Rome and theistic evolutionism: The hidden strategies behind the 'Dorlodot affair', 1920-1926

Annals of Science

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 457-478

  De Bont, Raf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS; PERSONNEL; PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS; PUBLIC POLICY;

CATHOLIC INTELLECTUALS; EVOLUTIONISTS; RECONCILIATION;

SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

EID: 31444453300     PISSN: 00033790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00033790500256562     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. The historical interest in the relationship between evolutionary theory and faith seems to have made concentric circles around Darwin. His own attitude towards the question has been dealt with extensively, next to that of his scientific acquaintances (such as Thomas Huxley, Asa Gray, and Charles Lyell) and that of English society in the late Victorian era. Still a standard work for the different themes mentioned is: James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America (Cambridge, 1977).
2. For a general survey of the (very extensive) more recent literature: David N. Livingstone, 'Re-placing Darwinism and Christianity', in When Science and Christianity meet, edited by William B. Ashworth et al. (Chicago, 2003), 183-202.
3. American creationism is dealt with in: Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists (New York, 1992);
4. and Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion (New York, 1997).
5. The most important general overview of Catholic response to Darwinian theory is still: Harry W. Paul, 'Religion and Darwinism: Varieties of Catholic Reaction', in The Comparative Reception of Darwinism, edited by Thomas F. Glick (Chicago, 1988), 403-36.
6. More detailed research on Catholics from France and the USA can be found in respectively: Harry W. Paul, The Edge of Contingency: French Catholic Reaction to Scientific Change from Darwin to Duhem (Gainesville, FL, 1979);
7. and R. Scott Appleby, 'Exposing Darwin's "Hidden Agenda": Roman Catholic Responses to Evolution, 1875-1925', in Disseminating Darwinism: The Role of Place, Race, Religion and Gender, edited by Ronald L. Numbers and John Stenhouse (Cambridge, 2001), 173-207.
8. Barry Brundell, 'Catholic Church Politics and Evolution Theory, 1894-1902', British Journal for the History of Science, 34 (2001), 81-95.
9. Pius XII, 'Humani Generis', Acta Apostolicae Sedis: Commentarium Officiale, 42 (1950), 561-78.
10. Brundell, 'Catholic Church Polities', 94.
11. Zoltan Alszeghy, 'L'Evolutionnisme et le Magistère Ecclésiastique. Le Développement dans les Formules Doctrinales concernant la Théorie de l'Evolution', Concilium: Revue International de Théologie, 3 (1967), 29-31.
12. Brundell, 'Catholic Church Polities', 94.
13. Peter J. Bowler, Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Centurv Britain (Chicago, 2001) 324.
14. For a general history of the university, see: The University of Louvain 1425-1975 (Louvain, 1976).
15. More specifically, on the 'Catholic identity' of the university in the nineteenth century: Louis Vos, 'Verdampende identiteit? De confessionele legitimering van de Leuvense universiteit', Trajecta: Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis van het Katholiek Leven in de "Neuerlanden, 7 (1998), 339-68.
16. When the University of Louvain was split in the 1960s into a Dutch- and a French-speaking institution, the archives were also divided. The papers of the rectorship of Ladeuze are kept in the archives of the (Dutch-speaking) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), while the personal papers of Dorlodot are preserved in the archives of the (French-speaking) Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL). The hidden 'Dorlodot Affair' was first brought to light in 1987 in the unpublished licentiate's thesis of Claudine Knop. Later, it did not receive the elaboration it deserves, however. Recently, Marie Claire Groessens dedicated an article to Dorlodot again, which puts him in his historical context but does not deal with his conflict with the hierarchy. Claudine Knop, De Receptie van het Darwinisme aan de Leuvense Universiteit (1918-1955) (Louvain, unpublished licentiate's thesis, 1987);
17. and Marie Claire Groessens-Van Dyck, 'Une théorie iconoclaste fait son entrée á Louvain: de Dorlodot et le darwinisme', in Sedes Scientiae. L'Emergence de la Recherche à l'Université. Contributions au Séminaire d'Histoire des Sciences 2000-2001, edited by Patricia Radelet-de Grave and Brigitte Van Tiggelen (Turnhout, Belgium, 2003), 217-46.
18. Peter J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism. Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900 (Baltimore, MD, 1983), 44-57.
19. Respectively on the ideas of d'Omalius and Chambers: Goulven Laurent, Paléontologie et Evolution en France 1800-1860: Une Histoire des Idées de Cuvier et Lamarck àDarwin (Paris, 1985), 395-403;
20. and James A. Secord, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation and Other Evolutionary Writings (Chicago, 1994).
21. On Mivart's evolutionism, see: Jacob W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St. George Mivart (New York, 1960);
22. and Gregory P. Elder, Chronic Vigour. Darwin, Anglicans, and the Development of a Doctrine of Providential Evolution (Lanham, MD, 1996), 85-120.
23. On Gaudry: Cédric Grimoult, 'Albert Gaudry dans l'Histoire de la Paléontologie Evolutionniste', Physis, 36 (1999), 73-97.
24. Paul, The Edge of Contingency, 71-92;
25. Idem, Paul, 'Religion and Darwinism', 426-9.
26. St. George Mivart, On the Genesis of Species (New York, 1871), 295-305.
27. In-depth analyses of Leroy's and Mivart's ideas can be found respectively in: Paul, The Edge of Contingency, 71-6;
28. and R. Scott Appleby, Church and Age Unite! The Modernist Impulse in American Catholicism (Notre Dame, IN, 1992), 27-52.
29. Mivart himself was finally excommunicated in 1900, one month before he died. It was not his evolutionary theories, but his article 'Happiness in Hell', which seems to have triggered the excommunication. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict, 188-213.
30. Brundell, 'Catholic Church Polities', 81-91.
31. See also: Alszeghy, 'L'Evolutionnisme et le Magistère Ecclésiastique', 29-34.
32. On the history of 'modernism', there exists a very broad literature. General overviews can be found in: Bernard Reardon, Roman Catholic Modernism (London, 1970);
33. Gabriel Dally, Transcendence and Immanence: A History in Catholic Modernism and Integralism (Oxford, 1980);
34. and Antimodernismus und Modernismus in der katholischen Kirche: Beiträge zum theologiegeschichtlichen Vorfeld des H. Vatikanums, edited by Hubert Kurtz (Paderborn, Germany, 1998).
35. The strategies that Rome used in its condemnations, are discussed in: Gary Lease, 'Denunciation as a Tool of Ecclesiastical Control: The Case of Roman Catholic Modernism', The Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 819-30.
36. Roger Aubert, The Turn of the Century: A Turning Point for the Faculty of Theology', Annua Nuntia Lovaniensia, 20 (1975), 264-79;
37. Jo Tollebeek, 'New Periodicals for New Ideas. On the Birth of the Revue d'Histoire ecclésiastique', in: Revue d'Histoire ecclésiastique, 95 (2000), 391-429;
38. and Lieve Gevers, 'Belgium and the Modernist Crisis: Main Trends in the Historiography', in II Modernismo tra Cristianità e Secolarizza Zione, edited by Alphonso Botti and Rocco Cerrato (Urbino, Italy, 2000) 285-94.
39. Luc Courtois, Paulin Ladeuze (1870-1940). Parcours d'un Exégète Progressiste de l'Université de Louvain au cours de la Crise Moderniste (1898-1909) (Louvain-la-Neuve: unpublished doctoral thesis, 1999), 707-27.
40. The biologist, Alphonse Proost, can probably be seen as the best example of the prudent theistic evolutionism that had some success among Louvain professors in the late nineteenth century. Proost was an extremely prolific writer. A good example of his cautious evolutionist standpoints is: Alphonse Proost, 'La philosophie zoologique avant et après Darwin', Revue Générale, 40 (1884), 570-608.
41. On his dismissal, see: Désiré Mercier to Cardinal Pierre-Lambert Goossens, June 26, 1894, Archives of the Higher Institute of Philosophy, portfolio 4, UCL; and St. George Mivart to Jean-Baptiste Abbeloos, August 5, 1894, Rectoral Archives XXXIII/13, KUL
42. See: Désiré Mercier, 'La Philosophie de Herbert Spencer', Revue Néo-Scolastique, 5 (1898), 5-29;
43. Jean Halleux, 'L'Hypothèse Evolutionniste en Moral', Revue Néo-Scolastique, 7 (1900), 277-92
44. and Jean Halleux, Revue Néo-Scolastique, 7 (1900), 365-88 and
45. Jean Halleux, Revue Néo-Scolastique, 8 (1901), 432-3;
46. Jean Halleux, 'La Philosophie d'Herbert Spencer', Revue Néo-Scolastique, 11 (1904), 18-34
47. and 113-29;
48. and Théophile Gollier, 'Herbert Spencer', Supplément Sociologique (Revue Néo-Scolastique), 4 (1905), 125-41.
49. For bio-bibliographical background, see: Joseph Bittremieux, 'Monseigneur Jacques Laminne', Annuaire de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 80 (1920-1926), X-XVI;
50. Jacques Thoreau, 'Notice sur Henry de Dorlodot', Annuaire de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, 129 (1963), 23-49;
51. and Pierre Martens, 'Notice sur Victor Gregoire', Annuaire de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, 133 (1967), 145-89.
52. Jacques Laminne, 'Cosmologie matérialiste', La Revue Apologétique, 5 (1903-1904), 1-19;
53. Idem, Jacques Laminne, 'Morale matérialiste', La Revue Apologétique, 6 (1904-1905), 659-76;
54. Idem, Jacques Laminne, L'Univers d'après Haeckel (Paris, 1907);
55. and Idem, Jacques Laminne, L'Homme d'après Haeckel: Exposé et Critique (Paris, s.d.).
56. Mivart, The Genesis of Species, 281-82;
57. and Jacques Laminne, 'L'Idée d'Évolution chez Saint Augustin', Revue des sciences philosophiques et theologiques, 2 (1908), 506-21.
58. Jacques Laminne, La Philosophie de l'Inconnaissable. La Théorie de l'Evolution. Etude Critique sur les "Premiers Principes"de Herbert Spencer (Brussels, 1908);
59. and Idem, Jacques Laminne, La Situation Actuelle du Catholicisme en face de la Science (Brussels, 1908).
60. Mercier was informed on Laminne's teachings by Monsignor Rutten, the bishop of Namur, who was a convinced opponent of every form of evolutionary theory. See: Rutten to Mercier, June 22, 1908, Archiepiscopal Archives Mechlin [AAM], Mercier Papers, Bishop's Conferences, III, 8. For the account of Laminne's summoning, see: Laminne to Ladeuze, June 17, 1911, KUL, Faculty of Theology, 26 1/28.
61. See: UCL, Grégoire Papers, 1.83 V Records on Evolution nos 1-7.
62. Paulin Ladeuze and Emile Marchal, 'Le chanoine Victor Grégoire', Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 115 (1939), 8.
63. Mivart to Dorlodot, May 21, 1892, May 30, 1892 and July 11, 1892 and Gaudry to Dorlodot, March 15, 1902, UCL, Dorlodot Papers, no. 184 and 188.
64. On his courses in Namur: Dorlodot to Max Lohest, April 4, 1908, UCL, Dorlodot Papers, no. 165.
65. Henry de Dorlodot, 'Cosmologie', UCL, Archives of the Higher Institute of Philosophy, no. 66.
66. Louis de Raeymaeker, Le cardinal Mercier et l'Institut Superieur de Philosophie de Louvain (Louvain, 1952), 85, 94-5 and 114-6.
67. Henry de Dorlodot, Syllabus des leçons de géologie générale (Louvain, 1911), 142-70.
68. He was, among others, a member of the two Belgian societies for geology, member of the Royal Academy of Brussels and foreign correspondent of the Geological Society in London.
69. Paul, The Edge of Contingency, 93.
70. See also: Geert Vanpaemel, 'De darwinistische revolutie', in Geschiedenis van de Wetenschappen in België 1815-2000, edited by Robert Halleux et al. (Brussels, 2001), 268.
71. I do not completely agree with Marie Claire Groessens-Van Dyck that 'the Rectoral Council did visibly not measure the consequences of this act', because at least the council members Grégoire and Laminne were very well acquainted with evolutionary theory and the delicacy of the topic in Rome. Groessens-Van Dyck, 'Une théorie iconoclaste', 225-9.
72. Henry de Dorlodot, Le Darwinisme au point de vue de l'Orthodoxie Catholique: Conférences faites devant le Corps Professoral de l'Université Catholique de Louvain (Louvain, 1913), 8.
73. The 'Darwin Room' is mentioned in a letter of Dorlodot to Ladeuze, 21-3-1912, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, 89 VIII/4.
74. Dorlodot, Le Darwinisme (1913), 7-8.
75. Henry de Dorlodot, Le Darwinisme au point de vue de l'Orthodoxie Catholique (Brussels, 1921);
76. and Idem, Henry de Dorlodot, Darwinism and Catholic Thought (London, 1922).
77. Ladeuze to Dorlodot, December 14, 1919, UCL, Dorlodot Papers, no. 180.
78. Ladeuze based this conviction largely on his talks with David Fleming, former member of the Biblical Commission. Fleming had written two theses on evolutionary theory for Leo XIII-in the aftermath of the discussions on Zahm and Leroy. He told Ladeuze that since the late nineteenth century, the question was much better understood in Rome, and he was of the opinion that theistic evolutionism could be taught, albeit with some caution. Ladeuze seemed to give less weight to information, which suggested the contrary. Leopold Fonck, president of the Biblical Commission, for example, told him that Rome would leave hardly any space for evolutionism. 'Visite du Recteur à Rome', KUL, Special Archives. Dorlodot Affaire, T 73 XXXIII/31.
79. Next to his own speciality in geology, Dorlodot acquired some auto-didactic knowledge on biology, thanks to his frequent visits to the anatomical theatres of the university. D. Barrais, 'Mémorial Henry de Dorlodot', Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 108 (1935), 5-16.
80. Dorlodot, Le Darwinisme (1913). 12-59.
81. Désiré Mercier, Rapport sur les Études supèrieures de Philosophie présenté au Congrès de Malines le 9 sept 1892 (Louvain, 1892), 14.
82. Dorlodot, Darwinisme (1913), 64-121.
83. On Darwin's somewhat ambiguous position versus religion, see: David Kohn, 'Darwin's Ambiguity: The Secularization of Biological Meaning', British Journal for the History of Science, 22 (1989), 215-39.
84. Dorlodot, Le Darwinisme (1913), 64-121.
85. Dorlodot, Le Darwinisme (1913), 8.
86. Délepine to Dorlodot, July 11, 1919, UCL, Dorlodot Papers, no. 180.
87. Ladeuze to Dorlodot, December 14, 1919, UCL, Dorlodot, no. 180.
88. Antoine Lemonnyer, 'Bulletin de Théologie Biblique', Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques, 11 (1922), 131-3.
89. Very similar comments can be found in: Lucien Roure, 'Henry de Dorlodot-Le Darwinisme au point de vue de l'Orthodoxie Catholique', Etudes. Revue de Culture Contemporaine, 169 (1921), 365-6.
90. Ladeuze would collect an important number of (undated) reviews. All of them were published during the final months of 1922 and the first months of 1923. The cited example comes from Church Times, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII/31, cuttings.
91. The citations are respecively from Dubuque Catholic Tribune, Dublin Review and Pax. In: KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII/31, cuttings.
92. For example, in the reviews of The Catholic Gazette, Irish Rosway and Catholic World. In: KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII/31, cuttings.
93. KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXHl/31, cuttings.
94. KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII/31, cuttings.
95. For biographical background, see: J. Schryrgens, 'La Vie Religieuse. Mgr. Henri-Laurent Janssens de Varebeke, O.S.B.', Revue Générale, 114 (1925), 350-63;
96. and Jos Maria Drehmans, Kardinaal Van Rossum (Maaseik, Belgium, 1935).
97. Etienne Fouiloux, Une Eglise en Quête de Liberté. La Pensée Catholique Française entre Modernisme et Vatican II 1914-1962 (Paris, 1998), 21.
98. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, May 13, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T 73 XXXIII.
99. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, May 14, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T 73 XXXIII.
100. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, May 13, 1923 (evening) and May 22, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T 73 XXXIII. Pius was appointed Pope in February 1923.
101. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, May 14, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
102. Dorlodot to Van Rossum, May 21, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
103. Dom Placide De Meester, a Roman Benedictine, and Gasquet (both contacted by Fournier) indicated that the case would be settled with high consideration for Dorlodot and the University of Louvain. Fournier to Ladeuze, June 2, 1923 and s.d., KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
104. Van Rossum to Ladeuze, June 10, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
105. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, June 10 and June 18, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
106. Ladeuze to Van Rossum, June 27, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
107. Mercier, who was informed rather late on the clash with the Biblical Commission, was involved by Ladeuze to get a better idea of the real standpoints of Rome. Mercier would write to him on 'the commotion in certain Roman milieus', but could only give some vague indications. Ladeuze to Mercier, June 28, 1923, AAM, Mercier Papers II, 81.
108. Laminne to Ladeuze, June 22, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
109. John F. Pollard, The Unknown Pope. Benedict XV (1914-1922) and the Pursuit of Peace (London, 1999).
110. Etienne Fouilloux, 'Un Régain d'Antimodernisme?', in Intellectuels Chrétiens et Esprit des Années 20. Actes du Colloque-Institut Catholique de Paris, 23-24 Septembre 1993, edited by Pierre Colin (Paris, 1997), 83-114 ;
111. Fabrice Bouthillon, La Naissance de la Mardité. Une Théologie Politique à l'Age Totalitaire. Pie XI 1922-1939 (Strasbourg, 2002), 107-10;
112. Yves Chiron, Pie XI (1857-1939) (Paris, 2004), 136.
113. One of the collaborators of the latter review was Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who was a good friend of Charles. Paul, The Edge of Contingency, 100.
114. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, June 19, 1909, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
115. Draft of a letter of Vermeersch to De Becker, June 24, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII. On Vermeersch see: Emile Bergh, 'Vermeersch (Arthur-Maria-Théodore)', in Biographie Nationale (Brussels, 1973), vol. 38, 803-7.
116. Vermeersch to Dorlodot, November 7, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
117. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, July 16, 1923, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
118. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, April 2, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII
119. Merry del Val [Suprema Sacra Congregatio] to Mercier, March 14, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
120. Ladeuze to Mercier, April 14, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
121. Ladeuze to Mercier, May 20, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
122. Dorlodot to Ladeuze, April 2 and May 12, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII
123. Ladeuze to Mercier, May 15, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
124. Mercier to Ladeuze, May 18, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
125. Ladeuze to Mercier, May 20, 1925, KUL, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
126. Mercier to Ladeuze, November 11, 1925, Special Archives, Dorlodot Affair, T73 XXXIII.
127. Draft of Winzen to Mercier, s.d., Mercier to Ladeuze Nov. 11, 1925 and Dorlodot to Ladeuze November 15, 1925, KUL, Special archives, Dorlodot Affair, T 73 XXXIII.
128. He refused for example to speak on the 'Catholic University Days' of 1927 in Lille, where the organizing committee planned a day on the 'origin of Man'. Prévost to Dorlodot, January 1, 1927 and March 25, 1927, UCL, Dorlodot Papers, no. 190.
129. Definitely not all the Roman integrists were supporters of the Action Française and its standpoints. Nevertheless, many Cardinals felt passed over by the 'headstrong' attitude of the pope in the condemnation of the movement. Particularly Merry del Val and Billot, who both did have sympathy for different figures from the Action Française, could hardly suppress their anger. Jacques Prévotat, Les Catholiques et l'Action Française. Histoire d'une Condemnation 1899-1939 (Paris, 2001), 308-39.
130. Bernard Montagnes, 'La Question Biblique au temps de Pie XI', in Achille Ratti, Pape Pie XL Actes du Colloque organisé par l'Ecole Française de Rome en Collab. avec l'Université de Lille III e.a. (Rome, 15-18 mars 1989) (Rome, 1996), 255-76.
131. The affair was probably leaked by Dorlodot to Henri Breuil, who visited him in 1925. Aimé Rutot to Dorlodot, Undated [1925], Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Dorlodot Papers.
132. Arnaud Hurel, 'Un Prêtre, un Savant dans la Marche vers l'Institutionalisation de la Préhistoire. L'Abbé Henri Breuil', La Revue pour l'Histoire du CNRS, 8 (2003), 4-15.
133. Dorlodot to Bégouen, October 28, 1925, Fondation Teilhard de Chardin, papiers Bégouen.
134. Max Bégouen, Quelques Souvenirs sur le Mouvement des Idées Transformistes dans les Milieux Catholiques (Paris, 1945), 33-9.
135. Victor Grégoire, L'Evolution. Cours pour le Doctorat en Sciences Naturelles 1926-1927, 1927-1928, Typoscript, UCL, Grégoire Papers, 1.83 V
136. Ward Kerckhof, De Geschieclenis van her Leuvense Eredoctoraat tot 1968 (Louvain: unpublished licentiate's thesis, 2002), 146.
137. See for example: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 'Une importante Découverte en Paléontologie Humaine: le Sinanthropus Pekinensis', Revue des Questions scientifiques, 98 (1930), 5-16;
138. and Idem, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 'Le phénomène humain', Revue des Questions scientifiques, 98 (1930), 390-406. Teilhard knew Dorlodot personally, but the core of his Louvain network consisted of Pierre Charles, the theologian mentioned earlier, and Joseph Maréchal, a philosopher and former student of Grégoire.
139. Ernst C. Messenger, Evolution and Theology: The Problem of Man's Origin (London, 1931), XXI-XXIV, 100-101 and 275-80.
140. Frey to Pinard de la Boulaye, February 25, 1936, cited in: René D'Ouince, Un Prophète en Procès. 1: Teilhard de Chardin dans l'Eglise de son Temps (Paris, 1970), 92-93.
141. See for example: Gérard Philips, Synopsis Tractants de Deo Creante et Elevante ac de Peccato Originale (Liège, Belgium, 1938), 61-73.
142. For example, respectively: Albert Dondeyne, 'De Evolutionismo sub Respectu Theologico. II. Potestne Origini Primi Hominis Applicari?', Collationes Brugenses, 32 (1932), 270-8;
143. and Pieter Janssens, 'Het Ontstaan van het Menschelijk Lichaam', Ons Geloof, 17 (1931), 49-70.
144. John Paul II, 'Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution', Origins, 26 (1996), 349-52.