Bioethics and the national security state

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 198-208

  Moreno, Jonathan D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFERENCE PAPER; ETHICS; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MANAGEMENT; ORGANIZATION; POLITICS; WAR;

EID: 3142510777     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2004.tb00466.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (49)

1. Naval War College Review, Vol. XXVII (1975): 51-108.
2. At 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss9.html〉 (last visited March 14, 2004).
3. J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999); J.D. Moreno, "'The Only Feasible Means': The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code," in Bioethics, Justice, and Health Care, W. Teays and L.M. Purdy, eds., (California: Wadsworth, 2000); J.D. Moreno, "Reassessing the Influence of the Nuremberg Code in American Medical Ethics," Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 12 (1997):347-360; R. Faden et al., "United States Researchers, The Nazi Doctors' Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of the Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments," JAMA 276, no. 20 (1996):1667-1671; J.D. Moreno and S.E. Lederer, "Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6, no. 3 (1996): 223-238.
4. J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999); J.D. Moreno, "'The Only Feasible Means': The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code," in Bioethics, Justice, and Health Care, W. Teays and L.M. Purdy, eds., (California: Wadsworth, 2000); J.D. Moreno, "Reassessing the Influence of the Nuremberg Code in American Medical Ethics," Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 12 (1997):347-360; R. Faden et al., "United States Researchers, The Nazi Doctors' Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of the Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments," JAMA 276, no. 20 (1996):1667-1671; J.D. Moreno and S.E. Lederer, "Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6, no. 3 (1996): 223-238.
5. J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999); J.D. Moreno, "'The Only Feasible Means': The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code," in Bioethics, Justice, and Health Care, W. Teays and L.M. Purdy, eds., (California: Wadsworth, 2000); J.D. Moreno, "Reassessing the Influence of the Nuremberg Code in American Medical Ethics," Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 12 (1997):347-360; R. Faden et al., "United States Researchers, The Nazi Doctors' Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of the Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments," JAMA 276, no. 20 (1996):1667-1671; J.D. Moreno and S.E. Lederer, "Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6, no. 3 (1996): 223-238.
6. J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999); J.D. Moreno, "'The Only Feasible Means': The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code," in Bioethics, Justice, and Health Care, W. Teays and L.M. Purdy, eds., (California: Wadsworth, 2000); J.D. Moreno, "Reassessing the Influence of the Nuremberg Code in American Medical Ethics," Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 12 (1997):347-360; R. Faden et al., "United States Researchers, The Nazi Doctors' Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of the Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments," JAMA 276, no. 20 (1996):1667-1671; J.D. Moreno and S.E. Lederer, "Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6, no. 3 (1996): 223-238.
7. J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999); J.D. Moreno, "'The Only Feasible Means': The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code," in Bioethics, Justice, and Health Care, W. Teays and L.M. Purdy, eds., (California: Wadsworth, 2000); J.D. Moreno, "Reassessing the Influence of the Nuremberg Code in American Medical Ethics," Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 12 (1997):347-360; R. Faden et al., "United States Researchers, The Nazi Doctors' Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of the Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments," JAMA 276, no. 20 (1996):1667-1671; J.D. Moreno and S.E. Lederer, "Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6, no. 3 (1996): 223-238.
8. J.D. Moreno, ed., In the Wake of Terror: Medicine and Morality in a Time of Crisis (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 2003); J.D. Moreno, "Remember Saddam's Human Guinea Pigs," The American Journal of Bioethics 3, no.2 (2003): W53; J.D. Moreno, "Human Experiments and National Security: The Need to Clarify Policy," Cambridge Quarterly of Research Ethics 12, no. 2 (2003): 192-195; J.D. Moreno, "A New World Order for Human Experiments," Accountability in Research 10 (2003):47-56.
9. J.D. Moreno, ed., In the Wake of Terror: Medicine and Morality in a Time of Crisis (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 2003); J.D. Moreno, "Remember Saddam's Human Guinea Pigs," The American Journal of Bioethics 3, no.2 (2003): W53; J.D. Moreno, "Human Experiments and National Security: The Need to Clarify Policy," Cambridge Quarterly of Research Ethics 12, no. 2 (2003): 192-195; J.D. Moreno, "A New World Order for Human Experiments," Accountability in Research 10 (2003):47-56.
10. J.D. Moreno, ed., In the Wake of Terror: Medicine and Morality in a Time of Crisis (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 2003); J.D. Moreno, "Remember Saddam's Human Guinea Pigs," The American Journal of Bioethics 3, no.2 (2003): W53; J.D. Moreno, "Human Experiments and National Security: The Need to Clarify Policy," Cambridge Quarterly of Research Ethics 12, no. 2 (2003): 192-195; J.D. Moreno, "A New World Order for Human Experiments," Accountability in Research 10 (2003):47-56.
11. J.D. Moreno, ed., In the Wake of Terror: Medicine and Morality in a Time of Crisis (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 2003); J.D. Moreno, "Remember Saddam's Human Guinea Pigs," The American Journal of Bioethics 3, no.2 (2003): W53; J.D. Moreno, "Human Experiments and National Security: The Need to Clarify Policy," Cambridge Quarterly of Research Ethics 12, no. 2 (2003): 192-195; J.D. Moreno, "A New World Order for Human Experiments," Accountability in Research 10 (2003):47-56.
12. J. Weldes, et al., eds., Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger (Minneapolis: Borderlines, 1999).
13. D. Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War (New York: Penguin, 1977): 196.
14. The ensuing account is especially indebted to M. J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
15. Moreno, supra note 3, at 35-36.
16. Hogan, supra note 7, at 235.
17. Id. at 241.
18. Moreno, supra note 3, at 136.
19. Id. at 137-138.
20. Id. at 149.
21. Id. at 162.
22. See 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/ lovett.htm〉 (last visited March 9, 2004).
23. See 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/ wilson.htm〉 (last visited March 9, 2004).
24. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, The Human Radiation Experiments (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996): 56.
25. Army Regulation 70-25: Use of Volunteers as Subjects of Research, 28 March 1962. I am grateful to Art Anderson for calling my attention to this regulation.
26. United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669 (1987).
27. See 〈http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/current_issues/shad/shad_tests. shtml〉, (last visited March 14, 2003).
28. See 〈http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/news/jan02/news_10402_001. shtml〉, (last visited March 9, 2004).
29. T. Shanker, "Reports Detail Tests of Troops For Exposures," New York Times, July 1, 2003: 21A.
30. See 〈http://www.iom.edu/project.asp?ID=4909〉 (last visited March 9, 2004).
31. See 〈http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/current_issues/shad/shad_tests. shtml〉 (last visited March 14, 2004).
32. Although this impression is hard to quantify, it is a conclusion reached based on my work for the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments and many conversations with agency officials.
33. J.D. Moreno, "Bioethics After the Terror," American Journal of Bioethics 2 (2002): 60-64.
34. "Pentagon Plans to Proceed with Development of Anthrax Strain," New York Times, September 4, 2001.
35. Press release, St. Louis University, "Volunteers are Still Needed for Smallpox Study," November 13, 2001.
36. "Volunteers Line Up to Test Smallpox Protection," New York Times, November 3, 2001.
37. "Small Number of Children to be Inoculated, Officials Say," Newsday, September 25, 2002.
38. S.E. Frey, et al. "Dose-Related Effects of Smallpox Vaccine," New Eng. J. of Med. 346, no. 17 (2002):275-1280.
39. See 〈http://mrmc-www.army.mil/docs/rcq/ar70-25.pdf〉 (last visited March 9, 2004).
40. See 〈http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0214/p02s01-usmi.html〉 (last visited March 9, 2004).
41. See 〈http://www.jnlwd.usmc.mil/mission.asp〉 (last visited March 9, 2004).
42. Naval Studies Board, National Research Council, An Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003).
43. J.D. Moreno, "Neuroethics: An Agenda for Neuroscience and Society," Nature Neuroscience 4, no. 2 (2003):149-153.
44. J.D. Moreno, "The BioShield Bonanza and Human Experimentation," Research USA 1, no. 2 (2003): 29.
45. 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss1.html〉 (last visited March 14, 2004).
46. "Focus on Smallpox Threat Revived," Washington Post, July 17, 2003: A3.
47. R. Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 (New York: Little, Brown, 2003): 464-466.
48. D. Kevles, "A Security Clampdown on Biotechnology Research," Technology Review 106, no. 6 (2003): 40-48.
49. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, supra note 17: 79.