Fetal growth regulation and intrauterine growth retardation

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2004, Pages 435-443

  Carrascosa, Antonio ^a   Yeste, Diego ^a   Copil, Alejandra ^a   Audí, Laura ^a   Gusinyé, Miquel ^a   Vicens Calvet, Enric ^a   Clemente, María ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Fetal anthropometric parameters; Fetal growth; Intrauterine growth retardation; Small for gestational age (SGA)

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN C RECEPTOR;

ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CATCH UP GROWTH; CAUCASIAN; FEMALE; FETUS; FETUS GROWTH; GENE DELETION; GENE MUTATION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GESTATIONAL AGE; GROWTH REGULATION; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MALE; NEWBORN; NEWBORN DISEASE; PREMATURITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE;

ANIMALS; ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY HEIGHT; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPAIN;

EID: 3142738040     PISSN: 0334018X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Ballabriga A, Carrascosa A. Nutrición fetal: retraso de crecimiento intrauterino. In: Ballabriga A, Carrascosa A, eds. Nutrición en la Infancia y Adolescencia, 2nd Ed. Madrid: Ergón, 2001, pp. 1-48.
2. Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega AC, Czernichow P, International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board. International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 1253-1261.
3. Lubchenco LO, Hansaman C, Dressler M, Boyd E. Intrauterine growth as estimated from live born birth-weight data of 24 to 42 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 1963; 32: 793-800.
4. Usher RH, McLean FH. Intrauterine growth of live born Caucasian infants at sea level: standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks after gestation. J Pediatr 1969; 74: 901-910.
5. Brenner WE, Edelman DA, Hendricks CH. A standard of fetal growth for the United States of America. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 126: 555-564.
6. Largo RH, Wailli R, Duc G, Fanconi A, Prader A. Evaluation of perinatal growth. Helv Paediatr Acta 1980; 35: 419-436.
7. Gairdner D, Pearson J. A growth chart for premature and other infants. Arch Dis Child 1971; 46: 783-787.
8. Malvehy J, Fontán F, Iglesias J, et al. Relación entre el peso de nacimiento y la edad de gestación en una población de recién nacidos del Hospital Maternal Valle de Hebrón. An Esp Pediatr 1988; 28: 497-502.
9. Niklasson A, Ericson A, Fryer JG, Karlberg J, Lawrence C, Karlberg P. An update of the Swedish reference standards for weight, length and head circumference at birth for given gestational age. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 756-762.
10. Delgado P, Melchor JC, Rodriguez-Alarcón J, Linares A, Fernández-Llebrez L, Barbazán MJ, Ocerin I, Aranguren G. Curvas de desarrollo fetal de los recién nacidos en el Hospital de Cruces (Vizcaya). I. Peso. An Esp Pediatr 1996; 44: 50-59.
11. Mark M, Rjjli FM, Chambon P. Homeobox genes in embryogenesis and pathogenesis. Pediatr Res 1997; 42: 421-429.
12. Rodan GA, Harada S. The missing bone. Cell 1997; 89: 677-680.
13. Zhao QI, Eberspaecher H, Lefebvre V, Crombrugglie B. Parallel expression of Sox9 and Col2a1 in cells undergoing chondrogenesis. Develop Dynam 1997; 209: 377-386.
14. Rhodes SJ, Di Mattia GE, Rosenfeld MG. Transcriptional mechanism in anterior pituitary cell differentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1994; 4: 709-717.
15. Schott JJ, Benson DW, Basson CT, Pease W, Silberbach GM, Moak JP, Maron BJ, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Congenital heart disease caused by mutations in the transcription factor NKX2-5. Science 1998; 281: 108-111.
16. Ryan AK, Blumberg B, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Yonei-Tamura S, Tamura K, Tsukui T, de la Pena J, Sabbagh W, Greenwald J, Choe S, Norris DP, Robertson EJ, Evans RM, Rosenfeld MG, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. Nature 1998; 394: 545-551.
17. Baker J, Liu JP, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Role of insulin like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell 1993; 75: 73-82.
18. Kaye PL, Bell KL, Beebe LF, Dunglison GF, Gardner HG, Harvey MB. Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in preimplantation development. Reprod Fertil Develop 1992; 4: 373-386.
19. LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CT Jr. Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocr Rev 1995; 16: 143-163.
20. Harding JF, Johnston BM. Nutrition and fetal growth. Reprod Fertil Develop 1995; 7: 539-547.
21. Gluckman PD. Endocrine and nutritional regulation of prenatal growth. Acta Paediatr 1997; Suppl 423: 153-157.
22. Han VK, Lund PK, Lee DC, D'Ercole AJ. Expression of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in the human fetus: identification, characterization and tissue distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 422-442.
23. Nonoshita LD, Wathen NC, Dsupin BA, Chard T, Guiudice LC. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in embryonic cavities in early human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1249-1255.
24. Lo HC, Tsao LY, Hsu WY, Chen HN, Yu WK, Chi CY. Relation of cord serum levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, leptin and interleukin-6 with birth weight, birth length, and head circumference in term and preterm neonates. Nutrition 2002; 18: 604-608.
25. Matsuda J, Yokota I, Lida M, Murakami T, Naito E, Ito M, Shima K, Kuroda Y, Serum leptin concentration in cord blood: relationship to birth weight and gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1642-1644.
26. Gómez L, Carrascosa A, Yeste D, Potau N, Rique S, Ruiz-Cuevas P, Almar J. Leptin Values in placental cord blood of human newborns with normal intrauterine growth after 30-42 weeks of gestation. Horm Res 1999; 51: 10-14.
27. Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM, Aubert ML. The ontogenesis of pituitary hormones and hypothalamic factors in the human fetus: maturation of central nervous system regulation of anterior pituitary function. Rec Prog Horm Res 1976; 32: 161-233.
28. Massa G, de Zegher F, Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M. Serum growth hormone-binding proteins in the human fetus and infant. Pediatr Res 1992; 32: 69-72.
29. Reece EA, Wiznitzer A, Le E, Homko CJ, Behrman H, Spencer EM. The relation between human fetal growth and fetal blood levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II, their binding proteins, and receptors. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 88-95.
30. Arosio M, Cortelazzi D, Persani L, Palmieri E, Casati G, Baggiani AM, Gambino G, Beck-Peccoz P. Circulating levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and prolactin in normal, growth retarded and anencephalic human fetuses. J Endocrinol Invest 1995; 18: 346-353.
31. Lasarre C, Hardouin S, Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankene F, Binoux M. Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 1991; 29: 219-225.
32. Lovinger RD, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: 4 cases secondary to hypothalamic hormone deficiency. J Pediatr 1975; 87: 1171-1175.
33. Illig R, Prader A, Ferrández A, Zachmann M. Hereditary prenatal growth hormone deficiency with increased tendency to growth hormone antibody formation ("A type" isolated growth hormone deficiency). Acta Paediatr Scand 1971; 60: 607-612.
34. Rosenbloom AI, Guevara-Aguirre J, Rosenfeld RG. Laron syndrome/growth hormone receptor deficiency: clinical aspects. Growth Matters 1993; 14: 5-8.
35. Gluckman PD, Gunn AJ, Wray A, Cutfield WS, Chatelain PG, Guilbaud O, Ambler GR, Wilton P, Albertsson-Wikland K. Congenital idiopathic growth hormone deficiency is associated with prenatal and early postnatal growth failure. J Pediatrics 1992; 212: 920-923.
36. Carrascosa A, Esteban C, Fernández M, Betancourt S, Sadino S, Andaluz P, Audí L. GH1 gene heterozygous mutation with dominant effect in a Spanish family with GH deficiency. Horm Res 2003; 60 (Suppl 2): 39-40.
37. Strain AJ, Hill DJ, Swenne I, Milner RDG. The regulation of DNA synthesis in human fetal hepatocytes by placental lactogen, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1/somatomedin-C. J Cell Physiol 1987; 123: 33-40.
38. Ajo R, Cacicedo L, Navarro C, Sanchez-Franco F. Growth hormone action on proliferation and differentiation of cerebral cortical cells from fetal rat. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 1086-1097.
39. Swenne I. Glucose-stimulated DNA of the pancreatic islets during development of the fetal rat. Effects of nutrients, growth hormone and triiodothyronine. Diabetes 1985; 34: 803-807.
40. Carrascosa A, Audí L. Human studies on the biological actions of IGF-1. Evidence suggesting that human fetal and postnatal epiphyseal cartilage is a target tissue for IGF-1 action. J Pediatr Endocrinol 1993; 6: 257-261.
41. DiRenzo GC, Aneshi MM, Volpe A. Deficiency of human placental lactogen in an otherwise normal pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 2: 153-154.
42. Caufriez A, Frankenne F, Englert Y, Golstein J, Cantraine F, Hennen G, Copinschi G. Placental growth hormone as a potential regulator of maternal IGF-1 during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: E1014-1019.
43. Lonberg U, Damm P, Andersson AM, Main KM, Chellakooty M, Lauenborg J, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A. Increase in maternal placental growth hormone during pregnancy and disappearance during parturition in normal and growth hormone-deficient pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 247-251.
44. Fant M, Munro H, Moses AC. An autocrine/paracrine role for insulin-like growth factors in the regulation of human placental growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 499-505.
45. Birnbacher R, Amann G, Breitschopf H, Lassmann H, Suchanek G, Heinz-Erian P. Cellular localization of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA in the human fetus and in the placenta: detection with digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe and immunocytochemistry. Pediatr Res 1998; 43: 614-620.
46. Fondacci C, Alsat E, Gabriel R. Blot P, Nessmann C, Evain-Brion D. Alterations of human placental epidermal growth factor receptor in intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 1149-1155.
47. Regnault TR, de Vrijer B, Anthony RV. The IGF-II-deficient placenta: aspects of its function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13: 410-412.
48. De Chiara TM, Efstratiadis A, Robertson EJ. A growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting. Nature 1990; 345: 78-80.
49. Powell-Baxtron L, Hollingshead P, Gillet N, Pitts-Meek S, Stewart TA. Gene knockout mice demonstrate that IGF-1 is essential for normal muscle development. Pediatr Res 1993: 33: 253-257.
50. Guidice LC, de Zegher F, Gargosky SE, Dsupin BA, de las Fuentes L, Crystal RA, Hintz RL, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the term and preterm human fetus and neonate with normal and extremes of intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1548-1555.
51. Fukushima K, Komatsu H, Matsumoto M, Kobayashi H, Tsukimori K, Satoh S, Nakano H. IGF-related proteins at birth in a case of antenatally diagnosed Silver-Russell syndrome. Pediatr Res 2002; 51: 323-327.
52. Holt RI. Fetal programming of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth axis. Trend Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13: 392-397.
53. Woods KA, Camacho-Hübner C, Savage MO, Clark AJL. Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1363-1367.
54. Arends N, Johnston L, Hokken-Koelega A, van Duijn C, de Ridder M, Savage M, Clark A. Polymorphism in the IGF-I gene: clinical relevance for short children born small for gestational age (SGA). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2720-2725.
55. Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, Kiess W, Klammt J, Kratzsch J, Osgood D, Pfäffle R, Raile K, Seidel B, Smith RJ, Chernausek SD, Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) Study Group. IGF-I receptor inutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2211-2222.
56. Johnston LB, Dahlgren J, Leger J, Gelander L, Savage MO, Czernichow P, Albertsson-Wikland K, Clark AJ. Association between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) polymorphisms, circulating IGF-I, and pre- and post-natal growth in two European small for gestational age populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4805-4810.
57. Barker DJP. Intrauterine programming of coronary heart disease and stroke. Acta Paediatr 1997; Suppl 423: 178-182.
58. Barker DJP, Hales CN, Fall CHD, Osmond C, Philips K, Clark PMS. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 62-67.
59. Potau N, Gussinyé M, Sanchez-Ufarate C, Riqué S, Vicens-Calvet F, Carrascosa A. Hyperinsulinemia in pre-and post-pubertal children born small for gestational age. Horm Res 2001; 56: 146-150.
60. Bazaes RA, Salazar TE, Pittaluga E, Pena V, Alegria A, Iñiguez G, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Mericq MV. Glucose and lipid metabolism in small for gestational age infants at 48 hours of age. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 804-809.
61. Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K, Baber FM, Low LCK, Yeung CT. Born small for gestational age: consequences for growth. Acta Paediatr 1996; Suppl 417: 8-13.
62. Coutant R, Carel JC, Letrait M, Chatelain P, Coste J, Chaussain JL. Short stature associated with intrauterine growth retardation: final height of untreated and growth hormone-treated children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970; 83: 1070-1074.
63. Lienhardt A, Carel JC, Preux PM, Coutant R, Chaussain JL. Amplitude of pubertal growth in short stature children with intrauterine growth retardation. Horm Res 2002; 547: 88-94.
64. Vicens-Calvet E, Espadero RM, Carrascosa A. Longitudinal study of pubertal growth spurt in children born small for gestational age without postnatal catch-up growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15: 381-383.
65. Job JC, Chaussain JL, Ducret JP, Maes M, Olivier P, Rochicioli P, Chatelain P. Follow-up of three years of treatment with growth hormone and one post-treatment year, in children with severe growth retardation of intrauterine onset. Pediatr Res 1996; 36: 354-359.
66. Vicens-Calvet E, Seijo G, Potau N, Moreno LL, Carrascosa A. Efectividad de la hormona de crecimiento recombinante en el dé ficit de talla debido a retraso de crecimiento intrauterino. Med Clin 1998; 112: 601-605.
67. Sas T, de Waal W, Mulder P, Jansen M. Hokken-Koelega A. Growth hormone treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age: 5-years results of randomised, double-blind, dose-response trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3064-3067.
68. de Zegher F, Du Caju MVL, Heinrichs C, Maes M, Malvaux P, Rosenfeld RG. Early discontinuous high dose growth hormone treatment to normalize height and weight of short children born small for gestational age: results over 6 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 34: 1558-1561.
69. de Zegher F, Ong K, van-Helvoirt M, Mohn A, Woods K, Dunger D. High-dose growth hormone (GH) treatment in non-GH-deficient children born small for gestational age induces growth responses related to pretreatment GH secretion and associated with reversible decrease in insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 148-153.
70. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Cowell CT, Albertsson-Wikland K, Reiter EO, Wilton P, Preece DA. KIGS International Board. Prediction of response to growth hormone treatment in short children born small for gestational age: analysis of data from KIGS (Pharmacia International Growth Database). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003: 88: 125-131.
71. Carel JC. Chatelain P, Rochiccioli P, Chaussain JL. Improvement in adult height after growth hormone treatment in adolescents with short stature born small for gestational age: results of a randomised controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 1587-1593.
72. Cutfield WS, Jackson WE, Jefferies C, Robinson EM, Breier BH, Richards GE, Hofman PL. Reduced insulin sensitivity during growth hormone therapy for short children born small for gestational age. J Pediatr 2003: 142: 113-116.
73. van Pareren Y, Mulder P, Houdijk M, Jansen M, Reeser M, Hokken-Koelega A. Effect of discontinuation of growth hormone treatment on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 347-353.