Diplomatic wives: The politics of domesticity and the "social game" in the U.S. foreign service, 1905-1941

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2005, Pages

  Wood, Molly M ^a  

^a WITTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 31144462079     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2005.0025     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Graham Stuart, American Diplomatic and Consular Practice (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1936), 275.
2. See the 1972 Directive reproduced in Homer Calkin, Women in the Department of State: Their Role in Foreign Affairs (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1977), Appendix 1.
3. Martin Weil, A Pretty Good Club (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1978), 21;
4. Rachel West, The Department of State on the Eve of the First World War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978);
5. Henry Mattox, The Twilight of Amoteur Diplomacy (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989).
6. Mary Procida, Married to the Empire: Gender, Politics and Imperialism, 1883-1947 (New York: Manchester University Press, 2002), 5.
7. See also Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1991).
8. On military women see Donna Alvah, "'Unofficial Ambassadors': American Military Families Overseas and Cold War Foreign Relations, 1945-1965" (PhD diss., University of California at Davis, 2000), 1.
9. See, for example, Edward Crapol, ed., Women and American Foreign Policy, 2d ed. (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1992);
10. Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984);
11. and Harriet Alonso, Peace as a Woman's Issue (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993).
12. See Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
13. On gender and U.S. foreign relations, see Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaclies and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990),
14. See also Emily Rosenberg, "Gender," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 116-24;
15. Andrew Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81, no. 2 (1994): 518-42;
16. Emily Rosenberg, "Consuming Women: Images of Americanization in the American Century,'" Diplomatic History 23, no. 3 (1999): 479-97;
17. and Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21, no. 2 (1997): 163-83.
18. See Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire;
19. Procida, Married to the Empire;
20. Ann Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule," Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 1 (1989): 134-61,
21. and "Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20th Century Colonial Cultures," American Ethnologist 16, no. 4 (1989): 634-60;
22. Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women and imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994);
23. and Laura Wexler, Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
24. See, for example, Richard Hume Werktag, The Master Architects (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1977).
25. Beaulac, Career Ambassador, 134.
26. John Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1906), 6;
27. Hilary Callen, "The Premise of Dedication: Notes Towards an Ethnography of Diplomat's Wives," in Perceiving Women, ed. Shirley Ardener (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1975), 89.
28. Arlie Hochschild, "The Role of the Ambassador's Wife: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Marriage and the Family 31, no. 1 (1969): 76.
29. The literature on women and politics is voluminous. See, for example, Maureen Flanagan, "Gender and Urban Political Reform," American Historical Review 95 (October 1990), 1032-50;
30. Melanie Custafson, "Partisan Women in the Progressive Era," Journal of Women's History 9 (summer 1997), 8-30;
31. Alvah, "Unofficial Ambassadors," 88;
32. and Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 1.
33. Burton, Burdens of History, 12;
34. Dagmar Kane, AAFSW, 3.
35. Lucy Briggs, AAFSW, 1-2.
36. Dorothy Emmerson, AAFSW, 31;
37. and Naomi Matthews, AAFSW, 11.
38. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy, 115.
39. "Diplomats' Wives Win Hostess Disputes as Roosevelt Bans Chiefs Naming Cousins," New York Times, 12 January 1936, 1.
40. See 1907 inspection form quoted in Werktag, Master Architects, 110.
41. Beatrice Russell, Living in State (New York: D. McKay, 1959), 83-84;
42. and Hochschild, "The Role of the Ambassador's Wife," 85.
43. Molly Wood, "An American Diplomat's Wife in Mexico" (PhD diss., University of South Carolina, 1998).
44. Wood, "An American Diplomat's Wife in Mexico," 63-64.
45. Beryl Smedley, Partners in Diplomacy (London: The Harley Press, 1991), 90;
46. Hughes, Accidental Diplomat, 16-17.
47. See Fenzi, Married to the Foreign Service, 131. See also Strobel's description of women's household responsibilities in the context of the British Empire. Unlike military wives who were housed on military bases, diplomats were responsible for obtaining their own housing.
48. Allgor, Parlor Politics, 88-89.
49. See also Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases, 97.
50. Stuart, American Diplomatic and Consular Practice, 275.
51. Jean Vance, AAFSW, 34;
52. Felizi, Married to the Foreign Service, xviii.
53. Russell, Living in State, 84.
54. Pavalko and Elder, "Women Behind the Men," 548.
55. Elsie Lyon, AAFSW, 24.
56. RuSSeIl, Living in State, 84.
57. Lilla Grew Moffat, AAFSW, 40.
58. Lucy Salmon, Domestic Service (New York: Arno Press, 1972).
59. and Briggs, AAFSW, 86.
60. Katzman, Seven Days a Week, 153.
61. Hochschild, "The Role of the Ambassador's Wife," 74n5, 86.
62. Emmerson, AAFSW, 22.
63. American Consular Bulletin, Vol. V, no. 1 (1923): 8.