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Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 586-606

Augustine and the rhetoric of Roman decline

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EID: 31144461645     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (10)

References (106)
  • 2
    • 18444393325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 539 U.S. 558
    • See, most recently, Justice Scalia's dissent in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). Scalia laments that 'the Court has taken sides in the culture war' (p. 18).
    • (2003) Lawrence v. Texas
  • 12
    • 31144432560 scopus 로고
    • Liberalism and its communitarian critics: Does liberal practice live down to liberal theory?
    • ed. C. Reynolds and R. Norman (Berkeley)
    • but cf. B. Yack, 'Liberalism and its Communitarian Critics: Does Liberal Practice Live Down to Liberal Theory?', in Community in America: The Challenges of Habits of the Heart, ed. C. Reynolds and R. Norman (Berkeley, 1988).
    • (1988) Community in America: The Challenges of Habits of the Heart
    • Yack, B.1
  • 13
    • 31144472327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral apocalyptic in Islam
    • E.g. English Puritanism, the American Great Awakenings; for such movements in the Muslim tradition, which are often tied to apocalyptic social critique, see David Cook, 'Moral Apocalyptic in Islam', Studio Islamica, 86 (1997), pp. 37-69.
    • (1997) Studio Islamica , vol.86 , pp. 37-69
    • Cook, D.1
  • 15
    • 0004272517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a contemporary example, see the data in Putnam, Bowling Alone.
    • Bowling Alone
  • 16
    • 0037334756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimodernism, environmentalism, and the recurrent rhetoric of decline
    • Spring
    • For example, much of the contemporary environmental rhetoric locates the Scientific Revolution (and important figures such as Descartes, Bacon and Hobbes) as the central mechanism responsible for much of the contemporary environmental danger. See Andrew Murphy, 'Antimodernism, Environmentalism, and the Recurrent Rhetoric of Decline', Environmental Ethics, 25 (1) (Spring 2003), pp. 79-98. 'Agent' in this context need not imply a person or group of persons, but has to do with the assignment of causal responsibility for the perceived decline.
    • (2003) Environmental Ethics , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-98
    • Murphy, A.1
  • 17
    • 31144462805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One exception to this claim is the sort of apocalyptic social rhetoric that views moral decline as heralding imminent divine judgment. I do not address this sort of critique in this article.
    • One exception to this claim is the sort of apocalyptic social rhetoric that views moral decline as heralding imminent divine judgment. I do not address this sort of critique in this article.
  • 19
    • 0004057043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Bellah's comments on 'Sheilaism' in Habits of the Heart, p. 221.
    • Habits of the Heart , pp. 221
  • 21
    • 31144442647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several disclaimers are given in an appendix on pp. 605-6
    • Several disclaimers are given in an appendix on pp. 605-6.
  • 22
    • 84858527684 scopus 로고
    • Augustine's sermons on the sack of Rome: Ambiguity within a 'totalizing discourse"
    • esp.
    • See Theodore S. DeBruyn, 'Augustine's Sermons on the Sack of Rome: Ambiguity Within a 'Totalizing Discourse" ', Journal of Early Christian Studies, 1 (1993), esp. pp. 411-14.
    • (1993) Journal of Early Christian Studies , vol.1 , pp. 411-414
    • Debruyn, T.S.1
  • 23
    • 31144435575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. R.W. Dyson (Cambridge), Bk. 2, ch. 3
    • Augustine, City of God, ed. R.W. Dyson (Cambridge, 1998), Bk. 2, ch. 3, p. 53.
    • (1998) City of God , pp. 53
    • Augustine1
  • 24
    • 31144441849 scopus 로고
    • To Marcellinus
    • Letter 138 Grand Rapids, MI, [1886], ch. 2
    • See also Augustine, Letter 138 'To Marcellinus', in Select Library, Vol. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI, 1974 [1886]), ch. 2.
    • (1974) Select Library , vol.1
    • Augustine1
  • 25
    • 31144460719 scopus 로고
    • trans. George E. McCracken (Westminster, MD), Bk. 1, ch. 1
    • Arnobius of Sicca, Adversus Nationes, trans. George E. McCracken (Westminster, MD, 1959), Bk. 1, ch. 1, p. 58.
    • (1959) Adversus Nationes , pp. 58
  • 26
    • 31144471986 scopus 로고
    • To demetrianus
    • sec. 2, [American reprint of the Edinburgh edition], ed. Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, (Buffalo)
    • Cyprian, To Demetrianus, sec. 2, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers [American reprint of the Edinburgh edition], ed. Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, Vol. 5 (Buffalo, 1885), p. 458;
    • (1885) The Ante-Nicene Fathers , vol.5 , pp. 458
    • Cyprian1
  • 30
  • 31
    • 31144437048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ad Nationes
    • Bk. 1, ch. 9, ed. Roberts and Donaldson
    • Tertullian, Ad Nationes, Bk. 1, ch. 9, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed. Roberts and Donaldson, Vol. 3, pp. 117-18;
    • The Ante-Nicene Fathers , vol.3 , pp. 117-118
    • Tertullian1
  • 32
    • 31144467764 scopus 로고
    • The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, ed. Roy J. DeFerrari (Washington, DC). For more on Orosius see below
    • and see Orosius, The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, Vol. 50 of The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation, ed. Roy J. DeFerrari (Washington, DC, 1964). For more on Orosius see below, p. 595.
    • (1964) The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation , vol.50 , pp. 595
    • Orosius1
  • 34
    • 31144476941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 1, ch. 36
    • Bk. 1, ch. 36, p. 46.
    • City of God , pp. 46
  • 35
    • 31144463317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 2, ch. 2
    • Ibid., Bk. 2, ch. 2, p. 52.
    • City of God , pp. 52
  • 37
    • 31144472570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divine Institutes
    • Bk. 5, ch. 20, ed. Roberts and Donaldson
    • Lactantius, Divine Institutes, Bk. 5, ch. 20, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed. Roberts and Donaldson, Vol. 7, p. 155.
    • The Ante-Nicene Fathers , vol.7 , pp. 155
    • Lactantius1
  • 38
    • 31144479056 scopus 로고
    • trans. James J. Buchanan and Harold T. Davis (San Antonio)
    • Zosimus, Historia Nuova 2.7, trans. James J. Buchanan and Harold T. Davis (San Antonio, 1967), pp. 53-4;
    • (1967) Historia Nuova 2.7 , pp. 53-54
    • Zosimus1
  • 39
    • 21644462096 scopus 로고
    • Zosimus, the first historian of Rome's fall
    • esp. pp. 416-17
    • see also W. Goffart, 'Zosimus, The First Historian of Rome's Fall', American Historical Review, 76 (1971), pp. 412-41, esp. pp. 416-17.
    • (1971) American Historical Review , vol.76 , pp. 412-441
    • Goffart, W.1
  • 41
    • 31144445985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confessions
    • Bk. 5, ch. 23, intro. and trans. M. Boulding and J. Rotelle (New York)
    • Symmachus approved Augustine for a position as teacher of rhetoric at Milan; see Augustine, Confessions, Bk. 5, ch. 23, in The Works of St. Augustine: A Translation for the Twenty-First Century, intro. and trans. M. Boulding and J. Rotelle (New York, 1997), p. 130;
    • (1997) The Works of St. Augustine: A Translation for the Twenty-first Century , pp. 130
    • Augustine1
  • 44
    • 31144445252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatione 3
    • sec. 3, trans. Barrow
    • Symmachus, Relatione 3, sec. 3, in Prefect and Emperor, trans. Barrow, pp. 38, 36-7.
    • Prefect and Emperor , pp. 38
    • Symmachus1
  • 45
    • 31144445252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatione 3
    • sec. 9; trans. Barrow
    • Symmachus, Relatione 3, sec. 9; in Prefect and Emperor, trans. Barrow, p. 41.
    • Prefect and Emperor , pp. 41
    • Symmachus1
  • 49
    • 0004218788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maiden, MA
    • Not only were both Christianity and paganism internally plural, they were also mutually influential and formative. For the most recent and most magisterial treatment of these issues see Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000 (Maiden, MA, 2003).
    • (2003) The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000
    • Brown, P.1
  • 51
    • 31144466992 scopus 로고
    • The social background of the struggle between paganism and christianity
    • ed. Momigliano; Peter Brown, Authority and the Sacred (Cambridge), ch. 1
    • A.H.M. Jones, "The Social Background of the Struggle Between Paganism and Christianity', also in Conflict, ed. Momigliano; Peter Brown, Authority and the Sacred (Cambridge, 1995), ch. 1;
    • (1995) Conflict
    • Jones, A.H.M.1
  • 52
  • 53
    • 31144449575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sermon 31
    • Augustine, Sermon 31, in Select Library, Vol. 6, p. 356.
    • Select Library , vol.6 , pp. 356
    • Augustine1
  • 55
    • 79958586876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrarum orbi documentum: Augustine, camillus, and learning from history
    • ed. Vessey, Pollman and Fitzgerald
    • See Catherine Conybeare, 'Terrarum Orbi Documentum: Augustine, Camillus, and Learning from History', in History, the Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination, ed. Vessey, Pollman and Fitzgerald, pp. 59-74.
    • History, the Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination , pp. 59-74
    • Conybeare, C.1
  • 57
    • 31144455066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augustine's use of sallust in the city of god: The role of the grammatical tradition
    • ed. Vessey, Pollman and Fitzgerald
    • Paul C. Burns, 'Augustine's Use of Sallust in the City of God: The Role of the Grammatical Tradition', in History, Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination, ed. Vessey, Pollman and Fitzgerald.
    • History, Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination
    • Burns, P.C.1
  • 59
    • 31144434022 scopus 로고
    • The best work on this topic remains D.C. Earl
    • Cambridge
    • The best work on this topic remains D.C. Earl, The Political Thought of Sallust (Cambridge, 1961).
    • (1961) The Political Thought of Sallust
  • 60
    • 31144445984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We know from the Confessions of the important role played by Cicero in initiating Augustine's lifelong search for wisdom. Augustine refers to Cicero's De republica often in the first five books of the City of God. But these citations are less germane to the main focus of this article.
  • 62
    • 31144449310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 5, ch. 12
    • also Bk. 5, ch. 12, pp. 210-11.
    • City of God , pp. 210-211
  • 64
    • 31144443163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of Roman rhetorical exempla in Augustine's city of god
    • Leuven
    • Burns, 'Roles of Roman Rhetorical exempla in Augustine's City of God', in Studia Patristica, Vol. 38 (Leuven, 2001), p. 40;
    • (2001) Studia Patristica , vol.38 , pp. 40
    • Burns1
  • 69
    • 0004010604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 14, ch. 2
    • Ibid., Bk. 14, ch. 2.
    • City of God
  • 70
    • 0004010604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bks, 15-18, 21-2
    • Ibid., Bks, 15-18, 21-2.
    • City of God
  • 71
    • 31144455338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 11, ch. 1
    • Ibid., Bk. 11, ch. 1, p. 450.
    • City of God , pp. 450
  • 74
    • 31144445252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatione 3
    • sec. 9; trans. Barrow
    • Symmachus, Relatione 3, sec. 9; in Prefect and Emperor, trans. Barrow, p. 41.
    • Prefect and Emperor , pp. 41
    • Symmachus1
  • 75
    • 31144452434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numbers 14
    • Genesis 17; Numbers 14.
    • Genesis , vol.17
  • 76
    • 18744397422 scopus 로고
    • Model of Christian charity
    • Boston
    • John Winthrop, 'Model of Christian Charity', in Winthrop Papers (Boston, 1929-47), Vol. 2, pp. 292-3.
    • (1929) Winthrop Papers , vol.2 , pp. 292-293
    • Winthrop, J.1
  • 79
    • 31144438289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life of Constantine
    • Book I, ch. 3
    • Eusebius, Life of Constantine, in Select Library (second series), Vol. 1; Book I, ch. 3, p. 482.
    • Select Library (Second Series) , vol.1 , pp. 482
    • Eusebius1
  • 80
    • 0041510824 scopus 로고
    • St. Augustine and the Christian theory of progress
    • T. Mommsen, 'St. Augustine and the Christian Theory of Progress', Journal of the History of Ideas, 12 (1951), pp. 360-2.
    • (1951) Journal of the History of Ideas , vol.12 , pp. 360-362
    • Mommsen, T.1
  • 82
  • 83
    • 31144436736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ch. 12
    • Ibid., ch. 12, p. 212.
    • City of God , pp. 212
  • 84
    • 31144457672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ch. 12
    • Ibid., ch. 12, p. 213;
    • City of God , pp. 213
  • 85
    • 31144463555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 5, ch. 18
    • Bk. 5, ch. 18, p. 219.
    • City of God , pp. 219
  • 87
    • 31144463877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 5, ch. 18
    • Augustine, City of God, Bk. 5, ch. 18: pp. 218 ff.
    • City of God , pp. 218
    • Augustine1
  • 88
    • 31144459468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ch. 15
    • Ibid., ch. 15, p. 215.
    • City of God , pp. 215
  • 92
    • 84928158998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 1, ch. 9, more generally, Bk. 1, chs. 8-10
    • Augustine, City of God, Bk. 1, ch. 9, p. 15; more generally, Bk. 1, chs. 8-10.
    • City of God , pp. 15
    • Augustine1
  • 93
    • 31144454794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bk. 20, ch. 2
    • Ibid., Bk. 20, ch. 2, p. 967.
    • City of God , pp. 967
  • 97
    • 84879896750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uses of decay: History in salvian's de gubernatione dei
    • ed. Vessey, Pollman and Fitzgerald
    • see also David Lambert, 'The Uses of Decay: History in Salvian's De Gubernatione Dei', in History, the Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination, ed. Vessey, Pollman and Fitzgerald, pp. 115-30.
    • History, the Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination , pp. 115-130
    • Lambert, D.1
  • 98
    • 31144456879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Let our lives be good; and the times are good. We make our times; such as we are, such are the times
    • Sermon 30
    • 'Let our lives be good; and the times are good. We make our times; such as we are, such are the times.' Augustine, Sermon 30, in Select Library, Vol. 6, p. 352.
    • Select Library , vol.6 , pp. 352
    • Augustine1
  • 99
    • 31144443926 scopus 로고
    • The Roman empire in early christian historiography
    • 'To a historian, the history of the historiography of Rome is of as great an interest as the history of Rome; the ghost has worked as effectively in the minds of men as the real thing had worked in their lives... [T]he year 410... is a dramatic date; but it is dramatic in the biography of the ghost rather than in the history of its earthly body. It is certainly extremely easy to exaggerate the effect of the three days' looting and violence in the city perpetrated by the Goths' (R.A. Markus, 'The Roman Empire in Early Christian Historiography', The Downside Review, 81 (1963), pp. 340-1).
    • (1963) The Downside Review , vol.81 , pp. 340-341
    • Markus, R.A.1
  • 100
    • 0040857517 scopus 로고
    • Princeton
    • This sort of approach is taken by Derek L. Phillips, in Looking Backward (Princeton, 1993); not to mention the larger tendency of critics on either side to resort to such overblown polemics as 'There is no virtue in the modern world' or 'Perhaps there was virtue back then, but there was slavery as well, and women could not vote!' Neither of these sorts of claims helps, in my view, to navigate through the layers of meaning and discontent that declinist rhetoric has always articulated.
    • (1993) Looking Backward
    • Phillips, D.L.1
  • 105
    • 85048941579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "One nation under god", September 11, and the Chosen Nation: Moral Decline and Divine Punishment in American Public Discourse
    • A. Murphy, ' "One Nation Under God", September 11, and the Chosen Nation: Moral Decline and Divine Punishment in American Public Discourse', Political Theology, 6 (2005), pp. 9-30.
    • (2005) Political Theology , vol.6 , pp. 9-30
    • Murphy, A.1


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