US Medical researchers, the nuremberg doctors trial, and the nuremberg code: A review of findings of the advisory committee on human radiation experiments

JAMA

Volumn 276, Issue 20, 1996, Pages 1667-1671

  Faden, Ruth R ^a,d   Lederer, Susan E ^b   Moreno, Jonathan D ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PLUTONIUM; STREPTOMYCIN; TRACER; URANIUM; VACCINE;

ETHICS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN RIGHTS; INFORMED CONSENT; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PHYSICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION; REVIEW; VOLUNTEER;

EID: 0029811302     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.276.20.1667     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Research Ethics and the Medical Profession: Report of Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. JAMA. 1996;276:403-409.
2. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. The Human Radiation Experiments: Final Report of the Presidential Advisory Committee. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996:85-92.
3. Rothman DJ. Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making. New York, NY: Basic Books Inc Publishers; 1994:62.
4. Part of an audiotaped interview with John Arnold, December 1994. ACHRE Research Project Series, Ethics Oral History Project, 18. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995.
5. Part of an audiotaped interview with Herbert Abrams, January 1995. ACHRE Research Project Series, Ethics Oral History Project, 25. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995.
6. Levenson D. Montefiore: The Hospital as Social Instrument, 1884-1884. New York, NY: Farrar Straus & Giroux; 1984:154-155.
7. Katz J. The consent principle of the Nuremberg Code. In: Annas GJ, Grodin MA, eds. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1992:227-239.
8. Part of an audiotaped interview with William Silverman, February 1995. ACHRE Research Project Series, Ethics Oral History Project, 14. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995.
9. Shuster A. Why human 'guinea pigs' volunteer. New York Times Magazine. April 13, 1958:62.
10. O'Hara JL. The most unforgettable character I've met. Reader's Digest. May 1948:30-35.
11. Koritz T. I was a human guinea pig. Saturday Evening Post. July 25, 1953:27, 79-80, 82.
12. Wharton D. A treasure in the heart of every man. Reader's Digest. December 1954:49-53.
13. Simons H. They volunteer to suffer. Saturday Evening Post. March 26, 1960:33, 87-88.
14. Experiments on prisoners. Science Newslett (also Science News). February 21, 1948:53, 117.
15. CO's offer selves for atomic experiments. Christian Century. October 20, 1954:1260.
16. Pofter RD. Are we winning the war against TB? Saturday Evening Post. January 15, 1949. Cited by: LaFollette MC. Making Science Our Own: Public Images of Science 1910-1955. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1990:138-140.
17. Pofter RD. Are we winning the war against TB? Saturday Evening Post. January 15, 1949. Cited by: LaFollette MC. Making Science Our Own: Public Images of Science 1910-1955. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1990:138-140.
18. Fox RC. Experiment Perilous: Physicians and Patients Facing the Unknown. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1974.
19. Shimkin MB. As Memory Serves: Six Essays on a Personal Involvement With the National Cancer Institute, 1938-1978. Bethesda, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1983:127.
20. Pope Pius XII. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology; September 8-13, 1952; Rome, Italy (in French). The Linacre Quarterly: Official Journal of the Federation of Catholic Physicians' Guilds. November 1952;19: 98-107; and The Irish Ecclesiastical Record. 1954; 86:222-230. English translations.
21. Pope Pius XII. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology; September 8-13, 1952; Rome, Italy (in French). The Linacre Quarterly: Official Journal of the Federation of Catholic Physicians' Guilds. November 1952;19: 98-107; and The Irish Ecclesiastical Record. 1954; 86:222-230. English translations.
22. Pope Pius XII. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology; September 8-13, 1952; Rome, Italy (in French). The Linacre Quarterly: Official Journal of the Federation of Catholic Physicians' Guilds. November 1952;19: 98-107; and The Irish Ecclesiastical Record. 1954; 86:222-230. English translations.
23. Benison S, Rivers T. Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 1967:498.
24. Regan LJ. Doctor and Patient and the Law. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1949:398.
25. Regan LJ. Doctor and Patient and the Law. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1956:370-372.
26. National Society for Medical Research. Report on the National Conference on the Legal Environment of Medical Science. Presented at a meeting of the National Society for Medical Research; May 27-28, 1959; Chicago, Ill: 88,91.
27. Beecher HK. Experimentation in man. JAMA. 1959;169:461-478.
28. From the proceedings of the October 6, 1961, meeting of the Harvard Medical School Administrative Board. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. HAR-062394-A-3.
29. Gardella JW. Criticisms of the 'Principles, Policies and Rules of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army, Relating to the Use of Human Volunteers in Medical Research Contracts Awarded by the Army (memorandum).' In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. IN-072595-A.
30. From the proceedings of the March 23, 1962, meeting of the Harvard Medical School Administrative Board. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. HAR-062394-A-3.
31. Gardella JW. Letter to Henry K. Beecher, March 27, 1962. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. HAR-062394-A-4.
32. Beecher HK. Statement outlining the philosophy and ethical principles governing the conduct of research on human beings at the Harvard Medical School. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. IN-072595-A.
33. Proceedings from the June 8, 1962 meeting of the Harvard Medical School Administrative Board. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. HAR-062394-A-3.
34. Beecher HK. A letter to LG Leonard D. Heaton, MC, USA, July 12, 1962. In: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; October 1995. ACHRE publication No. HAR-062394-A-2.
35. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Medical Doctors in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Presented at a meeting of the Eighteenth World Medical Assembly; June 1964; Helsinki, Finland.
36. Draft code of ethics on human experimentation. BMJ. 1962;2:1119.
37. Human experimentation: code of ethics of the World Medical Association. BMJ. 1964;2:177.
38. Faden RR, Beauchamp T. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge; 1993:156-157.
39. McNeill PM. The Ethics and Politics of Human Experimentation. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge; 1993:44-47.