Insect biodiversity of boreal peat bogs

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 51, Issue , 2006, Pages 137-161

  Spitzer, Karel ^a   Danks, Hugh V ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF ENTOMOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

^b Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)   (Canada)

Author keywords

Conservation; Peatlands; Tyrphobiontic insects

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIODIVERSITY; CANADA; CLASSIFICATION; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EUROPE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; INSECT; REVIEW; SOIL;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CANADA; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ENVIRONMENT; EUROPE; INSECTS; SOIL; VARIATION (GENETICS);

HEXAPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 30844454887     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151036     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Barták M, Roháček J. 1999. The species of the family Empididae (Diptera) of the six peat-bogs in the Sumava Mts (Czech Republic). Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 43:7-26
2. Batzer DP, Wissinger SA. 1996. Ecology of insect communities in nontidal wetlands. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:75-100
3. Blades DCA, Marshall SA. 1994. Terrestrial arthropods of Canadian peatlands: synopsis of pan trap collections at four southern Ontario peatlands. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:221-84
4. Boudot J-P, Jacquemin G, Goutet P. 1990. Odonates des lacs et tourbières à sphaignes des Hautes-Vosges, France. Opusc. Zool. Flumin. 52:1-11
5. Bragg O. 1989. The importance of water in mire ecosystem. Res. Surv. Nat. Conserv. Peterb. 24:61-82
6. Bragg O, Steiner GM. 1995. Applying groundwater mound theory to bog management on Puergschachenmoos in Austria. Gunneria 70:83-96
7. Bridgham SD, Pastor J, Janssens JA, Chapin C, Malterer TJ. 1996. Multiple limiting gradients in peatlands: a call for a new paradigm. Wetlands 16:45-65
8. Butterfield J, Coulson JC. 1983. The carabid communities on peat and upland grasslands in northern England. Holarct. Ecol. 6:163-74
9. Calmé S, Desrochers A. 1999. Nested bird and micro-habitat assemblages in a peatland archipelago. Oecologia 118:361-70
10. Cannings SG, Cannings RA. 1994. The Odonata of the northern cordilleran peatlands of North America. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:89-110
11. Charlton RE, Cannings RA. 1993. The larva of Williamsonia fletcheri Williamson (Anisoptera: Corduliidae). Odonatologica 22:335-43
12. Charman D. 2002. Peatlands and Environmental Change. Chichester, UK: Wiley. 301 pp.
13. Coulson JC, Butterfield JEL. 1985. The invertebrate communities of peat and upland grasslands in the North of England and some conservation implications. Biol. Conserv. 34:197-225
14. Coulson JC, Whittaker JB. 1978. Ecology of moorland animals. In Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands, ed. OW Heal, DF Perkins, pp. 52-94. London: Springer-Verlag
15. Danks HV, Rosenberg DM. 1987. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada: synthesis of information and identification of needs for research. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:163-74
16. Dapkus D. 2000. Comparison of Lepidoptera communities of Cepkeliai raised bog, Balosa and Palios peatlands. Acta Zool. Litu. 10(4):85-88
17. Dapkus D. 2001. Macrolepidoptera of Lithuanian peatbogs. Nor. J. Entomol. 48:161-66
18. Dettner K. 1976. Populationsdynamische Untersuchungen an Wasserkäfern zwei Hochmoore des Nordschwarzwaldes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 77:375-402
19. De Vries HH, Den Boer PJ. 1990. Survival of populations of Agonum ericeti Pan. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in relation to fragmentation of habitats. Neth. J. Zool. 40:484-98
20. De Vries HH, Kamping A, Van Delden W. 1994. A preliminary study of genetic variation in isolated populations of the ground beetle Agonum ericeti (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Proc. Sect. Exp. Appl. Entomol. N. E. V. Amst. 5:109-14
21. Dondale CD, Redner JH. 1994. Spiders (Araneae) of six small peatlands in southern Ontario or southwestern Quebec. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:33-40
22. Ewert D. 1982. Birds in isolated bogs in central Michigan. Am. Midl. Nat. 108(1):41-50
23. Fassati M. 1956. Über die geographische Variabilität, Biologie und über den Ursprung von Carabus menetriesi in der Tschechoslowakei. Acta Faun. Entomol. Mus. Nat. Pragae 1:65-76
24. Fichtner E. 1974. Tyrphoxen - tyrphophil - tyrphobiont. Entomol. Nachr. 18(3):33-40
25. Finnamore AT. 1994. Hymenoptera of the Wagner natural area, a boreal spring fen in central Alberta. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:181-220
26. Finnamore AT, Marshall SA, eds. 1994. Terrestrial arthropods of peatlands, with particular reference to Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:3-289
27. Flannagan JF, Macdonald SR. 1987. Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:47-56
28. Foltin H. 1954. Die Macrolepidopterenfauna der Hochmoore Oberösterreichs. Z. Wien. Entomol. Ges. 39:98-115
29. Ford EB. 1955. Moths: The New Naturalist. London: Collins. 266 pp.
30. Främbs H. 1994. The importance of habitat structure and food supply for carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in peat bogs. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:145-59
31. Främbs H, Dormann W, Mossakowski D. 2002. Spatial distribution of carabid beetle Zehlau Bog. Baltic J. Coleopterol. 2(1):7-13
32. Gardiner JS, ed. 1932. The Natural History of Wicken Fen. Cambridge, UK: Bowes & Bowes. 652 pp.
33. Geiger W. 1980. Observations écofaunistiques sur les Lepidoptères de la tourbière du Cachot (Jura Neuchatelois). I. Méthodes, faunistique et caractéristiques du peuplement. Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat. 103:11-27
34. Gelbrecht J. 1988. Zur Schmetterlings-fauna von Hochmooren in der DDR. Entomol. Nachr. Ber. 32:49-56
35. Giberson D, Hardwick L. 1999. Pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) in eastern Canadian peatlands: ecology and conservation of the invertebrate inquilines. In Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management, ed. DP Batzer, RB Rader, SA Wissinger, pp. 401-22. New York: Wiley
36. Gillespie RG, Roderick GK. 2002. Arthropods on islands: colonization, speciation, and conservation. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:595-632
37. Goodwillie R. 1980. European Peatlands: Nature and Environment. Strasbourg, Fr.: Counc. Eur. 75 pp.
38. Gore AJP, ed. 1983. Ecosystem of the World 4A. Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. General Studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 440 pp.
39. Gore AJP, ed. 1983. Ecosystem of the World 4B. Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. Regional Studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 479 pp.
40. Hamilton KGA. 1994. Evolution of Limotettix Sahlberg (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:73-79
41. Hejkal J. 1990. Carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the peat bog Soos in W-Bohemia: a faunistical and ecological study. Folia Mus. Rer. Nat. Bohem. Occid. Zool. 32:3-54
42. Hilton DFJ. 1982. The biology of Endothenia daeckeania (Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae), an inhabitant of the ovaries of the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae). Can. Entomol. 114:269-74
43. Hilton DFJ. 1987. Odonata of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:57-63
44. Holman J. 1996. Symydobius nanae sp. n. (Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea: Aphididae) and other aphids living on Betula nana in the Sumava National Park, Czech Republic. Eur. J. Entomol. 93:239-48
45. Howie S. 2002. A look at Burns Bog. Davidsonia 13:76-94
46. Hůrka K. 1996. Carabidae of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Zlín: Kabourek. 565 pp.
47. Hustich I. 1957. On the phytogeography of the subarctic Hudson Bay lowland. Acta Geogr. 16(1): 1-48
48. Hustich I. 1966. On the forest-tundra and the northern tree-lines. Ann. Univ. Turku A2 36:7-47
49. Istock CA, Weisburg WG. 1987. Strong habitat selection and the development of population structure in a mosquito. Evol. Ecol. 1:348-62
50. Jankovská V. 1980. Paläogeobotanische Rekonstruction der Vegetationsverhältnisse im Becken Třeboňská pánev während des Spätglazials und Holozäns. Vegetace ČSSR A 11. Prague: Academia. 230 pp.
51. Jankovská V. 1995. Relationship between the Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and the animal component of their ecosystems. Geolines 2:11-16
52. Johnson LC, Damman AWH. 1991. Species-controlled Sphagnum decay in a south Swedish peat-bog. Oikos 61:234-42
53. Juritza G. 1964. Ein Beitrag zur subspezifischen Gliederung der Aeschna subarctica Walker in Europe (Odonata, Aeschnidae). Beitr. Naturk. Forsch. SW-Dtschl. 23:123-35
54. Kallio P. 1970. Ecology of the subarctic regions. Proc. Hels. Symp. UNESCO 1:1-364
55. Klinger LF. 1996. The myth of the classic hydrosere model of bog succession. Arctic Alp. Res. 28:1-9
56. Klinger LF, Elias SA, Behan-Pelletier VM, Williams NE. 1990. The bog climax hypothesis: fossil arthropod and stratigraphic evidence in peat section from southeast Alaska, USA. Holarct. Ecol. 13:72-80
57. Klots AB. 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 349 pp.
58. Klots AB. 1958. Southern extensions of arctic and subarctic insects in bogs and alpine areas. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol., Montreal, 1956, 1:711 (Abstr.)
59. Koponen S. 2002. Spider fauna of peat bogs in southwestern Finland. In European Arachnology 2000, ed. S Toft, N Scharff, pp. 267-71. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus Univ. Press
60. Krampl F. 1991. Relict occurrence of the boreal species Chloroclysta infuscata in central Europe (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 88:381-89
61. Krawchuk MA, Taylor PD. 2003. Changing importance of habitat structure across multiple spatial scales for three species of insects. Oikos 103(1):153-61
62. Krogerus R. 1960. Ökologischen Studien über nordischen Moorarthropoden. Artenbestand, ökologische Faktoren, Korrelation der Arten. Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comm. Biol. 21:1-238
63. Kurentzov AI. 1948. The faunal relationship of the tundra and larch peat bogs in the Sikhote-Alin Mts. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 59(2):341-44
64. Kurentzov AI. 1967. The Entomofauna of Mountain Regions of the USSR Far East. Moscow: Nauka, USSR Acad. Sci. 94 pp.
65. Kurentzov AI. 1970. The Butterflies of the Far East USSR. Leningrad: Nauka. 163 pp.
66. Kůrka A. 1990. The arachnofauna of Bohemian peat bogs. Spiders (Araneida) of the State Nature Reserve Mrtvý Luh, Sumava Mts. Acta Mus. Nat. Pragae Ser. B 46:37-77
67. Kusnetzov NJ. 1938. The arctic fauna of Eurasia and its origin: a study based mainly on Lepidoptera. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. pp. 105-15
68. Larson DJ. 1987. Aquatic Coleoptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:99-132
69. Larson DJ, House NL. 1990. Insect communities of Newfoundland bog pools with emphasis on the Odonata. Can. Entomol. 122:469-501
70. Lavoie C, Elias SA, Filion L. 1997. A 7000-year record of insect communities from a peatland environment, southern Québec. Ékoscience 4:394-403
71. Lavoie C, Elias SA, Payette S. 1997. Holocene fossil beetles from a treeline peatland in subarctic Quebec. Can. J. Zool. 75:227-36
72. Lewis DJ. 1987. Biting flies (Diptera) of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:133-40
73. Lozan A. 2002. Light traps' braconids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Mrtvý Luh bog (Central Europe, Bohemian Forest). Silva Gabreta 8:247-54
74. Lozan A, Tobias V. 2002. Microchelonus Szépligeti (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from central European peat-bogs with redescription of M. basalis (Curtis). Linz. Biol. Beitr. 34:1179-84
75. Maey H. 1986. Der Hochmoorgelbling Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761) und seine Unterarten. Mitt. Arbeitsgem. Rhein. Westf. Lepid. 1:6-110
76. Marshall SA. 1994. Peatland Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) of Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:173-79
77. Marshall SA. 1997. Sphaerocerid flies (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) of the Yukon. In Insects of the Yukon, ed. HV Danks, JA Downes, pp. 663-85. Ottawa: Biol. Survey Can. (Terr. Arthropods)
78. Marshall SA, Finnamore AT, Blades DA. 1999. Canadian peatlands: the terrestrial arthropod fauna. In Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management, ed. DP Batzer, RB Rader, SA Wissinger, pp. 383-400. New York: Wiley
79. Matthews GVT. 1993. Feuchtgebiete. Schutz und Erhaltung im Rahmen der Ramsar-Konvention. Graz, Austria: Styria Medien Serv. 232 pp.
80. McConnell C. 2002. Raised bogs. Irish peatland conservation council information sheet. http://www.ipcc.ie/inforaisedbogfs.html
81. Meineke J-U. 1981. Zeitliche und räumliche Differenzierung von Lepidopteren in Moorkomplexen des Alpenvorlandes. Beih. Veröff. Nat. Landsc. Bad. Württ. 21:133-44
82. Meineke J-U. 1982. Die Grossschmetterlinge (Macrolepidoptera) der Verlandungsmoore des württembergischen Alpenvorlandes. PhD thesis. Tübingen: Fak. Biol. Eberhard-Karls-Univ. 494 pp.
83. Meineke J-U. 1985. Die Situation moorgebundener Gross-Schmetterlingsarten in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Telma 15(19):75-100
84. Mikkola K, Lafontaine JD, Kononenko VS. 1991. Zoogeography of the Holarctic species of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera): importance of the Beringian refuge. Entomol. Fenn. 2:157-73
85. Mikkola K, Spitzer K. 1983. Lepidoptera associated with peatlands in central and northern Europe: a synthesis. Nota Lepid. 6:216-29
86. Moore PD. 1991. Ups and downs in peatland. Nature 353:299-300
87. Mossakowski D. 1969. Ökologische Untersuchungen an epigäischen Coleopteren atlantischer Moor- und Heidestandorte. Z. Wiss. Zool. 181:233-16
88. Mossakowski D. 1970. Das Hochmoor-Ökoareal von Agonum ericeti (Panz.) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) und die Frage der Hochmoorbindung. Faun. Ökol. Mitteil. 3:378-92
89. Munroe E. 1968. Insects of Ontario: geographical distribution and postglacial origin. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 99:43-50
90. Nekola JC. 1998. Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, and Satyridae) faunas of three peatland habitat types in the Lake Superior drainage basin of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol. 31(1):27-38
91. Nekola JC. 1999. Paleorefugia and neorefugia: the influence of colonization history on community pattern and process. Ecology 80:2459-73
92. Nekola JC, Kraft CE. 2002. Spatial constraint of peatland butterfly occurrences within a heterogeneous landscape. Oecologia 130:53-61
93. Nelson JM. 1971. The invertebrates of an area of Pennine Moorland within Moor House Nature Reserve in northern England. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol. 19:173-235
94. Neuhäusl R. 1972. Subkontinentale Hochmoore und ihre Vegetation. Stud. ČSAV 13:1-121
95. Nüssler H. 1969. Zur Ökologie und Biologie von Carabus menetriesi Hummel (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Entomol. Abh. 36:281-302
96. Parkyn L, Stoneman RE, Ingram HAP, eds. 1997. Conserving Peatlands. (Proceedings of the International Peatland Convention). Wallingford, UK: CAB Int. 500 pp.
97. Pax F. 1916. Die Tierwelt der deutschen Moore und ihre Gefährdung durch Meliorierungen. Beitr. Naturdenkmal 5:236-48
98. Petersen B. 1954. Some trends of speciation in the cold-adapted Holarctic fauna. Zool. Bidr. Upps. 30:233-314
99. Peus F. 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tierwelt nordwestdeutscher Hochmoore. Z. Morphol. Oekol. 12:533-683
100. Peus F. 1932. Die Tierwelt der Moore unter besonderer Berücksichtung der europäischen Hochmoore. Berlin: Borntraeger. 277 pp.
101. Plester L. 1975. Life-cycle of Clossiana freija Thnbg. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in Finland. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 12:160-63
102. Pop E. 1964. Über die Herkunft der ombrogenen Moore und ihrer Flora. Ber. Geobot. Inst. ETH Zür. 35:113-18
103. Povolný D, Spitzer K, Marek J. 1965. Versuch einer zoozönologischen Auswertung der Noctuidenfauna des südböhmischen Hochmoores bei Libořezy. Acta Faun. Entomol. Mus. Nat. Pragae 11:245-64
104. Rabeler W. 1931. Die Fauna des Göldnitzer Hochmoores in Mecklenburg. Z. Morphol. Ökol. Tiere 21:173-315
105. Rampazzi F. 1998. Le libellule (Insecta: Odonata) delle torbiere a sfagni del Cantone Ticino e del Moesano (Val Calanca e Val Mesolcina - GR), Svizzera. Boll. Soc. Tic. Sci. Nat. 86(2):19-27
106. Rampazzi F. 2002. I Ditteri Dolicopodidi (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) delle torbiere a sfagni del Cantone Ticino e del Moesano (Val Calanca e Val Mesolcina, GR), Svizzera. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 75:87-111
107. Rampazzi F, Dethier M. 1997. Gli Eterotteri (Insecta: Heteroptera) delle torbiere a sfagni del Cantone Ticino e del Moesano (Val Calanca e Val Mesolcina, GR), Svizzera. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 70:419-39
108. Reichle DE. 1966. Some Pselaphid beetles with boreal affinities and their distribution along the postglacial fringe. Syst. Zool. 15:330-44
109. Roháček J. 1984. Acalypterate Diptera (Sphaeroceridae) in North Moravia. Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A) 33:97-131
110. Roháček J. 1999. Crumomyia tyrphophila sp. n., a new species of Copromyzinae (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) associated with peat-bogs in the Šumava Mts. (Czech Republic). Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A) 48:1-7
111. Roháček J, Barták M. 1999. Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) of peat-bogs in the Sumava Mts. (SW Bohemia, Czech Republic). Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A) 48:9-32
112. Roháček J, Barták M, Kubík Š. 1998. Diptera Acalyptrata of the Hraniční (Luzenská) slat' peat-bog in the Šumava Mts. (Czech Republic). Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A) 47:1-12
113. Roháček J, Máca J. 1982. Acalypterate Diptera of peat-bogs in North Moravia (Czechoslovakia). Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A) 31:193-213
114. Rosenberg DM, Danks HV, eds. 1987. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:1-174
115. Rosswall T, Heal OW, eds. 1975. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Ecol. Bull. 20:1-450
116. Roubal J. 1934. Die Coleopterenwelt (Tyrphobionte, Tyrphophile, Tyrphoxene etc.) der Treboner (Wittingauer) Moore. Folia Zool. Hydrobiol. 7(1):56-97
117. Runtz MPW, Peck SB. 1994. The beetle fauna of a mature spruce-sphagnum bog, Algonquin Park, Ontario; ecological implications of the species composition. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:161-71
118. Rymal DE, Folkerts GW. 1982. Insects associated with pitcher plants (Sarracenia, Sarraceniaceae), and their relationship to pitcher plant conservation: a review. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 53:131-51
119. Samways MJ. 1994. Insect Conservation Biology. London: Chapman and Hall. 358 pp.
120. Scudder GGE. 1987. Aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemiptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:65-98
121. Sjörs H. 1961. Surface patterns in boreal peatlands. Endeavour 20:217-24
122. Sjörs H. 1963. Amphi-Atlantic zonation, nemoral to arctic. In North Atlantic Biota and Their History, ed. A Löve, D Löve, pp. 109-25. Oxford: Pergamon
123. Skidmore P. 2001. A provisional list of the insects of Hatfield Moors. Thorne & Hatfield Moors Conservation Forum THMCF Tech. Rep. No. 7. Doncaster, UK: Museum & Art Gallery. 71 pp.
124. Soldán T, Papacek M, Novak K, Zeleny J. 1996. The Sumava Mountains: a unique biocentre of aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Megaloptera and Heteroptera-Nepomorpha). Silva Gabreta 1:179-86
125. Sonesson M, ed. 1980. Ecology of a subarctic mire. Ecol. Bull. 30:1-307
126. Spitzer K. 1981. Ökologie und Biogeographie der bedrohten Schmetterlinge der südböhmischen Hochmoore. Beih. Veröff. Naturschutz Landsch. Bad. Württ. 21:125-31
127. Spitzer K. 1994. Biogeographical and ecological determinants of the central European peat bog Lepidoptera: the habitat island approach to conservation. Nota Lepid. (Suppl. 5):45-49
128. Spitzer K, Bezděk A, Jaroš J. 1999. Ecological succession of a relict Central European peat bog and variability of its insect biodiversity. J. Insect Conserv. 3:97-106
129. Spitzer K, Jaroš J. 1993. Lepidoptera associated with the Červené blato bog (Central Europe): conservation implications. Eur. J. Entomol. 90:323-36
130. Spitzer K, Jaroš J. 2001. Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Chalupská slat' bog, Šumava Mountains. Sbor. Jihočes. Muz. V Čes. Budějovicích Přír. Vědy 41:43-55
131. Spitzer K, Jaroš J, Bezděk A. 2003. Leaf-spinning moths (Lepidoptera) feeding on Vaccinium uliginosum L. along an ecological gradient of central European peat bogs. Entomol. Fenn. 14:46-52
132. Spitzer K, Jaroš J, Lichtenberger F, Malicky H. 1996. Die Biodiversität der Schmetterlingsfauna des Pürgschachenmoores im steirischen Ennstal und ihr Schutzwert. Z. Arb. Gem. Öst. Entomol. 48:87-97
133. Spitzer K, Jaroš J, Svensson I. 1991. Geographical variation in food plant selection of Eupithecia gelidata Möschler, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Entomol. Fenn. 2:33-36
134. Stys P. 1960. Die Wanzenfauna des Moorgebietes Soos in Böhmen (Heteroptera). Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. Suppl. 1960:83-133
135. Šula J, Spitzer K. 2000. Allozyme polymorphism in isolated populations of the moth Coenophila subrosea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from three Central European peatbogs. Eur. J. Entomol. 97:7-12
136. Svobodová H, Soukupová L. 2000. Mires of the Šumava Mountains: 13,000 years of their development and present-day biodiversity. Geolines 11:108-11
137. Svobodová H, Soukupová L, Reille M. 2002. Diversified development of mountain mires, Bohemian Forest, Central Europe, in the last 13,000 years. Quat. Int. 91:123-35
138. Tallis JH. 1991. Plant Community History. London: Chapman & Hall. 398 pp.
139. Tarnocai C, Zoltai SC. 1988. Wetlands of Arctic Canada. In Wetlands of Canada, ed. CDA Rubec, pp. 27-53. Montreal: Polyscience
140. Tereshkin AM. 1996. Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae of raised bog, with special reference to long term dynamics (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Linz. Biol. Beitr. 28:367-85
141. Tillotson IJL, Spitzer K. 1998. The rosy marsh moth, Coenophila subrosea (Stephens, 1829) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a review of its bionomics, distribution and conservation status with special reference to Britain. Entomol. Gaz. 49:75-89
142. Tuhkanen S. 1984. A circumboreal system of climatic-phytogeographical regions. Acta Bot. Fenn. 127:1-50
143. Väisänen R. 1992. Distribution and abundance of diurnal Lepidoptera on a raised bog in southern Finland. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 29:75-92
144. Van Breemen N. 1995. How Sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:270-75
145. Vepsäläinen K, Savolainen R, Tiainen J, Vilén J. 2000. Successional changes of ant assemblages: from virgin and ditched bogs to forests. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 37:135-49
146. Vitt DH. 1990. Growth and production dynamics of boreal mosses over climatic, chemical, and topographic gradients. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104:35-59
147. Vitt DH. 1994. An overview of factors that influence the development of Canadian peatlands. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169:7-20
148. Vitt DH, Halsey LA, Zoltai SC. 1994. The bog landforms of continental western Canada in relation to climate and permafrost patterns. Arctic Alp. Res. 26:1-13
149. Wheeler BD, Proctor MCF. 2000. Ecological gradients, subdivisions and terminology of north-west European mires. J. Ecol. 88:187-203
150. Wright DM. 1983. Life history and morphology of the immature stages of the Bog Copper butterfly Lycaena epixanthe (Bsd. & Le C.) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). J. Res. Lepid. 22(1):47-100
151. Wrubleski. 1987. Chironomidae (Diptera) of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:141-61
152. Zoltai SC. 1987. Peatlands and marshes in the wetland regions of Canada. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 140:5-13