Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

Volumn 67, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Kouzi, Samir A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Complementary and alternative therapies; Drug therapy; Nausea and vomiting; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

EID: 31344467272     PISSN: 00029459     EISSN: 15536467     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5688/aj670266     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Broussard CN, Richter JE. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:123-151.
2. Knudsen A, Lebech M, Hansen M. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the third trimester of the normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995;60:29-33.
3. O'Brien B, Naber S. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: Effects on the quality of women's lives. Birth. 1992;19:138-143.
4. Van Lier D, Manteuffel B, Dilorio C, Stalcup M. Nausea and fatigue during early pregnancy. Birth. 1993;20:193-197.
5. Tsang IS, Katz VL, Wells SD. Maternal and fetal outcomes in hyperemesis gravidarum. Int J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;55:231-5.
6. Nelson-Piercy C. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: When should it be treated and what can safely be taken. Drug Saf 1998;19:155-164.
7. Mazzotta P, Magee LA, Maltepe C, Lifshitz A, Navioz Y, Koren G. The perception of teratogenic risk by women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 1999;13:313-319.
8. Murphy PA. Alternative therapies for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:149-155.
9. Goodwin TM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: An obstetric syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S184-S189.
10. Miller AD. Central mechanisms of vomiting. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:39S-43S.
11. Corey LA, Berg K, Solaas MH, Nance WE. The epidemiology of pregnancy complications and outcome in a Norwegian twin population. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:989-994.
12. Whitehead SA, Andrews PLR, Chamberlain GVP. Characterization of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: A survey of 1000 women. J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;12:364-369.
13. Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, Jagger C. Pregnancy nausea related to women's obstetric and personal histories. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1997;43:108-11.
14. Jordan V, MacDonald J, Crichton S, Stone P, Ford H. The incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum is increased among Pacific Islanders living in Wellington. N Z Med J. 1995;108:342-4.
15. Minturn L, Weiher AW. The influence of diet on morning sickness: A cross-culture study. Med Anthropol. 1984;8:71-5.
16. Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Reed D, Williams A. Supertasting, earaches, and head injury: Genetics and pathology alter our taste worlds. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1996;20:79-87.
17. Rodien P, Bremont C, Sanson MR, Parma J, Van Sande J. Familial gestational hyperthyroidism caused by a mutant thyrotropin receptor hypersensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1823-6.
18. Kallen B. Hyperemesis during pregnancy and delivery outcome: A registry study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987;26:291-302.
19. Soto-Wright V, Bernstein M, Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS. The changing clinical presentation of complete molar pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:775-779.
20. O'Brien B, Zhou Q. Variables related to nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Birth. 1995;22:93-100.
21. Kallen B. Hyperemesis gravidarum during pregnancy and delivery outcome: A registry study. In: Koren G, Bishai R, eds. Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: State of the Art. Toronto: Motherisk, The Hospital for Sick Children; 2000: 36-40.
22. Cuckle HS, Wald NJ, Densem JW, Royston P, Knight GJ, Haddow JE. The effect of smoking in pregnancy on maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, human chorionic gonadotrophin, progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97:272-6.
23. Yoshimura M, Hershman JM. Thyrotropic action of human chorionic gonadotropin. Thyroid. 1995;5:425-34.
24. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH. The role of chorionic gonadotropin in transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1333-7.
25. Yoshimura M, PeKary AE, Pang XP. Thyrotropic activity of basic isoelectric forms of human chorionic gonadotropin extracted from hydatidiform mole tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:862-4.
26. Jordan V, Grebe SKG, Cooke RR, Ford HC, Larsen PD, Stone PR. Acidic isoforms of chorionic gonadotropin in European and Samoan women are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum and may be thyrotrophic. Clin Endocrinol. 1999;50:619-27.
27. Bernstein L, Depue RH, Ross RK, Judd HL, Pike MC, Henderson BE. Higher maternal levels of free estradiol in first compared to second pregnancy: Early gestational differences. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76:1035-9.
28. Dawood MY, Ratnam SS, Teoch ES. Serum estradiol-17β and serum human chorionic gonadotropin in patients with hydatidiform moles. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;119:904-910.
29. Bernstein L, Pike MC, Lobo RA, Depue RH, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Cigarette smoking in pregnancy results in marked decrease in maternal hCG and oestradiol levels. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:92-6.
30. Goldzieher JW, Moses LE, Averkin E, Scheel C, Taber BZ. A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover investigation of the side effects attributed to oral contraceptives. Fertil Steril. 1971;22:609-23.
31. Jamfelt-Samsioe A, Eriksson B, Leissner K, Samsioe G. Gall-bladder disease related to use of oral contraceptives and nausea in pregnancy. South Med J. 1985;78:1040-3.
32. Beattie WSLT, Buckley DN, Forrest JB. The incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopy is influenced by the day of menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth. 1991;38:298-302.
33. Andrews JC, Ator GA, Honrubia V. The exacerbation of symptoms in Meniere's disease during the premenstrual period. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:74-8.
34. Akerman FM, Zhenmin L, Rao CV, Nakajim ST. A case of spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with a potential mutation in the hCG/LH receptor gene. Fertil Steril. 2000;74:3-4.
35. Sloane PD. Dizziness in primary care: Results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. J Fam Pract. 1989;29:33-8.
36. Markham CH, Diamond SG. A predictive test for space motion sickness. J Vestib Res. 1993;3:289-95.
37. Klokker M, Brock-Nannestad L, Mikines P, Johnsen A, Garhoj P, Vesterhauge S. Vestibular autorotation test in primary selection of military student pilots using neural networks. Av Space Env Med. 1999;70:959-61.
38. Black FO. Maternal susceptibility to nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: Is the vestibular system involved ?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S204-9.
39. Dilorio C. First trimester nausea in pregnant teenagers: Incidence, characteristics and intervention. Nurs Res. 1985;34:372-4.
40. Kumagami H, Loewenheim H, Beitz E. The effect of antidiuretic hormone on the endolymphatic sac of the inner ear. Pflugers Arch. 1998;436:970-5.
41. Davison JM, Gilmore EA, Durr J, Robertson GL, Lindheimer MD. Altered osmotic thresholds for vasopressin secretion and thirst in human pregnancy. Am J Physiol. 1984;15:F105-109.
42. Davison JM, Shiells EA, Phillips PR, Lindheimer MD. Serial evaluation of vasopressin release and thirst in human pregnancy: Role of hCG in the osmoregulatory changes of gestation. J Clin Invest. 1988;81:798-806.
43. Koch KL. A noxious trio: Nausea, gastric dysrhythmias and vasopressin. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 1997;9:141-2.
44. Koch KL. Review article: Clinical approaches to unexplained nausea and vomiting. Adv Gastroenterol Hepatol Clin Nutr. 1998;3:163-78.
45. Koch KL, Stern RM. Functional disorders of the stomach. Sem Gastroenterol. 1996;7:185-95.
46. Stern RM, Koch KL, Stewart WR, Lindblad IM. Spectral analysis of tachygastrias recorded during motion sickness. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:92-7.
47. Koch KL, Bingaman S, Xu L, Summy-Long J, Haberer LJ, Pritchard JF. Effect of ondansetron on morphine-induced nausea, gastric myoelectrical activity and plasma vasopressin levels in healthy humans. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:A696.
48. Walsh JW, Hasler WL, Nugent CE, Owyang C. Progesterone and estrogen are potential mediators of gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias in nausea of pregnancy. Am J Physiol. 1996;270:G506-514.
49. Koch KL. Diabetic gastropathy: Gastric neuromuscular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. A review of symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1061-75.
50. Koch KL, Stern RM, Vasey M, Botti JJ, Creasy GW, Dwyer A. Gastric dysrhythmias and nausea of pregnancy. Dig Dis Sci. 1990;35:961-8.
51. Koch KL, Hong SP, Xu L. Reproducibility of gastric myoelectrical activity and the water load test in patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia symptoms and in control subjects. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000;31:125-9.
52. Jednak MA, Shadigian EM, Kim MS, Woods ML, Hooper FG, Owyang C. Protein meals reduce nausea and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmic activity in first trimester pregnancy. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:G855-861.
53. Gunsar F, Yilmaz S, Bor S, Kumanlioglu K, Cetinkalp S, Kabalak T. Effect of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism on gastric myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying. Neurogastroenterol Mot. 2001;13:266.
54. Koch KL. Therapy of nausea and vomiting. In: Wolfe MM, ed. Therapy of Digestive Disorders. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2000: 731-46.
55. Sipiora ML, Murtaugh MA, Gregoire MD, Duffy VB. Bitter taste perception and severe vomiting in pregnancy. Physiol Behav. 2000;69:259-67.
56. Brown JE, Toma RB. Taste changes during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;43:414-8.
57. Doty RL, Huggins G, Snyder P, Lowry LD. Endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological correlates of olfactory sensitivity changes during the menstrual cycle. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1981;95:45-60.
58. Erick M. Hyperolfaction and hyperemesis gravidarum: What is the relationship?. Nutr Rev. 1995;53:289-95.
59. Crystal SR, Bowen DJ, Bernstein IL. Morning sickness and salt intake, food cravings, and food aversions. Physiol Behav. 1999;67:181-7.
60. Flaxman SM, Sherman PW. Morning sickness: A mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. Q Rev Biol. 2000;75:113-48.
61. Baylis J, Leeds AR, Challacombe DN. Persistent nausea and food aversions. Clin Allergy. 1983;13:263-9.
62. Signorello LB, Harlow BL, Wang S, Erick MA. Saturated fat intake and the risk of severe hyperemesis gravidarum. Epidemiology. 1998;9:636-40.
63. Deuchar N. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A review of the problem with particular regard to psychological and social aspects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:6-8.
64. Iancu I, Kotler M, Spivak B, Radwan M, Weizman A. Psychiatric aspects of hyperemesis gravidarum. Psychother Psychosom. 1994;61:142-149.
65. Georgas J, Giakoumaki E, Georgoulias N, Koumandakis E, Kaskarelis D. Psychosocial stress and its relations to obstetrical complications. Psychother Psychosom. 1984;41:200-6.
66. Katon W, Ries R, Bokan J, Kleinman A. Hyperemesis gravidarum: A biopsychosocial perspective. Psychiatry Med. 1980; 10:151-62.
67. Apfel R, Kelly S, Frankel F. The role of hypnotizability in the pathogenesis and treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;5:179-86.
68. Callahan E, Burnette M, DeLawyer D, Brasted W. Behavioral treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;5:187-95.
69. Simon EP, Schwartz J. Medical hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. Birth. 1999;26:248-54.
70. Long MAD, Stephen SS, Tucher JJ. Outpatient treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with stimulus control and imagery procedures. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1986;2:105-9.
71. Hoppe R. The case for and against diagnostic and therapeutic sexism. Women Ther. 1984;3:129-36.
72. Sherman PW, Flaxman SM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in an evolutionary perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:8190-7.
73. Profet M. Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens. In: Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J, eds. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1992: 327-65.
74. Power ML, Holzman GB, Schulkin J. A survey on the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy by obstetrician/gynecologists. Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns. 2001;8:69-72.
75. Neutel CI, Johansen HL. Measuring drug effectiveness by default: The case of Bendectin. Can J Public Health. 1995;86:66-9.
76. Brent RL. Bendectin: Review of the medical literature of a comprehensively studied human non-teratogen and the most prevalent tortogen-litigen. Reprod Toxicol. 1995;9:337-49.
77. Mazzotta P, Magee LA. A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Drugs. 2000;59:781-800.
78. Magee LA, Mazzotta P, Koren G. Evidence-based view of safety and effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:8256-8261.
79. 2 blockers: A prospective cohort study. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:1145-9.
80. Koren G, Pastuszak A, Ito S. Drugs and pregnancy. Am J Med. 1998;338:1128-37.
81. McKeigue PM, Lamm SH, Linn S, Kutcher JS. Bendectin and birth defects. I. A meta-analysis of the epidemiologic studies. Teratology. 1994;50:27-37.
82. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Determination that Bendectin was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness. Federal Register. 1999;64:43190-1.
83. Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Martinez-Firas ML. Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: A case-control study. Teratology. 1998;58:2-5.
84. Gardian G, Voros E, Jardanhazy T, Ungurean A, Vecsei L. Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by hyperemesis gravidarum. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99:196-8.
85. Chataway J, Haradman E. Thiamine in Wernicke's syndrome: How much and how long ?. Postgrad Med J. 1995;71:249-53.
86. Tsui B, Dennehy CE, Tsourounis C. A survey of dietary supplement use during pregnancy at an academic medical center. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:433-7.
87. 6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:33-6.
88. Vutyavanich T, Wongtra-ngan S, Ruangsri RA. Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:881-4.
89. 6 status of pregnant women. Human Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985;39:75-9.
90. Czeizel AE, Dudas I, Fritz G, Tecsoi A, Hanck A, Kunovits G. The effect of periconceptional multivitamin-rnineral supplementation on vertigo, nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1992;251:181-5.
91. Emelianova S, Mazzotta P, Einarson A, Koren G. Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation. Clin Invest Med. 1999;22:106-10.
92. Wilkinson JM. What do we know about herbal morning sickness treatments? A literature survey. Midwifery. 2000;16:224-8.
93. Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:577-82.
94. Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer SK, Dahl C, Asping U. Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1990;38:19-24.
95. Mowrey DB, Clayson DE. Motion sickness, ginger and psychophysics. Lancet 1982;1:655-7.
96. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, McNeil J, Charlton S. Ginger root: A new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynecologic surgery. Anesthesia. 1990;45:669-71.
97. Fulder S, Tenne M. Ginger as an anti-nausea remedy in pregnancy and the issue of safety. HerbalGram. 1996;38:47-50.
98. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:88-102;153-9.
99. Roscoe JA, Malteson SE. Acupressure and acustimulation bands for control of nausea: A brief review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:8244-8247.
100. Evans AT, Samuels SN, Marshall C, Bertolucci LE. Suppression of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting with sensory afferent stimulation. J Reprod Med. 1993;38:603-6.