The behavioral ecology of sympatric African apes: Implications for understanding fossil hominoid ecology

Primates

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 91-101

  Stanford, Craig B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chimpanzee; Gorilla; Sympatry

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; FOSSIL RECORD; PRIMATE; SYMPATRY;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIET; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HOMINID; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; UGANDA;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DIET; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HOMINIDAE; SPATIAL BEHAVIOR; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; UGANDA;

ANIMALIA; HOMINIDAE; PAN; PAN TROGLODYTES;

EID: 31344439124     PISSN: 00328332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10329-005-0148-6     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Asfaw B, White T, Suwa G (1999) Australopithecus garhi: A new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284:629-635
2. Bartholomew GA, Birdsell JA (1953) Ecology and the protohominids. Am Anthropol 55:481-498
3. Basabose K, Yamagiwa J (1997) Predation on mammals by chimpanzees in the montane forest of Kahuzi, Zaïre. Primates 38:45-55
4. Basabose K, Yamagiwa J (2002) Factors affecting nesting site choice in chimpanzees at Tshibati, Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Influence of sympatric gorillas. Int J Primatol 23:263-282
5. Boesch C (1996) Social grouping in Taï chimpanzees. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 101-113
6. Broom R (1950) The genera and species of the South African fossil ape-men. Am J Phys Anthropol 8:1-13
7. Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Ahounta D, Beauvilain A, Blondel C, Bocherens H, Boisserie JR, de Bonis L, Coppens Y, Dejax J, Denys C, Duringer P, Eisenmann V, Fanone G, Fronty P, Geraads D, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Louchart A, Mahamat A, Merceron G, Mouchelin G, Otero O, Campomanes PP, de Leon MP, Rage JC, Sapanet M, Schuster M, Sudre J, Tassy P, Valentin X, Vignaud P, Viriot L, Zazzo A, Zollikofer C (2002) A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418:145-151
8. Calvert JJ (1985) Food selection by western lowland gorillas (G.g. gorilla) in relation to food chemistry. Oecologia 65:236-246
9. Casimir MJ (1975) Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi region (Republique du Zaïre). Folia Primatol 24:1-36
10. Casimir MJ, Butenandt E (1973) Migration and core area shifting in relation to some ecological factors in a mountain gorilla group (Gorilla g. beringei) in Mt. Kahuzi region (Republique du Zaïre). Z Tierpsychol 33:514-522
11. Chapman CA, White FJ, Wrangham R (1994) Party size in chimpanzees and bonobos: A reevaluation of theory based on two similarly forested sites. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, de Waal FBM, Heltne PG (eds) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 41-57
12. Charles-Dominique P (1977) Ecology and behavior of nocturnal primates. Columbia University Press, New York
13. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH (1977) Primate ecology and social organisation. J Zool 183:1-39
14. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SHA, Speth JD (2001) Plant-animal subsistence rations and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr 71:682-692
15. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Kaplan H (2002) The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: Meat-based, yet nonatherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr 56[Suppl]:1-11
16. Doran DM, Mcneilage A (1998) Gorilla ecology and behavior. Evol Anthropol 6:120-131
17. Finch CE, Stanford CB (2004) Meat-adaptive genes and the evolution of slow aging rates in humans. Q Rev Biol 79:1-50
18. Fossey D, Harcourt AH (1977) Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). In: Clutton-Brock TH (ed) Primate ecology: Studies of feeding and ranging behavior in lemurs, monkeys and apes. Academic, London, pp 415-447
19. Furuichi T, Hashimoto C, Tashiro Y (2001) Fruit availability and habitat use by chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Examination of fallback foods. Int J Primatol 22:929-946
20. Gagneux P, Wills C, Gerloff U, Tautz D, Morin PA, Boesch C, Fruth B, Hohmann G, Ryder OA, Woodruff DS (1999) Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5077-5082
21. Gautier-Hion A, Quris AR, Gautier JP (1983) Monospecific vs. polyspecific life: A comparative study of foraging and antipredatory tactics in a community of Cercopithecus monkeys. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 12:325-335
22. Gebo DL, Chapman CA (1995) Positional behavior in five sympatric old world monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 97:49-77
23. Goldsmith ML (1996) Ecological influences on the ranging and grouping behavior of western lowland gorillas at Bai Houkou in the Central African Republic. PhD thesis, State University of New York, Stony Brook
24. Goldsmith ML (1999) Ranging behavior of a lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Int J Primatol 20:1-23
25. Goodall AG (1977) Feeding and ranging in the Kahuzi gorillas. In: Clutton-Brock TH (ed) Primate ecology: Studies of feeding and ranging behavior in lemurs, monkeys and apes. Academic, London, pp 450-478
26. Goodall J (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
27. Grine FE, Demes B, Jungers WL, Cole TM III (1993) Taxonomic affinity of the early Homo cranium from Swartkrans, South Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 92:411-426
28. Hamilton AC, Taylor D, Vogel JC (1986) Early forest clearance and environmental degradation in south-west Uganda. Nature 320:164-167
29. Harcourt AH (1978) Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Z Tierpsychol 48:401-420
30. Harcourt AH, Fossey D, Sabater Pi J (1981) Demography of Gorilla gorilla. J Zool 195:215-233
31. Hill A, Ward S (1988) Origin of the hominidae: The record of African large hominoid evolution between 14my and 4my. Yearb Phys Anthropol 31:49-83
32. Hohmann G, Fruth B (1993) Field observations on meat sharing among bonobos (Pan paniscus). Folia Primatol 60:225-229
33. Houle A, Chapman C, Vickery W (2002) Coexistence mechanisms among frugivorous canopy anthropoid primates in Kibale National Park, Uganda. In: 19th Congr Int Primatological Soc
34. Janzen DH (1979) How to be a fig. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 10:13-51
35. Johanson DC, White TD (1979) A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 202:321-330
36. Jones C, Sabater Pi J (1971) Comparative ecology of Gorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman) and Pan troglodytes (Blumembach) in Rio Muni, West Africa. Bibl Primatol 13:1-95
37. Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM (2000) A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol Anthropol 9:156-185
38. Kaplan H, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Lancaster J (2001) The embodied capital theory of human evolution. In: Ellison PT (ed) Reproductive ecology and human evolution. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 293-317
39. Kuroda S (1992) Ecological interspecies relationships between gorillas and chimpanzees in the Ndoki-Nouabale Reserve, northern Congo. In: Itoigawa N, Sugiyama Y, Sackett GP, Thompson RKR (eds) Topics in primatology, vol 2. Behavior, ecology, and conservation. Tokyo University Press, Tokyo, pp 385-394
40. Kuroda S, Nishihara S, Suzuki S, Oko RA (1996) Sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in the Ndoki Forest, Congo. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 71-81
41. Leakey LSB (1959) A new fossil skull from Olduvai. Nature 184:491-493
42. Leakey LSB (1966) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and the australopithecines. Nature 209:1279-1281
43. Leakey MG, Spoor F, Brown FH, Gathogo PN, Kiarie C, Leakey LN, Macdougall I (2001) New hominin genus from Eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410:433-440
44. Magliocca F, Querouil S (1997) Preliminary report on the use of the Maya-Maya North Saline (Odzala National Park, Congo) by lowland gorillas. Gorilla Conserv News 11:5
45. Malenky RK, Kuroda S, Vineberg EO, Wrangham RW (1994) The significance of terrestrial herbaceous foods for bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, de Waal FBM, Heltne PG (eds) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 59-76
46. Matsumoto-Oda A, Hosaka K, Huffman MA, Kawanaka K (1998) Factors affecting party size in chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Int J Primatol 19:1013-1028
47. Maughan JE, Stanford CB (2001) Terrestrial nesting by chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. In: Proc 18th Congr Int Primatol Soc. Plenum Press, New York, pp 22-31
48. McNeilage A, Plumptre AJ, Brock-Doyle A, Vedder AMY (1998) Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla and large mammal census, 1997. Wildlife Conservation Society Working Papers, New York
49. Milton K (1999) A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evol Anthropol 8:11-21
50. Milton K, Demment M (1989) Features of meat digestion by captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 18:45-52
51. Mitani JC, Watts D, Lwanga J (2002) Ecological and social correlates of chimpanzee party size and composition. In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF (eds) Behavioral diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 248-258
52. Nelson CA, Greer WE, Morris MD (1984) The distribution of serum high density lipoprotein subfractions in non-human primates. Lipids 19:656-663
53. Newton-Fisher N, Reynolds V, Plumptre A (2001) Food supply and chimpanzee party size in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Int J Primatol 21:613-628
54. Nishida T (1979) The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. In: Hamburg DA, McCown ER (eds) The great apes. Benjamin/ Cummings, London, pp 73-122
55. Nishihara T (1995) Feeding ecology of western lowland gorilla in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Congo. Primates 36:151-168
56. Nkurunungi JB (2004) Feeding and ranging ecology of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. PhD thesis, Makerere University
57. Olejniczak C (1996) Update on the Mbeli Bai gorilla study. Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, northern Congo. Gorilla Conserv Newsl 10:5-8
58. Remis MJ (1997a) Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: Use of variable resources. Am J Primatol 43:87-109
59. Remis MJ (1997b) Ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Am J Primatol 43:111-133
60. Robbins M (2001) The mountain gorilla social system: The male perspective. In: Robbins MM, Sicotte P, Stewart KJ (eds) Mountain gorillas: Three decades of research at Karisoke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 30-58
61. Rogers ME, Williamson EA (1987) Density of herbaceous plants eaten by gorillas in Gabon: Some preliminary data. Biotropica 19:278-281
62. Rogers ME, Williamson EA, Tutin CEG, Fernandez M (1988) Effects of the dry season on gorilla diet in Gabon. Primate Report: Selected Proc 12th IPS-Congress 22, pp 25-33
63. Rogers ME, Maisels F, Williamson EA, Fernandez M, Tutin CEG (1990) Gorilla diet in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: A nutritional analysis. Oecologia 84:326-339
64. Ruvolo ME, Disotell TR, Allard MW, Brown WM, Honeycutt RL (1991) Resolution of the African hominoid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1570-1574
65. Sabater Pi J, Bermejo M, Ilera G, Vea JJ (1993) Behavior of bonobos (Pan paniscus) following their capture of monkeys in Zaïre. Int J Primatol 14:797-804
66. Schaller GB (1963) The mountain gorilla. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
67. Stanford CB (1998) Chimpanzee and red colobus: The ecology of predator and prey. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
68. Stanford CB, Nkurunungi JB (2003) Sympatric ecology of chimpanzees and gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Diet. Int J Primatol 24:901-918
69. Stanford CB, Wallis J, Matama H, Goodall J (1994a) Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 1982-1991. Am J Phys Anthropol 94:213-228
70. Stanford CB, Wallis J, Mpongo E, Goodall J (1994b) Hunting decisions in wild chimpanzees. Behavior 131:1-20
71. Stanford CB, Gambaneza C, Nkurunungi JB, Goldsmith ML (2000) Chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, use different tools to obtain different types of honey. Primates 41:335-339
72. Stewart K, Harcourt AH (1987) Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth R, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 146-164
73. Struhsaker TT, Leland L (1979) Socioecology of five sympatric monkey species in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Adv Study Behav 9:159-228
74. Terborgh J (1983) Five new world primates. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
75. Tutin CEG (1993) Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Am J Primatol 30:195-211
76. Tutin CEG (1996) Ranging and social structure of lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 58-70
77. Tutin CEG, Fernandez M (1985) Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla g. beringei and Pan t. troglodytes in Gabon: Some preliminary data. Int J Primatol 6:27-43
78. Tutin CEG, McGrew WC, Baldwin PJ (1983) Social organization of savanna-dwelling chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal. Primates 24:154-173
79. Vedder A (1984) Movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability. Am J Primatol 7:73-88
80. Walker A, Leakey RL, Harris JM, Brown EH (1986) 2.5 myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 322:517-522
81. Watts DP (1984) Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the central Virungas. Am J Primatol 7:323-356
82. Watts DP (1991) Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas. Folia Primatol 56:1-16
83. Williamson EA, Tutin CEG, Rogers ME, Fernandez M (1990) Composition of the diet of lowland gorillas in Gabon. Am J Primatol 21:265-277
84. Wood BA (1992) Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 355:783-790
85. Wrangham RW (1977) Feeding behavior of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In: Clutton-BrockSTH (ed) Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behavior in lemurs, monkeys and apes. Academic, London, pp 503-538
86. Wrangham RW, Conklin NL, Etot G, Obua J, Hunt KD, Hauser MD, Clark AP (1993) The value of figs to chimpanzees. Int J Primatol 14:243-256
87. Wrangham RW, Chapman CA, Clark-Arcadi AP, Isabirye-Basuta G (1996) Social ecology of Kanyawara chimpanzees: Implications for understanding the costs of great ape groups. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 45-57
88. Yamagiwa J, Kahekwa J (2001) Dispersal patterns, group structure, and reproductive parameters of eastern lowland gorillas at Kahuzi in the absence of infanticide. In: Robbins MM, Sicotte P, Stewart KJ (eds) Mountain gorillas: Three decades of research at Karisoke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 89-122
89. Yamagiwa J, Mwanza N, Yumoto T, Maruhashi T (1994) Seasonal change in the composition of the diet of eastern lowland gorillas. Primates 35:1-14
90. Yamagiwa J, Maruhashi T, Yumoto T, Mwanza N (1996) Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaïre. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 82-98