvei. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:310-314.
6. Anonymous. 2004. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Citrobacter spp. bacteraemia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 2003. CPR Wkly. 14:1-6. [Online.] www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/PDFfiles/2004/bact_2104.pdf.
7. Augustin, E. T., and B. A. Cunha. 1995. Buttock abscess due to Hafnia alvei. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:1426.
8. Balmus, G., I. Samuel, and L. Mirza. 1963. Research on a severe Hafnia epizootic in young laboratory rats. Rev. Pathol. Gen. Physiol. Clin. 63:573-580.
9. Bangaert, R. L., A. C. Ward, E. H. Stauber, B. R. Cho, and P. R. Widders. 1988. A survey of the aerobic bacteria in the feces of captive raptors. Avian Dis. 32:53-62.
10. Barry, J. W., E. A. Dominguez, D. J. Boken, and L. C. Preheim. 1997. Hafnia alvei infection after liver transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:1263-1264.
11. Bascomb, S., S. L. Abbott, J. D. Bobolis, D. A. Bruckner, S. J. Connell, S. K. Cullen, M. Daugherty, D. Glenn, J. M. Janda, S. J. Lentsch, D. Lindquist, P. B. Mayhew, D. M. Nothaft, J. R. Skinner, G. B. Williams, J. Wong, and B. L. Zimmer. 1997. Multicenter evaluation of the MicroScan gram-negative identification type 3 panel. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2531-2536.
12. Bascomb, S., S. P. Lapage, W. R. Wilcox, and M. A. Curtis. 1971. Numerical classification of the tribe Klebsiellae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 66:279-295.
13. Baturo, A. P., and V. P. Raginskaya. 1978. Antigenic scheme for the hafniac. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:126-127.
14. Berger, S. A., S. C. Edberg, and R. S. Klein. 1977. Enterobacter hafniae infection; report of two cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Med. Sci. 273:101-105.
15. Bohnert, J., B. Hübner, and K. Botzenhart. 2000. Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae using a novel 23S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 203:77-82.
16. Borman, E. K., C. A. Stuart, and K. M. Wheeler. 1944. Taxonomy of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 48:351-367.
17. Böttger, E. K., M. Jürs, T. Barrett, K. Wachsmuth, S. Metzger, and D. Bitter-Suermann. 1987. Qualitative and quantitative determination of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) with monoclonal antibodies: expression of ECA by two Actinobacillus species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:377-382.
18. Bouvet, O. M. M., P. Lenormand, E. Ageron, and P. A. D. Grimont. 1995. Taxonomic diversity of anaerobic glycerol dissimilation in the Enterobacteriaceae. Res. Microbiol. 146:279-290.
19. Branca, G., C. Galasso, G. Cornaglia, R. Fontana, and G. Satta. 1996. A simple method to detect bacteriolytic enzymes produced by Enterobacteriaceae. Microbios 86:205-212.
20. Brenner, D. J. 1977. Characterization and clinical identification of Enterobacteriaceae by DNA hybridization. Prog. Clin. Pathol. 7:71-117.
21. Brenner, D. J. 1981. Introduction to the family Enterobacteriaceae, p. 1105-1127. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The prokaryotes: a handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
22. Caravalho, J., Jr., V. M. McMillan, R. B. Ellis, and A. Betancourt. 1990. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Salmonella arizonae and Hafnia alvei. South. Med. J. 83:325-327.
23. Cassanova-Román, M., A. Sanchez-Porto, and M. Casanova-Bellido. 2004. Late-onset neonatal sepsis due to Hafnia alvei. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 36:70-71.
24. Cassel-Beraud, A. M., and C. Richard. 1988. Étude de la flore intestinale aérobie de microchéiroptères Chaerephon pumila a Madagascar. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. Filiales. 81:806-810. (In French.)
25. Chagla, A. H., A. A. Borczyk, J. E. Aldom, S. D. Rosa, and D. D. Cole. 1993. Evaluation of the L-pyrrolidonyl-β-naphthylamide hydrolysis test for differentiation of members of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1946-1948.
26. Conte, M., E. Castagnola, P. Venzano, L. Tasso, and R. Giacchino. Bacteremia caused by Hafnia alvei in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected child. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15:182-183.
27. Dauga, C. 2002. Evolution of the gyrB gene and the molecular phylogeny of Enterobacteriaceae: a model molecule for molecular systematic studies. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52:531-547.
28. Derlet, R. W., and J. R. Carlson. 2002. An analysis of human pathogens found in horse/mule manure along the John Muir Trail in Kings Canyon and Sequoia and Yosemite national parks. Wild. Environ. Med. 13:113-118.
29. Edwards, P. R., and W. H. Ewing. 1955. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Burgess Publishing Company. Minneapolis, Minn.
30. Emslie-Smith, A. H. 1961. Hafnia alvei strains possessing the alpha antigen of Stamp and Stone. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 81:534-536.
31. Englund, G. W. 1969. Persistent septicemia due to Hafnia alvei. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 51:717-719.
32. Ewing, W. H. 1963. An outline of nomenclature for the family Enterobacteriaceae. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomenel. Taxon. 13:95-99.
33. Ewing, W. H. 1986. Identification of Enterobacteriacea. Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
34. Fanghänel, S., R. Reisshrodt, and H. Giesecke. 1991. L-Prolincaminopeptidase activity as a tool for identification and differentiation of Serratia marcescens, Serratia liquefaciens and Hafnia alvei strains. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 275:11-15.
35. Farmer, J. J., III. 2003. Enterobacteriaceae: introduction and identification, p. 636-653. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Tolken (ed.). Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
36. Farmer, J. J., III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, G. P. Huntley-Carter, M. A. Ashbury, C. Riddle, H. G. Wathen-Grady, C. Elias, G. R. Fanning, A. G. Steigerwalt, C. M. O'Hara, G. K. Morris, P. B. Smith, and D. J. Brenner. 1985. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:46-76.
37. Fazal, B. A., J. E. Justman, G. S. Turett, and E. E. Telzak. 1997. Community-acquired Hafnia alvei infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:527-528.
38. Feng, P. 1995. Escherichia coli O157:H7: novel vehicles of infection and emergence of phenotypic variants. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1:47-52.
39. Fernández-Roblas, R., F. Cabria, J. Esteban, J. C. López, I. Gadea, and F. Soriano. 2000. In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB-265805) compared with 14 other antimicrobials against intestinal pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46:1023-1027.
40. Frick, T., M. Kunz, M. Vogt, and M. Turina. 1990. Nosocomial infection with Hafnia alvei: report of two cases and literature review. Schweiz. Rundschau Med. (Praxis) 79:1092-1094.
41. Funke, G., and P. Funke-Kissling. 2004. Evaluation of the new VITEK 2 card for identification of clinically relevant gram-negative rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4067-4071.
42. Funke, G., D. Monnet, C. deBernardis, A. von Graevenitz, and J. Freney. 1998. Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid identification of medically relevant gram-negative rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1948-1952.
43. Gale, E. F., and H. M. R. Epps. 1943. Lysine decarboxylase: preparation of enzyme and coenzyme. Nature 152:327-328.
44. Gamage, S. D., J. B. Luchansky, and S. C. Ingram. 1998. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of Hafnia alvei isolated from chub-packed and retail ground beef. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:105-109.
45. Gavini, F., C. Ferragut, B. Lefebvre, and H. Leclerc. 1976. Étude taxonomique d-entérobactéries appartenant ou apparentées au genre Enterobacter. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 1278:317-335.
46. Gelev, I., and E. Gelev. 1988. A new species of fish-pathogenic bacterium antigenically related to classical brucellae. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. A 269:1-6.
47. Gelev, I., E. Gelev, A. G. Steigerwalt, G. P. Carter, and D. J. Brenner. 1990. Identification of the bacterium associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout as Hafnia alvei. Res. Microbiol. 141:573-576.
48. Ginsherg, H. G., and J. P. Goldsmith. 1988. Hafnia alvei scpticemia in an infant with necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Perinatol. 8:122-123.
49. Girlich, D., T. Naas, S. Bellais, L. Poirel, A. Karim, and P. Nordmann. 2000. Biochemical-genetic characterization and regulation of expression of an ACC-1-like chromosome-borne cephalosporinase from Hafnia alvei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1470-1478.
50. Girlich, D., T. Naas, S. Bellais, L. Poirel, A. Karim, and P. Nordmann. 2000. Heterogeneity of AmpC cephalosporinases of Hafnia alvei clinical isolates expressing inducible or constituitive ceftazidime resistance phenotypes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:3220-3223.
51. Goatcher, L. J., M. W. Barrett, R. N. Coleman, A. W. L. Hawley, and A. Qureshi. 1987. A study of predominant aerobic microflora of black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in northwestern Alberta. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:949-954.
52. Goldstein, E. J. C., E. O. Agyare, A. E. Vagvolgyi, and M. Halpern. 1981. Aerobic bacterial flora of garter snakes: development of normal flora and pathogenic potential for snakes and humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13:954-956.
53. Gordon, D. M., and F. FitzGibhon. 1999. The distribution of enteric bacteria from Australian mammals: host and geographical effects. Microbiology 145:2663-2671.
54. Gracheva, N. M., N. I. Leont'eva, V. M. Bondarenko, S. V. Fialkina, G. N. Konovalova, O. S. Partin, I. T. Shcherbakov, A. I. Solov'eva, and T. A. Blokhina. 200.3. Clinical and microbiological features of acute enteric mixed infection caused by Hafnia alvei and rotavirus. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunolbiol. 2003(March-April):62-65. (In Russian.)
55. Grajwer, L. A., D. Mukhopadhyay, and B. J. Grossman. 1975. Chronic polymicrobial bacteremia. Clin. Pediatr. 14:280-28.3.
56. Greipsson, S., and F. G. Priest. 1983. Numerical taxonomy of Hafnia alvei. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:470-475.
57. Guichenez, P. E. Oziol, Z. Joomaye, J. Mareciano, G. Guichenez, and J. Y. Ygout. 2000. Septicémie à Hafnia alvei rélélant un pyocholécystc compliqué d'abcès hépatique chez immunocompetent. Presse Méd. 29:1704. (In French.)
58. Guinée, P. A. M., and J. J. Valkenburg. 1968. Diagnostic value of a Hafnia-specific bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol. 96:564.
59. Gûnthard, H., and A. Pennekamp. 1996. Clinical significance of extraintestinal Hafnia alvei isolates from 61 patients and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22:1040-1045.
60. Hamana, K. 1996. Distribution of diaminopropane and acetylspermidine in Enterobacteriaceae. Can. J. Microbiol. 42:107-114.
61. Harada, K., K. Shimizu, and T. Matsuyama. 1957. Hafnia isolated from men. Gunma J. Med. Sci. 6:109-112.
62. Hedegaard, J., S. A. de A. Steffensen, N. Norskov-Lauritsen, K. K. Mortensen, and H. U. Sperling-Petersen. 1999. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by partial sequencing of the gene encoding translation initiation factor 2. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:1531-1538.
63. Huys, G, M. Cnockaert, J. M. Janda, and J. Swings. 2003. Escherichia albertii sp. nov., a diarrhoeagenic species isolated from stool specimens of Bangladeshi children. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53:807-810.
64. Hyma, K. E., D. W. Lacher, A. M. Nelson, A. C. Bumbaugh, J. M. Janda, N. A. Strockbine, V. B. Young, and T. S. Whittam. 2005. Evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic Escherichia species: Escherichia albertii and related Shigella boydii strains. J. Bacteriol. 187:619-628.
65. Ismaili, A., B. Bourke, J. C. S. de Azavedo, S. Ratnam, M. A. Karmali, and P. M. Sherman. 1996. Heterogeneity in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics among strains of Hafnia alvei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2973-2979.
66. Izard, D., C. Ferragut, F. Gavini, and H. Ledere. 1978. Variations of the moles percent guanine plus cytosine within a group of Enterobacteriaceae belonging or related to the genus Enterobacter. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28: 449-452.
67. Jakowski, S., S. Rowiński, A. Cisowska, and A. Gamian. 1996. The sensitivity of Hafnia alvei strains to the bactericidal effect of serum. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 13:59-64.
68. Janda, J. M., and S. L. Abbott. 1998. The enterobacteria. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa.
69. Janda, J. M., S. L. Abbott, and M. J. Albert. 1999. Prototypal diarrheagenic strains of Hafnia alvei are actually members of the genus Escherichia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2399-2401.
70. Janda, J. M., S. L. Abbott, S. Bystrom, and W. S. Probert. 2005. The genus Hafnia: identification of two distinct hybridization groups based upon 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3320-3323.
71. Janda, J. M., S. L. Abbott, S. Khashe, and W. Probert. 2002. Phenotypic and genotypic properties of the genus Hafnia. J. Med. Microbiol. 51:575-580.
72. Jennis, F., and S. W. McCarthy. 1967. Hafnia: an unusual cause of post-operative gram-negative bacteriaemia. Med. J. Aust. 1:286-287.
73. Johnson, R., R. R. Colwell, R. Sakazaki, and K. Tamura. 1975. Numercial taxonomy study of the Enterobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 25:12-37.
74. Katzenellenbogen, E., N. A. Kocharova, G. V. Zatonsky, A. S. Shashkov, A. Korzeniowska-Kowal, A. Gamian, M. Bogulska, and Y. A. Knirel. 2005. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain PCM 1189 that has hexa- to octasaccharide repeating units owing to incomplete glucosylation. Carhohydr. Res. 340:263-270.
75. Kharat, A. S. 2001. Phenotypic variability of β-glucoside utilization and its correlation to pathogenesis process in a few enteric bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 199:241-246.
76. Kim, S. H., K. G. Field, M. T. Morrissey, R. J. Price, C. I. Wei, and H. An. 2001. Source and identification of histamine-producing bacteria from fresh and temperature-abused albacore. J. Food Prot. 64:1035-1044.
77. Klapholz, A., K.-D. Lennsau, B. Huang, W. Talavera, and J. F. Boyle. 1994. Hafnia alvei: respiratory tract isolates in a community hospital over a three-year period and a literature review. Chest 105:1098-1100.
78. Kmet', J. T. V. 2003. Susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae from the alpine accentor Prunella collaris. Acta Vet. Brno 72:285-288.
79. Kosako, Y., R. Sakazaki, G. P. Huntley-Carter, and J. J. Farmer III. 1987. Yokenella regensburgei and Koserella trabulsii are subjective synonyms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:127-129.
80. Leclercq, A., C. Wanegue, and P. Baylac. 2002. Comparison of fecal coliform agar and violet red bile lactose agar for fecal coliform enumeration in foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:1631-1638.
81. LeMinor, L., and C. Coynault. 1976. Dèterminisme plasmidique du caractère atypique lactose positif de Enterobacter hafniae et de Proteus morganii. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 127A:213-221.
82. Lindberg, A.-M., Å. Ljungh, S. Ahrné, S. Löfdahl, and G. Molin. 1998. Enterobateriaceae found in high numbers in fish, minced meat and pasteurized milk or cream and the presence of toxin encoding genes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 39:11-17.
83. Lutz, B., R. Ratard, D. Dodson, J. M. Malecki, A. C. Morse, S. Wiersma, and D. Perrotta. 2001. Septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tendon allografts-Florida and Louisiana, 2000. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 50:1081-1083.
84. Masaki, H., M. Ide, S. Mochinaga, Y. Kawachi, K. Fukudu, N. Tsukamoto, K. Watanabe, A. Takahashi, T. Nagatake, and K. Matsumoto. 1991. Hafnia alvei septicemia with shock and DIC in an adult with postoperative lung cancer. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 65:1205-1210. (In Japanese.)
85. Matsumoto, H. 1963. Studies on the Hafnia isolated from normal human. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 7:105-114.
86. Mcbee, M. E., and D. B. Schauer. 2004. The genus Hafnia. In M. Dworkin (ed.). The prokaryotes: an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community. Release 3.17 [Online.] http://141.150.157.117:8080 /prokPUB/index.htm. Springer-Verlag. New York, N.Y.
87. Mobley, D. F. 1971. Hafnia septicemia. South. Med. J. 64:505-506.
88. Mojtabee, A., and A. Siadati. 1978. Enterobacter hafnia meningitis. J. Pediatr. 93:1062-1063.
89. Moller, V. 1954. Distribution of amino acid decarboxylases in Enterobacteriaceae. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 35:259-277.
90. Morales, P., E. Fernández-Garcia, and M. Nuñez. 2003. Cascinolysis in cheese by Enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37:410-414.
91. Mukherjee, S. R., A. M. Das, V. L. Paranjape, and S. R. Marwah. 1986. Hafnia alvei isolated from an equine aborted foetus. Indian. J. Vet. Med. 6:101-102.
92. Nakaya, T., S. Hanada, and Y. Yagami. 1990. Implications of maternal blood endotoxins and preterm labor. Int. J. Feto-Maternal Med. 3:196-204.
93. Newmark, J. J., W. N. Hobbs, and B. E. Wilson. 1994. Reactive arthritis associated with Hafnia alvei enteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 37:960-962.
94. O'Hara, C. M., and J. M. Miller. 2000. Evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Neg ID3 panel for identilication ol Enterobacteriaceae and some common gram-negative nonfermenters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3577-3580.
95. O'Hara, C. M., and J. M. Miller. 2003. Evaluation of the Vitek 2 ID-GNB assay for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other nonenteric gram-negative bacilli and comparison with Vitek GNI + card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:2096-2101.
96. O'Hara, C. M., G. L. Westbrook, and J. M. Miller. 1997. Evaluation of Vilek GNI+ and Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems Crystal E/NF identification systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative, glucose-fermenting and non-glucose-fermenting bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3269-3273.
97. Okada, S., and D. M. Gordon. 2001. Host and geographical factors influence the thermal niche of enteric bacteria isolated from native Australian mammals. Mol. Ecol. 10:2499-2513.
98. Okada, S., and D. M. Gordon. 2003. Genetic and ecological structure of Hafnia alvei in Australia. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26:585-594.
99. Ootsubo, M., T. Shimizu, R. Tanaka, T. Sawabe, K. Tajima, M. Yoshimizu, Y. Ezura, T. Ezaki, and H. Oyaizu. 2002. Oligonucleotide probe for detecting Enterobacteriaceae by in situ hybridization. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:60-68.
100. Österblad, M., O. Pensala, M. Peterźens, H. Heleniuse, and P. Huovinen. 1999. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from vegetables. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:503-509.
101. Piddock, L. J. V., R. N. Walters, Y.-F. Jin, H. L. Turner, D. M. Gascoyne-Binzi, and P. M. Hawkey. 1997. Prevalence and mechanism of resistance to 'third-generation' cephalosporins in clinically relevant isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from 43 hospitals in the UK. 1990-1991. J. Antimcrob. Chemother. 39:177-187.
102. Podschun, R., A. Fischer, and U. Ullmann. 2001. Characterisation of Hafnia alvei isolates from human clinical extra-intestinal specimens: haemagglutinins, serum resistance and siderophore synthesis. J. Med. Microbiol. 50:208-214.
103. Proietti, P. C., F. Passamonti, M. P. Franciosini, and G. Asdrubali. 2004. Hafnia alvei infection in pullets in Italy. Avian Pathol. 33:200-204.
104. Puicini, C., S. Roth, E. Bernard, F. Vandenbos, J.-L. Bernard, and P. Dellamonica. 2003. Bactériémic à Hafnia alvei avec abcès hépatique et musculaire. Presse Méd. 32:1026-1027. (In French.)
105. Ramos, A., and D. Dámaso. 2000. Extraintestinal infection due to Hafnia alvei. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19:708-710.
106. Ratnam, S. 1991. Etiologic rule of Hafnia alvei in human diarrheal illness. Infect. Immun. 59:44-45.
107. Ratnam, S., R. W. Butler, S. March, S. Parsons, P. Clarke, A. Bell, and K. Hogan. 1979. Enterobacter hafniae-Newfoundland. Can. Dis. Wkly. Rep. 5:231-232.
108. Real, F., A. Fernández, F. Acosta, B. Acosta, P. Castro, S. Déniz, and J. Orós. 1997. Septicemia associated with Hafnia alvei in laying hens. Avian Dis. 41:741-747.
109. Reina, J., J. Hervas, and N. Borrell. 1993. Acute gastroenteritis caused by Hafnia alvei in children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:443.
110. Rhodes, A. N., J. W. Urhance, H. Youga, H. Corlew-Newman, C. A. Reddy, M. J. Klug, J. M. Tiedje, and D. C. Fisher. 1998. Identification of bacterial isolates obtained from intestinal contents associated with 12,000-year-old mastodon remains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:651-658.
111. Rice, E. W., C. H. Johnson, M. E. Dunnigan, and D. J. Reasoner. 1993. Rapid glutamate decarboxylase assay for detection of Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:4347-4349.
112. Richards, M. J., J. R. Edwards, D. H. Culver, R. P. Gaynes, and the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System. 2000. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 21:510-515.
113. Ridell, J., and H. Korkeala. 1997. Minimum growth temperatures of Hafnia alvei and other Enterobacteriaceae isolated from refrigerated meat determined with a temperature gradient incubator. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 35: 287-292.
114. Ridell, J., A. Siitonen, L. Paulin, O. Lindroos, H. Korkeala, and M. J. Alhert. 1995. Characterization of Hafnia alvei by biochemical tests, random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2372-2376.
115. Ridell, J., A. Siitonen, L. Paulin, L. Manila, H. Korkeala, and M. J. Albert. 1994. Hafnia alvei in stool specimens from patients with diarrhea and healthy controls. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2335-2337.
116. Rodríguez, L. A., J. Vivas, C. S. Gallardo, F. Acosta, L. Babbeyto, and F. Real. 1999. Identification of Hafnia alvei with MicroScan WalkAway system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:4186-4188.
117. Romanowska, E. 2000. Immunochemical aspects of Hafnia alvei O antigens. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 27:219-225.
118. Ruiz-Moreno, J. M., J. L. Alió, and F. de la Hoz. 2001. Delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Hafnia alvei. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 11:189-192.
119. Rutz, J. M. T. Abdullah, S. P. Singh, V. I. Kalve, and P. E. Klebba. 1991. Evolution of the ferric enterobactin receptor in gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 173:5964-5974.
120. Sakazaki, R. 1961. Studies on the Hafnia group of Enterobacteriaceae. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 14:223-241.
121. Sakazaki, R. 1981. The genus Hafnia, p. 1181-1186. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.). The prokaryotes: a handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
122. Sakazaki, R. 1984. Hafnia, p. 484-486. In N. R. Krieg, and J. G. Holt (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. I. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
123. Sakazaki, R. 2005. Genus Hafnia Moller 1954, p. 681-685. In D. Brenner, N. Krieg, J. T. Staley, and G. Garrity (ed), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, N.Y.
124. Sakazaki, R., and K. Tamura. 1991. The genus Hafnia, p. 2816-2821. In A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.), The prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria ecophysiology, isolation, and identification, applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
125. Salimov, R. M. 1978. Study of the Hafnia isolated from honey. Veterinariia 1978(April):44-46. (In Russian.)
126. Seral, C., K. J. Castillo, M. T. Llorente, M. Varea, A. Clavel, M. C. Rubio, and R. Gómez-Lus. 2001. The caeA gene is not found in Hafnia alvei from patients with diarrhea in Aragon. Spain. Int. Microbiol. 4:81-82.
127. Sharma, R. K., B. R. Boro, and P. Borah. 1991. Incidence of caprine pneumonia and associated bacterial species. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 61:54-55.
128. Sherley, M., D. M. Gordon, and P. J. Collignon. 2003. Species differences in plasmid carriage in the Enterobacteriaceae. Plasmid 49:79-85.
129. Skerman, V. B. D., V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath. 1980. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420.
130. Spröer, C., U. Mendrock, J. Swiderski, E. Lang, and E. Stackebrandt. 1999. The phylogenetic position of Serratia. Buttiauxella and some other genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Bacteriol. 49:1433-1438.
131. Steigerwalt, A., G. R. Fanning, M. A. Fife-Asbury, and D. J. Brenner. 1976. DNA relatedness among species of Enterobacter and Serratia. Can. J. Microbiol. 22:121-137.
132. Stock, I., M. Rahman, K. J. Sherwood, and B. Wiedemann. 2005. Natural antibiotic susceptibility patterns and biochemical identification of Escherichia albertii and Hafnia alvei strains. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51: 151-163.
133. Stock, I., K. J. Sherwood, and B. Wiedemann. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, β-lactamases, and biochemical identification of Yokenella regensburgei. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 48:5-15.
134. Stuart, C. A., and R. Rustigian. 1943. Further studies on one type of Paracolon organism. Am. J. Public Health 33:1323-1325.
135. Stuart, C. A., K. M. Wheeler, R. Rustigian, and A. Zimmerman. 1943. Biochemical and antigenic relationships of the paracolon bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 45:101-119.
136. Thomson, K. S., C. C. Sanders, and J. A. Washington II. 1993. Ceftazidime resistance in Hafnia alvei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:1375-1370.
137. van Oye, E., and G. Ghysels. 1961. Antigenic relationship between Hafnia and Shigella flexneri. J. Bacteriol. 82:313.
138. Washington, J. A., H. R. J. Birk, and R. E. Ritts, Jr. 1971. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic characteristics of Enterobacter hofniae and Enterobacter liquifaciens. J. Infect. Dis. 124:379-386.
139. Wertz, J. E., C. Goldstone, D. M. Gordon, and M. A. Riley. 2003. A molecular phylogeny of enteric bacteria and implications for a bacterial species concept. J. Evol. Biol. 16:1236-1248.
140. Wertz, J. E., and M. A. Riley. 2004. Chimeric nature of two plasmids of Hajnia alvei encoding bacteriocins alveicins A and B. J. Bacteriol. 186:1598-1605.
141. Westhlom, T. U., and T. W. Milligan. 1992. Acute bacterial gastroenteritis caused by Hafnia alvei. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:1271-1272.
142. Winsor, D. K., A. P. Bloebaum, and J. J. Malhewson. 1981. Gram-negative, aerobic, enteric pathogens among intestinal microflora of wild turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) in West Central Texas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:1123-1124.
143. Winstanley, T. G., D. I. Limb, P. F. Wheat, and C. D. Nicol. 1993. Multi-point identification of Enterobacteriaceae: report of the British Society for Microbial Technology collaborative study. J. Clin. Pathol. 46:637-641.
144. Wiström, J., T. Myrnäs, C. Lundgrren, and T. Monsen, 1998. A case of acute cholecystitis due to Aeromonas sobria and Hafnia alvei from northern Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 4:607-609.
145. Yeager, A. M., M. E. Kanof, S. S. Kramer, B. Jones, R. Saral, A. M. Lake, and G. W. Santos. 1987. Pneumatosis intestinalis in children after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Pediatr. Radiol. 17:18-22.