Catholic Church politics and evolution theory, 1894-1902

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 81-95

  Brundell, Barry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041911565     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0007087401004290     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Pius IX, Quibus quantisque malorum (1849), as reported in Anon., 'Pius IX and the Civiltà Cattolica', Dublin Review (1866), 7, 414-32; cf. also Anon., 'La Civiltà Cattolica nel 1860', Civiltà Cattolica (1859), 4, 641-56; Anon., 'Per l'anno cinquantesimo della Civiltà Cattolica', Civiltà Cattolica (1899), 6, 7-28. Referencing to Civiltà Cattolica will not be uniform in style since the method of numbering issues and volumes varied during the nineteenth century. The authors of Civiltà Cattolica articles were always anonymous, but a key to authors' identities was provided with the triennial indexes.
2. Pius IX, Quibus quantisque malorum (1849), as reported in Anon., 'Pius IX and the Civiltà Cattolica', Dublin Review (1866), 7, 414-32; cf. also Anon., 'La Civiltà Cattolica nel 1860', Civiltà Cattolica (1859), 4, 641-56; Anon., 'Per l'anno cinquantesimo della Civiltà Cattolica', Civiltà Cattolica (1899), 6, 7-28. Referencing to Civiltà Cattolica will not be uniform in style since the method of numbering issues and volumes varied during the nineteenth century. The authors of Civiltà Cattolica articles were always anonymous, but a key to authors' identities was provided with the triennial indexes.
3. Pius IX, Quibus quantisque malorum (1849), as reported in Anon., 'Pius IX and the Civiltà Cattolica', Dublin Review (1866), 7, 414-32; cf. also Anon., 'La Civiltà Cattolica nel 1860', Civiltà Cattolica (1859), 4, 641-56; Anon., 'Per l'anno cinquantesimo della Civiltà Cattolica', Civiltà Cattolica (1899), 6, 7-28. Referencing to Civiltà Cattolica will not be uniform in style since the method of numbering issues and volumes varied during the nineteenth century. The authors of Civiltà Cattolica articles were always anonymous, but a key to authors' identities was provided with the triennial indexes.
4. Pius IX, Quibus quantisque malorum (1849), as reported in Anon., 'Pius IX and the Civiltà Cattolica', Dublin Review (1866), 7, 414-32; cf. also Anon., 'La Civiltà Cattolica nel 1860', Civiltà Cattolica (1859), 4, 641-56; Anon., 'Per l'anno cinquantesimo della Civiltà Cattolica', Civiltà Cattolica (1899), 6, 7-28. Referencing to Civiltà Cattolica will not be uniform in style since the method of numbering issues and volumes varied during the nineteenth century. The authors of Civiltà Cattolica articles were always anonymous, but a key to authors' identities was provided with the triennial indexes.
5. Anon., 'Pius IX and the Civiltà Cattolica', Dublin Review (1866), 7, 414-32, 414.
6. Anon., op. cit. (2), 414 ff.; Anon., 'Per l'anno cinquantesimo', op. cit. (1), 12.
7. Anon., op. cit. (2), 414 ff.; Anon., 'Per l'anno cinquantesimo', op. cit. (1), 12.
8. As reported in Anon., op. cit. (2), 415.
9. Etudes, the French journal published by the Jesuits, carried articles written in a very different spirit to those of their Roman Jesuit counterparts; e.g. the extended review by A. Hate of F. H. Reusch, La Bible et la nature, Paris, 1867 in Etudes (1868), 2, 458-71, 934-53; also B. Gaudeau, SJ, 'Evolution et naturalisme', Etudes (1898), 75, 118-25, who defends St George Mivart and J. A. Zahm from detractors. Also Zahm himself mentions with warm approval a pamphlet by Fr Dierck, SJ, L'Homme-singe et les précurseurs d'Adam en face de la science et de la théologie, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 362 n. 2.
10. Etudes, the French journal published by the Jesuits, carried articles written in a very different spirit to those of their Roman Jesuit counterparts; e.g. the extended review by A. Hate of F. H. Reusch, La Bible et la nature, Paris, 1867 in Etudes (1868), 2, 458-71, 934-53; also B. Gaudeau, SJ, 'Evolution et naturalisme', Etudes (1898), 75, 118-25, who defends St George Mivart and J. A. Zahm from detractors. Also Zahm himself mentions with warm approval a pamphlet by Fr Dierck, SJ, L'Homme-singe et les précurseurs d'Adam en face de la science et de la théologie, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 362 n. 2.
11. Etudes, the French journal published by the Jesuits, carried articles written in a very different spirit to those of their Roman Jesuit counterparts; e.g. the extended review by A. Hate of F. H. Reusch, La Bible et la nature, Paris, 1867 in Etudes (1868), 2, 458-71, 934-53; also B. Gaudeau, SJ, 'Evolution et naturalisme', Etudes (1898), 75, 118-25, who defends St George Mivart and J. A. Zahm from detractors. Also Zahm himself mentions with warm approval a pamphlet by Fr Dierck, SJ, L'Homme-singe et les précurseurs d'Adam en face de la science et de la théologie, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 362 n. 2.
12. Etudes, the French journal published by the Jesuits, carried articles written in a very different spirit to those of their Roman Jesuit counterparts; e.g. the extended review by A. Hate of F. H. Reusch, La Bible et la nature, Paris, 1867 in Etudes (1868), 2, 458-71, 934-53; also B. Gaudeau, SJ, 'Evolution et naturalisme', Etudes (1898), 75, 118-25, who defends St George Mivart and J. A. Zahm from detractors. Also Zahm himself mentions with warm approval a pamphlet by Fr Dierck, SJ, L'Homme-singe et les précurseurs d'Adam en face de la science et de la théologie, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 362 n. 2.
13. Etudes, the French journal published by the Jesuits, carried articles written in a very different spirit to those of their Roman Jesuit counterparts; e.g. the extended review by A. Hate of F. H. Reusch, La Bible et la nature, Paris, 1867 in Etudes (1868), 2, 458-71, 934-53; also B. Gaudeau, SJ, 'Evolution et naturalisme', Etudes (1898), 75, 118-25, who defends St George Mivart and J. A. Zahm from detractors. Also Zahm himself mentions with warm approval a pamphlet by Fr Dierck, SJ, L'Homme-singe et les précurseurs d'Adam en face de la science et de la théologie, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 362 n. 2.
14. His efforts were crowned with success in 1895 when Pope Leo XIII issued a decree relaxing the ban on attendance by Catholics at Oxford and Cambridge Universities; cf. A. Cramer, OSB, 'The foundation of St Benet's Hall', in Benedictines in Oxford (ed. H. Wansbrough, OSB and A. Marett-Crosby, OSB), London 1977, 235-55.
15. Leo XIII, 'Aeterni Patris' (1879), in Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum (ed. H. Denzinger and P. Hünermann), Bologna, 1996, 3135-40.
16. F. Turvasi, Giovanni Genocchi e la Controversia Modernista, Roma, 1974, 96.
17. F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 119-20.
18. F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 96, 134; the episode is also recorded in B. Montagues, 'Les premiers combats du Père Lagrange; les conférences de Toulouse (1902)', Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum (1991), 61, 355-413.
19. F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 96, 134; the episode is also recorded in B. Montagues, 'Les premiers combats du Père Lagrange; les conférences de Toulouse (1902)', Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum (1991), 61, 355-413.
20. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
21. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
22. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
23. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
24. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
25. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
26. Studies of the impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments on Christian belief abound. A good place to start is J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 275-320, and the relevant section of the 'Bibliographical essay', 393-9. Also to be noted are D. R. Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts: An Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution, Milton Keynes, 1980, 244-60; J. R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1979, 80-5; P. J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, London, 1983; J. D. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, New York, 1975; A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994; A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest, London, 1997.
27. Anon. [St George Jackson Mivart], ' Difficulties of the theory of natural selection', Month, 1869, July, 35-53, August, 134-53, September, 274-89, 317-20; St George Jackson Mivart, On the Genesis of Species, London, 1871; P. J. Vorzimmer, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy. The Origin of Species and its Critics, 1859-1882, Philadelphia, 1970, 227-M; Bowler, op. cit. (11), 49, 54; J. W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St. George Jackson Mivart, New York, 1960, 52.
28. Anon. [St George Jackson Mivart], ' Difficulties of the theory of natural selection', Month, 1869, July, 35-53, August, 134-53, September, 274-89, 317-20; St George Jackson Mivart, On the Genesis of Species, London, 1871; P. J. Vorzimmer, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy. The Origin of Species and its Critics, 1859-1882, Philadelphia, 1970, 227-M; Bowler, op. cit. (11), 49, 54; J. W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St. George Jackson Mivart, New York, 1960, 52.
29. Anon. [St George Jackson Mivart], ' Difficulties of the theory of natural selection', Month, 1869, July, 35-53, August, 134-53, September, 274-89, 317-20; St George Jackson Mivart, On the Genesis of Species, London, 1871; P. J. Vorzimmer, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy. The Origin of Species and its Critics, 1859-1882, Philadelphia, 1970, 227-M; Bowler, op. cit. (11), 49, 54; J. W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St. George Jackson Mivart, New York, 1960, 52.
30. Anon. [St George Jackson Mivart], ' Difficulties of the theory of natural selection', Month, 1869, July, 35-53, August, 134-53, September, 274-89, 317-20; St George Jackson Mivart, On the Genesis of Species, London, 1871; P. J. Vorzimmer, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy. The Origin of Species and its Critics, 1859-1882, Philadelphia, 1970, 227-M; Bowler, op. cit. (11), 49, 54; J. W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St. George Jackson Mivart, New York, 1960, 52.
31. Anon. [St George Jackson Mivart], ' Difficulties of the theory of natural selection', Month, 1869, July, 35-53, August, 134-53, September, 274-89, 317-20; St George Jackson Mivart, On the Genesis of Species, London, 1871; P. J. Vorzimmer, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy. The Origin of Species and its Critics, 1859-1882, Philadelphia, 1970, 227-M; Bowler, op. cit. (11), 49, 54; J. W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St. George Jackson Mivart, New York, 1960, 52.
32. Cf. Moore, op. cit. (11), 120; Gruber, op. cit. (12), 70-4.
33. Cf. Moore, op. cit. (11), 120; Gruber, op. cit. (12), 70-4.
34. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine e della unità della specie umana', Civiltà Cattolica (1861), 9, 165-87, 165-7. H. G. Bronn, 'Essai d'une reponse à la question de Prix proposé en 1850 par l'Académie des Sciences pour le concours de 1853, et puis remise pour celui de 1856', Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des sciences (Supplément) (1861), 2, 377-918; the last chapter in which Bronn summarizes his results are found in English translation in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1859), 4, 81-90, 175-84; the committee president's report to the Paris Academy is found in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences (1857), 44, 209-28. The history of Lamarckian transformism is presented in P. Corsi, The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830, London, 1988.
35. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine e della unità della specie umana', Civiltà Cattolica (1861), 9, 165-87, 165-7. H. G. Bronn, 'Essai d'une reponse à la question de Prix proposé en 1850 par l'Académie des Sciences pour le concours de 1853, et puis remise pour celui de 1856', Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des sciences (Supplément) (1861), 2, 377-918; the last chapter in which Bronn summarizes his results are found in English translation in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1859), 4, 81-90, 175-84; the committee president's report to the Paris Academy is found in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences (1857), 44, 209-28. The history of Lamarckian transformism is presented in P. Corsi, The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830, London, 1988.
36. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine e della unità della specie umana', Civiltà Cattolica (1861), 9, 165-87, 165-7. H. G. Bronn, 'Essai d'une reponse à la question de Prix proposé en 1850 par l'Académie des Sciences pour le concours de 1853, et puis remise pour celui de 1856', Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des sciences (Supplément) (1861), 2, 377-918; the last chapter in which Bronn summarizes his results are found in English translation in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1859), 4, 81-90, 175-84; the committee president's report to the Paris Academy is found in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences (1857), 44, 209-28. The history of Lamarckian transformism is presented in P. Corsi, The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830, London, 1988.
37. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine e della unità della specie umana', Civiltà Cattolica (1861), 9, 165-87, 165-7. H. G. Bronn, 'Essai d'une reponse à la question de Prix proposé en 1850 par l'Académie des Sciences pour le concours de 1853, et puis remise pour celui de 1856', Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des sciences (Supplément) (1861), 2, 377-918; the last chapter in which Bronn summarizes his results are found in English translation in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1859), 4, 81-90, 175-84; the committee president's report to the Paris Academy is found in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences (1857), 44, 209-28. The history of Lamarckian transformism is presented in P. Corsi, The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830, London, 1988.
38. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine e della unità della specie umana', Civiltà Cattolica (1861), 9, 165-87, 165-7. H. G. Bronn, 'Essai d'une reponse à la question de Prix proposé en 1850 par l'Académie des Sciences pour le concours de 1853, et puis remise pour celui de 1856', Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des sciences (Supplément) (1861), 2, 377-918; the last chapter in which Bronn summarizes his results are found in English translation in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1859), 4, 81-90, 175-84; the committee president's report to the Paris Academy is found in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences (1857), 44, 209-28. The history of Lamarckian transformism is presented in P. Corsi, The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830, London, 1988.
39. As quoted without reference in J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 208 n. 1.
40. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine e della unità della specie umana', Civiltà Cattolica (1861), 9, 175, 265-88.
41. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine delle specie organizzate', Civiltà Cattolica (1860), 7, 272-83, 280-3. Pianciani's assessment was also noted in P. Corsi, 'Recent studies on Italian reactions to Darwin', in D. Kohn (ed.), The Darwinian Heritage, Princeton, 1985, 711-29, 714.
42. G. B. Pianciani, 'Della origine delle specie organizzate', Civiltà Cattolica (1860), 7, 272-83, 280-3. Pianciani's assessment was also noted in P. Corsi, 'Recent studies on Italian reactions to Darwin', in D. Kohn (ed.), The Darwinian Heritage, Princeton, 1985, 711-29, 714.
43. Corsi, op. cit. (17), 714-15.
44. Archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (ACDF), Cicognani I, 86, 1-2. The complete documentation of the Leroy case is found in ACDF, Cicognani I, 86, 123, 125, 127; II, 54, 55. On Leroy's dependence on Mivart, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 363, and Gruber, op. cit. (12), 188.
45. Archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (ACDF), Cicognani I, 86, 1-2. The complete documentation of the Leroy case is found in ACDF, Cicognani I, 86, 123, 125, 127; II, 54, 55. On Leroy's dependence on Mivart, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 363, and Gruber, op. cit. (12), 188.
46. Archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (ACDF), Cicognani I, 86, 1-2. The complete documentation of the Leroy case is found in ACDF, Cicognani I, 86, 123, 125, 127; II, 54, 55. On Leroy's dependence on Mivart, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 363, and Gruber, op. cit. (12), 188.
47. Archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (ACDF), Cicognani I, 86, 1-2. The complete documentation of the Leroy case is found in ACDF, Cicognani I, 86, 123, 125, 127; II, 54, 55. On Leroy's dependence on Mivart, cf. J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma, Chicago, 1896, 363, and Gruber, op. cit. (12), 188.
48. ACDF, Cicognani I, 86, 14.
49. ACDF, Cicognani I, 86, 2.
50. ACDF, Cicognani II, 55, par. 45.
51. ACDF, Cicognani I, 127. 'Temerarious', meaning 'rash' or 'reckless', is applied in authoritative Catholic Church documents to teachings or ideas that seem to evacuate the Christian message; it is a low-level censure and not an official condemnation since the authority pronouncing the judgment does not have grounds sufficient to assert that the offending theory is definitely anti-Christian. The memo is undated but was written some time after 8 December 1894 when the last of the consultors' reports was completed and before February 1895 when Leroy was called to Rome to receive the verdict.
52. F. Salis-Seewis, 'La generazione spontanea e la filosofia antica', Civiltà Cattolica (17 July 1897), 142-52; idem, 'Sant'Agostino e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (21 August 1897), 421-38; idem, 'S. Tommaso e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (18 September 1897), 676-91; idem, 'Le origini della vita sulla terra secondo il Suarez', Civiltà Cattolica (16 October 1897), 168-76; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49, 41.
53. F. Salis-Seewis, 'La generazione spontanea e la filosofia antica', Civiltà Cattolica (17 July 1897), 142-52; idem, 'Sant'Agostino e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (21 August 1897), 421-38; idem, 'S. Tommaso e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (18 September 1897), 676-91; idem, 'Le origini della vita sulla terra secondo il Suarez', Civiltà Cattolica (16 October 1897), 168-76; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49, 41.
54. F. Salis-Seewis, 'La generazione spontanea e la filosofia antica', Civiltà Cattolica (17 July 1897), 142-52; idem, 'Sant'Agostino e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (21 August 1897), 421-38; idem, 'S. Tommaso e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (18 September 1897), 676-91; idem, 'Le origini della vita sulla terra secondo il Suarez', Civiltà Cattolica (16 October 1897), 168-76; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49, 41.
55. F. Salis-Seewis, 'La generazione spontanea e la filosofia antica', Civiltà Cattolica (17 July 1897), 142-52; idem, 'Sant'Agostino e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (21 August 1897), 421-38; idem, 'S. Tommaso e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (18 September 1897), 676-91; idem, 'Le origini della vita sulla terra secondo il Suarez', Civiltà Cattolica (16 October 1897), 168-76; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49, 41.
56. F. Salis-Seewis, 'La generazione spontanea e la filosofia antica', Civiltà Cattolica (17 July 1897), 142-52; idem, 'Sant'Agostino e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (21 August 1897), 421-38; idem, 'S. Tommaso e la generazione spontanea primitiva', Civiltà Cattolica (18 September 1897), 676-91; idem, 'Le origini della vita sulla terra secondo il Suarez', Civiltà Cattolica (16 October 1897), 168-76; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49, 41.
57. J. A. Zahm, Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists, Chicago, 1894; idem, Bible, Science and Faith, Chicago, 1895; idem, Science and the Church, Chicago, 1896; idem, Scientific Theory and Catholic Doctrine, Chicago, 1896; idem, op. cit. (19).
58. J. A. Zahm, Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists, Chicago, 1894; idem, Bible, Science and Faith, Chicago, 1895; idem, Science and the Church, Chicago, 1896; idem, Scientific Theory and Catholic Doctrine, Chicago, 1896; idem, op. cit. (19).
59. J. A. Zahm, Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists, Chicago, 1894; idem, Bible, Science and Faith, Chicago, 1895; idem, Science and the Church, Chicago, 1896; idem, Scientific Theory and Catholic Doctrine, Chicago, 1896; idem, op. cit. (19).
60. J. A. Zahm, Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists, Chicago, 1894; idem, Bible, Science and Faith, Chicago, 1895; idem, Science and the Church, Chicago, 1896; idem, Scientific Theory and Catholic Doctrine, Chicago, 1896; idem, op. cit. (19).
61. J. A. Zahm, Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists, Chicago, 1894; idem, Bible, Science and Faith, Chicago, 1895; idem, Science and the Church, Chicago, 1896; idem, Scientific Theory and Catholic Doctrine, Chicago, 1896; idem, op. cit. (19).
62. Zahm, op. cit. (19), p. xxx.
63. S. Brandi, Review of Evoluzione e Dogma in Civiltà Cattolica (8 January 1897), 201-4; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49. The Italian version was J. A. Zahm, Evoluzione e Dogma (tr. A. M. Galea), Siena, 1896.
64. S. Brandi, Review of Evoluzione e Dogma in Civiltà Cattolica (8 January 1897), 201-4; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49. The Italian version was J. A. Zahm, Evoluzione e Dogma (tr. A. M. Galea), Siena, 1896.
65. S. Brandi, Review of Evoluzione e Dogma in Civiltà Cattolica (8 January 1897), 201-4; S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e Domma', Civiltà Cattolica (7 January 1899), 34-49. The Italian version was J. A. Zahm, Evoluzione e Dogma (tr. A. M. Galea), Siena, 1896.
66. ACDF, Cicognani II, 180, 1-2.
67. S. Brandi, Review of Evoluzione e Dogma in Civiltà Cattolica (8 January 1897), 201-4.
68. F. Salis-Seewis, op. cit. (24, all titles).
69. C. Mazzella, De Deo Creante: praelectiones scholastico-dogmaticae, Romae, 1880.
70. On Mazzella's clash with Pope Leo, cf F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 119-20.
71. ACDF, Cicognani II, 180, 1-60.
72. ACDF, Cicognani II, 180, 34.
73. S. Brandi, op. cit. (24), 40.
74. ACDF, Cicognani II, 180, 45.
75. ACDF, Cicognani II, 180, 53.
76. ACDF, Cicognani II, 277; cf. 179.
77. Anon., 'Contemporanea', in Civiltà Cattolica (1 July 1899), 125.
78. G. Bonomelli, Seguiamo la ragione, Milano, 1898.
79. From Bonomelli's letter of retraction in the Lega Lombarda, 25-6 October 1898, cutting conserved in ACDF, Cicognani II, 275. The letters of Leroy, Zahm and Bonomelli are reprinted in English in the Tablet 24 June 1899.
80. From Bonomelli's letter of retraction in the Lega Lombarda, 25-6 October 1898, cutting conserved in ACDF, Cicognani II, 275. The letters of Leroy, Zahm and Bonomelli are reprinted in English in the Tablet 24 June 1899.
81. ACDF, Cicognani II, 275.
82. Anon., 'Cronaca', in Civiltà Cattolica (5 November 1898), 362.
83. C. Hedley, 'Physical science and faith', Dublin Review (1898), 123, 241-61, 258; cf. 'Introduction' by Cuthbert Butler in Bishop Hedley, Evolution and Faith with Other Essays (ed. A Monk of Ampleforth), London, 1931, p. xxiii.
84. C. Hedley, 'Physical science and faith', Dublin Review (1898), 123, 241-61, 258; cf. 'Introduction' by Cuthbert Butler in Bishop Hedley, Evolution and Faith with Other Essays (ed. A Monk of Ampleforth), London, 1931, p. xxiii.
85. S. Brandi, op. cit. (24), 34-49.
86. S. Brandi, 'Evoluzione e domma. Eronee informazioni di un inglese', in Civiltà Cattolica (5 April 1902), 75-7.
87. S. Brandi, op. cit. (43), 76; Bishop Hedley, noted Brandi, did not mention the case of Zahm, and added in superior tone, 'perhaps he does not know about it yet'.
88. S. Brandi, op. cit. (43), 77.
89. Americanism was a movement which took hold in the Catholic Church in the United States in the 1890s and spread to the Continent. Its followers advocated openness to American culture and acceptance of its fundamental assumptions which were rooted in Puritanism and the Enlightenment. Its promoters were highly accepting of American culture and accommodating to modernity, and advocated for the church everywhere acceptance of the principle of religious liberty, the separation of Church and State, social concern and improved relations with other Christians. By 1898 many of the movement's adherents were behaving like radical reformers and the movement was condemned by Rome in January 1899. Their programme in its essentials was officially embraced by the Catholic church in the Second Vatican Council (1962-5).
90. F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 97-8.
91. F. X. Kraus, Tagebücher, Cologne, 1957, 705, from the German text quoted in F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 119. Cardinal Rampolla was the Vatican Secretary of State; he was not a Jesuit.
92. F. X. Kraus, Tagebücher, Cologne, 1957, 705, from the German text quoted in F. Turvasi, op. cit. (8), 119. Cardinal Rampolla was the Vatican Secretary of State; he was not a Jesuit.
93. Roger Aubert, Il Pontificato di Pio IX, Torino, 1964, 438.
94. Responsio Commissions de Re Biblica, 30 June 1909, 'De Charactere Historico Priorum Capitum Geneseos', in Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum (ed. H. Denzinger and P. Hünermann), Bologna, 1996, 3512-19, 3514. The Commission could not see how some aspects of the first chapters of Genesis could not be literally historical, including the point made in the narrative, if not the narrative itself, that the first woman was formed from the first man, and also the necessity for a monogenistic origin of the human race as the basis for its unity.
95. Secretary of the Pontifical Biblical Commission to Cardinal Suhard, 16 January 1948, 'De Quaestionibus Criticis Pentateuchi ', in Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum (ed. H. Denzinger and P. Hünermann), Bologna, 1996, 3862-4.
96. Pius XII, Humani Generis (1950), in Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum (ed. H. Denzinger and P. Hünermann), Bologna, 1996, 3875-99, 3896, 3897. The title of the encyclical, Of Human Kind, is misleading in this context, for the document dealt with a variety of subjects, not just the origins of the human race.
97. Pius XII, Humani Generis (1950), in Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum (ed. H. Denzinger and P. Hünermann), Bologna, 1996, 3875-99, 3896, 3897. The title of the encyclical, Of Human Kind, is misleading in this context, for the document dealt with a variety of subjects, not just the origins of the human race.
98. Paul VI, 'Allocutio IV, Acta Apostolicae Sedis (1966), 58, 651 ff.
99. John Paul II, 'Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution', Origins (1996), 26, 349-52.
100. John Paul II, op. cit. (54), 352.