A managerial in-basket study of the impact of trait emotions on ethical choice

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 245-267

  Connelly, Shane ^a   Helton Fauth, Whitney ^b   Mumford, Michael D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Active and passive emotions; Emotions and cognition; Ethical choices; Interpersonally directed ethical choices; Organizationally directed ethical choices; Trait emotions and ethical choices; Trait emotions and managerial decisions

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142732127     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:BUSI.0000032494.51162.d3     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Alloy, L. B. and L. Y. Abramson: 1979, 'Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser?', Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108, 441-485.
2. Alloy, L. B. and L. Y. Abramson: 1982, 'Learned Helplessness, Depression, and the Illusion of Control', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, 1114-1126.
3. Alloy, L. B., L. Y. Abramson and D. Viscusi: 1981, 'Induced Mood and the Illusion of Control', Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 41, 1129-1140.
4. Anastasi, A.: 1988, Psychological Testing, 6th Ed. (Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc., New York, NY).
5. Anderson, L. J. and R. G. Jones: 2000, 'Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Acceptance of Feedback: Individual Difference Moderators', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 130-140.
6. Archer, N. P., M. M. Head and Y. Yuan: 1996, 'Patterns in Information Search for Decision-Making: the Effects of Information Abstraction', International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 45, 599-616.
7. Ashkanasy, N. M.: In press, 'Emotions in Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective', in F. Dansereau and F. J. Yammarino (eds.), Research in Multi-Level Issues, Vol. 2 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT).
8. Ashkanasy, N. M. and B. Tse: 2000, 'Transformational Leadership as Management of Emotion: A Conceptual View', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 221-235.
9. Ball, G. A., L. K. Trevino and H. P. Sims: 1992, 'Understanding Subordinate Reactions to Punishment Incidents: Perspectives from Justice and Social affect', Leadership Quarterly 3, 307-333.
10. Basch, J. and C. D. Fisher: 2000, 'Affective Events-Emotions Matrix: A Classification of Work Events and Associated Emotions', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 36-48.
11. Bass, B.: 2002, 'Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Intelligence of Transformational Leaders', in R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, et al. (eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahway, NJ), pp. 105-118.
12. Borman, W. and S. Motowidlo: 1993, 'Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance', in N. Schmitt and W. Borman (eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco), pp. 71-98.
13. Bower, G. H.: 1981, 'Mood and Memory', American Psychologist 36, 129-148.
14. Bradburn, N. M.: 1969, The Structure of Psychological Well-Being (Aldine, Chicago, IL), xvi, 318 pp.
15. Cacioppo, J. T. and G. G. Berntson: 1999, 'The Affect System: Architecture and Operating Characteristics', Current Directions in Psychological Science 8, 133-137.
16. Cacioppo, J. T., W. L. Gardner and G. G. Berntson: 1999, 'The Affect System Has Parallel and Integrative Processing Components: Form Follows Function', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, 839-855.
17. Caruso, D. R., J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey: 2002, 'Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Leadership', in R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, et al. (eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ), pp. 55-74.
18. Connelly, M. S., W. B. Helton, R. Schultz, J. R. Van Doorn, J. Benavidez, H. Thompson and M. D. Mumford: 2000, Assessment Tool Report: Review of Existing tools and Development of New Tools (Vols. 1 and 2). Technical Report for the Department of Defense (contract No. 1999*I033800*000). Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma, Department of Psychology.
19. Connelly, M. S., R. Reiter-Palmon, T. C. Clifton and M. D. Mumford: 1991, Exploring the C&I Division Regional Manager Position: Summary of Subject Matter Expert Meetings (Technical Report CBCS 91-6 for General Electric Corp.). Fairfax, VA, George Mason University, Center for Behavioral and Cognitive Studies.
20. Connelly, S., B. Gaddis and W. B. Helton-Fauth: 2002, 'A Closer Look at the Role of Emotions in Charismatic and Transformational Leadership', in B. Avolio and F. J. Yammarino (eds.), Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead (Elsevier Science, Oxford, U.K.), pp. 255-283.
21. Crowne, D. P. and D. Marlow: 1964, The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence (Wiley, New York, NY).
22. Diener, E., H. Smith and F. Fujita: 1995, 'The Personality Structure of Affect', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(1), 130-141.
23. Dubinsky, A. J. and B. Loken: 1989, 'Analyzing Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Business Research 19, 83-107.
24. Dunegan, K. J., D. Duchon and S. L. Barton: 1992, 'Affect, Risk, and Decision Criticality: Replication and Extension in a Business Setting', Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes 53, 335-351.
25. Ekman, P.: 1972, 'Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion', in J. Cole (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE), pp. 207-283
26. Endler, N. S., L. Kantor and J. D. A. Parker: 1994, 'State-Trait Coping, State-Trait Anxiety and Academic Performance', Personality and Individual Differences 16, 663-670.
27. Forgays, D. G., D. K. Forgays and C. D. Speilberger: 1998, 'Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory', Journal of Personality Assessment 69, 497-507.
28. Forgays, D. K., C. D. Speilberger, S. A. Ottaway and D. G. Forgays: 1997, 'Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Middle-Aged Men and Women', Assessment 5, 141-155.
29. Frijda, N. H.: 1986, The Emotions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).
30. Frijda, N. H.: 1993, 'Moods, Emotions Episodes, and Emotions', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York, NY).
31. Gaudine, A. and L. Thorne: 2001, 'Emotion and Ethical Decision-Making in Organizations', Journal of Business Ethics 31, 175-187.
32. George, J.: 2000, 'Emotions and Leadership: The Role of Emotional Intelligence', Human Relations 53, 1027-1055.
33. George, J. M., and K. Bettenhausen: 1990, 'Understanding Prosocial Behavior, Sales Performance, and Turnover: A Group-Level Analysis in a Service Context', Journal of Applied Psychology 75, 698-709.
34. Ginsberg, A. and N. Venkatraman: 1992, 'Investing in New Information Technology: The Role of Competitive Posture and Issue Diagnosis', Strategic Management Journal 13, 37-54.
35. Gross, J. J.: 1998, 'Sharpening the Focus: Emotion Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence', Psychological Inquiry 9, 287-290.
36. Hammer, A. L.: 1992, 'Test Evaluation and Quality', in M. Zeidner and R. Most (eds.), Psychological Testing: An Inside View (Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA).
37. Harrington, S. J.: 1997, 'A Test of a Person - Issue Contingent Model of Ethical Decision Making in Organizations', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 363-375.
38. Helton, W. B., J. E. Benavidez and M. S. Connelly: 2000, Emotion and Emotional Processes: A Review and Some New Theoretical Considerations. Technical Report for the Department of Defense (contract No. 1999*I033800*000). Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma, Department of Psychology.
39. Hickson, D. J., R. J. Butler, D. Cray, G. R. Mallory and D. C. Wilson: 1986, Top Decisions: Strategic Decision Making in Organizations (Basil Blackwell, Oxford).
40. Hunt, S. D. and S. Vitell: 1986, 'A General Theory of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Macromarketing 6, 5-16.
41. Isen, A. M.: 1993, 'Positive Affect and Decision-Making', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York, NY).
42. Isen, A. M. and R. A. Baron: 1991, 'Positive Affect as a Factor in Organizational Behavior', Research in Organizational Behavior 13, 1-53.
43. Isen, A. M. and K. A. Daubman: 1984, 'The Influence of Affect on Categorization', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, 1206-1217.
44. Isen, A. M., K. A. Daubman and G. P. Nowicki: 1987, 'Positive Affect Facilitates Creative Problem Solving', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, 1122-1131.
45. Isen, A. M. and N. Geva: 1987, 'The Influence of Positive Affect on Acceptable Level of Risk: The Person with a Large Canoe Has a Large Worry', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39, 145-154.
46. Isen, A. M., M. M. S. Johnson, E. Mertz and G. F. Robinson: 1985, 'The Influence of Positive Affect on the Unusualness of Word Associations', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48, 1413-1426.
47. Isen, A. M. and B. Means: 1983, 'The Influence of Positive Affect on Decision-Making Strategy', Social Cognition 2, 18-31.
48. Isen, A. M. and R. Patrick: 1983, 'The Effect of Positive Feelings on Risk-Taking: When the Chips are Down', Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 31, 194-202.
49. Izard, C. E.: 1971, The Face of Emotion (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York).
50. Izard, C. E.: 1977, Human Emotions (Plenum, New York).
51. Izard, C. E.: 1989, 'The Structure and Functions of Emotions: Implications for Cognition, Motivation, and personality', in I. S. Cohen (ed.), The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series, Vol. 9 (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC), pp. 35-73.
52. Izard, C. E.: 1993, 'Organizational and Motivational Functions of Discrete Emotions', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York).
53. Jones, T. M.: 1991, Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model', Academy of Management 16, 366-395.
54. Judge, T. A. and R. D. Bretz: 1992, 'The Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions', Journal of Applied Psychology 77, 261-271.
55. Keltner, D.: 1996, 'Facial Expressions of Emotion and Personality', in C. Malatesta-Magai and S. S. H. McFadden (eds.), Handbook of Emotion, Adult Development, and Aging (Academic Press, New York), pp. 385-401.
56. Keltner, D., P. C. Ellsworth and K. Edwards: 1993, 'Beyond Simple Pessimism: Effects of Sadness and Anger on Social Perception', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 740-752.
57. Kline, P.: 1986, A Handbook of Test Construction: Introduction to Psychometric Design (Methuen, New York, NY).
58. Kline, S. B., L. Cosmides, J. Tooby and S. Chance: 2002, 'Decisions and the Evolution of Memory: Multiple Systems, Multiple Functions', Psychological Review 109, 306-329.
59. Lee, K. and J. N. Allen: 2002, 'Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Workplace Deviance: The Role of Affect and Cognitions', Journal of Applied Psychology 87, 131-142.
60. Lerner, J. S. and D. Keltner: 2000, 'Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice', Cognition and Emotion 14, 473-493.
61. Lewis, K.: 2000, 'When Leaders Display Emotion: How Followers Respond to Negative Emotional Expression of Male and Female Leaders', Journal of Organizational Behavior 21, 221-234.
62. Loevinger, J.: 1957, 'Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory', Psychological Reports 3, 635-694.
63. Malhotra, N. K. and G. L. Miller: 1998, 'An Integrated Model for Ethical Decisions in Marketing Research', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 263-280.
64. McColl-Kennedy, J. R. and R. D. Anderson: 2002, 'Impact of Leadership Style and Emotions on Subordinate Performance', The Leadership Quarterly 13, 545-559.
65. Megerian, L. E. and J. J. Sosik: 1996, 'An Affair of the Heart: Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership', Journal of Leadership Studies 3, 31-48.
66. Mesquita, B. and N. H. Frijda: 1992, 'Cultural Variations in Emotions: A Review', Psychological Bulletin 112, 179-204.
67. Mittal, B. and W. T. Ross: 1998, 'The Impact of Positive and Negative Affect and Issue Framing on Issue Interpretation and Risk Taking', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 76, 298-324.
68. Mumford, M. D., M. S. Connelly, W. B. Helton, J. R. VanDoorn and H. K. Osburn: 2001, 'Alternative Approaches for Measuring Values: Direct and Indirect Assessments in Performance Prediction', Journal of Vocational Behavior 61, 348-373.
69. Mumford, M. D., T. L. Gessner, M. S. Connelly, J. A. O'Connor and T. Clifton: 1993, 'Leadership and Destructive Acts: Individual and Situational Influences', Leadership Quarterly 4, 115-147.
70. Newcombe, M. and N. M. Ashkanasy: 2002, 'The Role of Affect and Affective Congruence in Perceptions of Leaders: An Experimental Study', The Leadership Quarterly 13, 601-614.
71. Nunnally, J. C.: 1978, Psychometric Theory (McGraw-Hill, New York).
72. Oatley, K.: 1993, 'Social Construction in Emotions', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York, NY).
73. Organ, D.: 1988, Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA).
74. Organ D. W.: 1997, 'Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It's Construct Clean-Up Time', Human Performance 10, 85-97.
75. Pratt, M. G. and J. E. Dutton: 2000, 'Owning Up or Opting Out: The Role of Emotions and Identities in Issue Ownership', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, Connecticut), pp; 103-129.
76. Ravlin, E. C. and B. M. Meglino: 1987, 'Effects of Values on Perception and Decision Making: A Study of Alternative Work Value Measures', Journal of Applied Psychology 72, 666-673.
77. Reidenbach, R. E. and D. P. and Robin: 1988, 'Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethical Evaluations of Marketing Activities', Journal of Business Ethics 7, 871-879.
78. Rest, J.: 1994, 'Background Theory and Research', in J. Rest and D. Narvaez (eds.), Moral Development in the Professions (Erlbaum and Associates).
79. Roseman, I. J.: 1984, 'Cognitive Determinants of Emotions: A Structural Theory', Review of Personality and Social Psychology 5, 11-36.
80. Ruch, F. L. and W. W. Ruch: 1980, Employee Aptitude Survey (Technical Report). Los Angeles, CA: Psychological Services.
81. Shaver, P., J. Schwartz, D. Kirson and C. O'Conner: 1987, 'Emotion Knowledge: Further Exploration of a Prototype Approach', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, 1061-1086.
82. Staw, B. M. and S. G. Barsade: 1993, 'Affect and Managerial Performance: A Test of the Sadder-but-Wiser vs. Happier-and-Smarter Hypotheses', Administrative Science Quarterly 38, 304-331.
83. Termine, N. T. and C. E. Izard: 1988, 'Infants' Responses to Their Mothers' Expressions of Joy and Sadness', Developmental Psychology 24, 223-229.
84. Thompson, W. C., C. L. Cowan and D. L. Rosenhan: 1980, 'Focus of Attention Mediates the Impact of Negative Affect on Altruism', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38, 291-300.
85. Tomkins, S. S.: 1962, Affect, Imagery, and Consciousness (Springer, New York).
86. Totterdell, P.: 2000, 'Catching Moods and Hitting Runs: Mood Linkage and Subjective Performance in Professional Sports Teams', Journal of Applied Psychology 85(6), 848-859.
87. Totterdell, P., S. Kellett, K. Teuchmann and R. B. Briner: 1998, 'Evidence of Mood Linkage in Work Groups', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 1504-1515.
88. Townsend, J. T., K. M. Silva J. Spencer-Smith and M. J. Wegner: 2000, 'Exploring the Relations between Categorization and Decision-Making with Regard to Realistic Fact Stimuli', Pragmatics and Cognition 8, 83-105.
89. Trevino, L. K.: 1986, 'Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model', Academy of Management Review 11, 601-617.
90. Tversky, A. and G. R. Fox: 1995, 'Weighing Risk and Uncertainty', Psychological Review 102, 269-283.
91. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman: 1981, 'The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice', American Association for the Advancement of Science 211(4481), 453-458.
92. Watson, D. and A. Tellegen: 1985, 'Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood', Psychological Bulletin 98, 219-235.
93. Weiss, H. M. and R. Cropanzano: 1996, 'Affective Events Theory: A Theoretical Discussion of the Structure, Causes, and Consequences of Affective Experiences at Work', in R. I. Sutton and B. M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 18, 1-74.
94. Weiss, H. M., K. Suckow and R. Cropanzano: 1999, 'Effects of Justice Conditions on Discrete Emotions', Journal of Applied Psychology 84, 786-794.
95. Zerbe, W. J. and C. E. J. Härtel: 2000, 'Commentary: Emotions as Mediators and Moderators', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books: Westport, Connecticut), pp. 156-162.