9.04 - Failure Processes in Biometallic Materials

Comprehensive Structural Integrity

Volumn 9, Issue , 2007, Pages 131-167

  Sumita, M ^a   Hanawa, T ^a   Ohnishi, I ^b   Yoneyama, T ^c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^c TOKYO MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMETALLIC MATERIALS; FAILURE PROCESS;

EID: 30844436657     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043749-4/09143-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. Agins H.J., Alcock N.W., Bansal M., et al. Metallic wear in failed titanium-alloy total hip replacements: a histological and quantitative analysis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1988, 70A:347-356.
2. ASTM, 2000, "Annual Book of ASTM Standards," sec. 13 (Medical Devices), p. 1245.
3. Aragon P.J., Hulbert S.F. Corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V in simulated body fluids and bovine plasma. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1972, 6:155-164.
4. Asami K., Chen S.C., Habasaki H., Hashimoto K. The surface characterisation of titanium and titanium-nickel alloys in sulphuric acid. Corros. Sci. 1993, 35:43-49.
5. Baker C. Shape memory effect in a titanium-35wt.% niobium alloy. Met. Sci. J. 1971, 5:92-100.
6. Bessho K., Fujimura K., Iizuka T. Experimental long-term study of titanium ions eluted from pure titanium miniplates. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1995, 29:901-904.
7. Bhambri S.K., Gilbertson L.N. Characterization and quantification of fretting particulates generated in ceramic/metal and metal/metal modular head/taper systems. Biomaterials' Mechanical Properties, ASTM STP 1173 1994, 111-126.
8. Bianco P.D., Ducheyne P., Cuckler J.M. Local accumulation of titanium released from a titanium implant in the absence of wear. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1996, 31:227-234.
9. Bianco P.D., Ducheyne P., Cuckler J.M. Titanium serum and urine levels in rabbits with a titanium implant in the absence of wear. Biomaterials 1996, 17:1937-1942.
10. Bianco P.D., Ducheyne P., Cuckler J.M. Systematic titanium levels in rabbits with a titanium implant in the absence of wear. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1997, 8:525-529.
11. Black J. Biological Performance of Materials 1984, Plenum, New York.
12. Brown S.A., Fransworth L.J., Meritte K., Crowe T.D. In vitro and in vivo metal ion release. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1988, 22:321-338.
13. Brown S.A., Merritt K. Electrochemical corrosion in saline and serum. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1980, 14:173-175.
14. Brown S.A., Merritt K. Fretting corrosion in saline and serum. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1981, 15:479-488.
15. Brown S.A., Merritt K. Fretting corrosion of plates and screws: an in vitro test method. Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials, ASTM STP 859 1985, 106-116. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia. A.C. Fraker, C.D. Griffin (Eds.).
16. Brumback R.J., Uwagie E.S., Lakatos R.P., Poka A., Bathon G.H., Burgess A.R. Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: Part II. Fracture healing with static interlocking fixation. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1988, 70A:1453-1462.
17. Bruneel N., Helsen J.A. In vitro simulation of biocompatibility of Ti-Al-V. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1988, 22:203-214.
18. Bucholz R.W., Ross S.E., Lawrence K.L. Fatigue fracture of the interlocking nail in the treatment of fractures of the distal part of the femoral shaft. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1987, 69A:1391-1399.
19. Chao E.Y., Kasman R.A., Kelly P.J. Comparison of the effects of compression plates and external fixators on early bone healing. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1984, 66A:1084-1091.
20. Cheal E.J., Hayes W.C., White A.A., Perren S.M. Stress analysis of compression plate fixation and its effects on long bone remodeling. J. Biomech. 1985, 18:141-150.
21. Claes L. The mechanical and morphological properties of bone beneath internal fixation plates of differing rigidity. J. Orthop. Res. 1989, 7:170-177.
22. Clark G.C.F., Williams D.F. The effects of proteins on metallic corrosion. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1982, 16:125-134.
23. R. C. Craig and M. L. Ward, 1998, "Scope and History of Restorative Materials. Restorative Dental Materials," 10th edn., Mosby, pp. 1-15.
24. De Bastiani G., Aldegheri R., Renzi Brivio L. Dynamic axial fixation. A rational alternative for the external fixation of fractures. Int. Orthop. 1986, 10(2):95-99.
25. J. D. Destefani, 1996, "Metals Handbook," 10th edn., ASM International, vol. 2, pp. 586-605.
26. Dueric T.W., et al. Formation and reversion of stress induced martensite in Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. Acta Metall. 1982, 30:2161-2172.
27. Duwelius P.J., Huckfeldt R., Mullins R.J., et al. The effects of femoral intramedullary reaming on pulmonary function in a sheep lung model. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1997, 79A:194-202.
28. Ektessabi A.M., Otsuka T., Tsuboi Y., Yokoyama K., Albrektsson T., Sennerby T.L., Johansson C. Application of microbeam PIXE to detection of titanium ion release from dental and orthopaedic implants. Int. J. PIXE 1994, 4:81-91.
29. Fraker A.C., Ruff A.W., Yeager M.P. Titanium Science and Technology 1973, vol. 4:2447-2457. Plenum, New York. R.I. Jaffee, H.M. Burte (Eds.).
30. Gebeau R.C., Brown R.S. Biomedical implant alloy. Adv. Mater. Process 2001, 159:46-48.
31. ® 108 alloy, a nickel-free austenitic stainless steel. Structural Biomaterials for 21st Century 2001, 157-164. TMS, Warrendale, Pennsylvania. M. Niinomi, T. Okabe, E.M. Taleff, D.R. Lesure, H.E. Lippard (Eds.).
32. Goldberg J.R., Gilbert J.L. Electrochemical response of CoCrMo to high-speed fracture of its metal oxide using an electrochemical scratch test method. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1997, 37:421-431.
33. Griffin C.D., Buchanan R.A., Lemons J.E. In vitro electrochemical study of coupled surgical implant materials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1983, 17:489-500.
34. Hanawa T. Titanium and its oxide film: a substrate for formation of apatite. The Bone-Biomaterial Interface 1991, 49-61. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. J.E. Davies (Ed.).
35. Hanawa T., Asami K., Asaoka K. Repassivation of titanium and surface oxide film regenerated in simulated bioliquid. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 40:530-538.
36. Hanawa T., Hiromoto S., Asami K. Characterisation of the surface oxide film of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy after being located in quasi-biological environments using XPS. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2001, 183:68-75.
37. Hanawa T., Okuno O., Hamanaka H. Compositional change in surface of Ti-Zr alloys in artificial bioliquid. J. Japan. Inst. Metals 1992, 56:1168-1173.
38. Hanawa T., Ota M. Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution. Biomaterials 1991, 12:767-774.
39. Hanawa T., Ota M. Characterisation of surface film formed on titanium in electrolyte. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1992, 55:269-276.
40. Harris W.H. The osteolysis phenomena in total hip and total knee replacement surgery. World Tribology Forum in Arthroplasty 2001, 17-23. Hans Huber, Bern. C. Rieker, S. Oberholzer, U. Wyss (Eds.).
41. Healy K.E., Ducheyne P. Hydration and preferential molecular adsorption on titanium in vitro. Biomaterials 1992, 13:553-561.
42. Healy K.E., Ducheyne P. The mechanisms of passive dissolution of titanium in a model physiological environment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1992, 26:319-338.
43. Hench L.L., Ethridge E.C. Biomaterials-the interfacial problem. Adv. Biomed. Eng. 1975, 5:35-150.
44. Hildebrand H.F., Hornez J.-C. Biological response and biocompatibility. Metals as Biomaterials 1998, 265-290. Wiley, New York. J.A. Helsen, H.J. Breme (Eds.).
45. Hiromoto S., Asami K., Tsai A.P., Sumita M., Hanawa T. Appearance of a negative loop on the polarization curves of Pd78Si16Cu6-XCrX amorphous alloys in phosphate buffered saline solution. Corros. Sci. 2001, 43:1767-1779.
46. Hiromoto S., Noda K., Hanawa T. Development of electrolytic cell with cell-culture for metallic biomaterials. Corros. Sci. 2002, 44:955-965.
47. Hiromoto S., Tsai A.P., Sumita M., Hanawa T. Corrosion behaviour of zirconium based amorphous alloys for biomedical use. Mater. Trans. 2001, 42(4):656-659.
48. Hosoda H., Hosoda N., Miyazaki S. Mechanical properties of Ti-Mo-Al biomedical shape memory alloys. Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 2001, 26:243-246.
49. Hosoda H., Ohmatsu Y., Miyazaki S. Mechanical properties of Ti-Mo-Ga biomedical shape memory alloys. Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 2001, 26:235-237.
50. Huiskes R. Bone remodeling around implants can be explained as an effect of mechanical adaptation. Total Hip Revision Surgery 1995, 159-171. Raven Press, New York. J.O. Galante, A.G. Rosenberg, J.J. Callaghan (Eds.).
51. IARC Monographs, 1999, "On the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Surgical Implants and Other Foreign Bodies Lyon," vol. 74, pp. 65-84.
52. Ilizarov G.A. Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. Related Res. 1990, 250:8-26.
53. The report of the multi-centre study of the implant failure. J. Japan. Orthop. Assoc. 2000, 74(10):525-534. Implant Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association.
54. Inoue A. Stabilisation of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 2000, 48:279-306.
55. ISO 1559, 1995, Dental materials-alloys for dental amalgam.
56. ISO 1562, 1993, Dental casting gold alloys.
57. ISO 6871-1, 1994, Dental base metal casting alloys: Part 1. Cobalt-based alloys.
58. ISO 6871-2, 1994, Dental base metal casting alloys: Part 2. Nickel-based alloys.
59. ISO 8891, 1993, Dental casting alloys with noble metal content of 25% up to but not including 75%.
60. Jin S., Atrens A. ESCA-studies of the structure and composition of the passive film formed on stainless steels by various immersion times in 0.1 M NaCl solution. Appl. Phys. A 1987, 42:149-1165.
61. Kahn M.A., Williams R.L., Williams D.F. In vitro corrosion and wear of titanium alloys in the biological environment. Biomaterials 1996, 17:2117-2126.
62. Katada Y., Sagara M., Iwasaki S., Sakuraya K., Kodama T. High cleanliness and deoxidation behaviour in the creation of high nitrogen-bearing stainless steel by pressurised ESR method. Cur. Adv. Mater. Process 2000, 13:116.
63. Kelly E.J. Electrochemical behaviour of titanium. Mod. Aspect. Electrochem. 1982, 14:319-424.
64. Kenwright J., Goodship A.E. Controlled mechanical stimulation in the treatment of tibial fractures. Clin. Orthop. Related Res. 1989, 241:36-47.
65. Kobayashi E., Wang T.J., Doi H., Yoneyama T., Hamanaka H. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy dental castings. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1998, 9:567-574.
66. D. H. Kohn and P. Ducheyne, 1998, "Materials Science and Technology-A Comprehensive Treatment-Medical and Dental Materials," Weinheim, vol. 14, pp. 39-41.
67. Kollerov M.Y., et al. Martensitic transformations and shape memory effect in titanium alloys. Titanium '95: Science and Technology 1995, 2571-2578. IOM Publications, Birmingham, UK. P.A. Blenkinson, W.J. Evans, H.N. Flower (Eds.).
68. Kuroda D., Niinomi M., Morinaga M., Kato Y., Yashiro T. Design and mechanical properties of new b type titanium alloys for implant materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1988, 243:244-249.
69. Lee T.M., Chang E., Yang C. Surface characteristics of Ti6Al4V alloy: effect of materials, passivation and autoclaving. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1998, 9:439-448.
70. Li P., Ducheyne P. Quasi-biological apatite film induced by titanium in a simulated body fluid. J. Bomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 41:341-348.
71. Ludwingson D.C. Today's prosthetic metals-are they satisfactory for surgical use?. J. Metals 1964, 16:226-231.
72. Maloney W.J., Smith R.L. Periprosthetic osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty: the role of particulate wear debris. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1995, 77A:1448-1461.
73. Maruyama N., Kobayashi T., Nakazawa K., Sumita M., Sato M. Fatigue and fretting fatigue behaviour of Ni free Co-Cr alloy in a pseudo-body fluid. J. Japan. Soc. Biomater 1999, 17:172-179.
74. Maruyama N., Kobayashi T., Sumita M. Fretting fatigue strength of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a pseudo-body-fluid and quantitative analysis of the substances in the fluids. J. Japan. Soc. Biomater 1995, 13:14-20.
75. Maruyama N., Nakazawa K., Sumita M., Sato M. Effect of stress frequency on fatigue and fretting life for commercially pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in pseudo-body fluid. J. Japan. Soc. Biomater 2000, 18:17-23.
76. McAfee P.C., Farey I.D., Sutterlin C.E., Gurr K.R., Warden K.E., Cunningham B.W. The effect of spinal implant rigidity on vertebral bone density: a canine model. Spine 1991, 16(suppl. 6):S190-S197.
77. Menzel J., Kirschner W., Stein G. High nitrogen containing Ni-free austenitic steels for medical applications. ISIJ Int. 1996, 36:893-900.
78. Merritt K., Brown S.A. Effect of proteins and pH on fretting corrosion and metal ion release. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1988, 22:111-120.
79. Miura F., Mogi M., Ohura Y., Hamanaka H. The super-elastic property of the Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Am. J. Orthod. Dentfac. Orthop. 1986, 90:1-10.
80. Morita M., Nakamura N., Tsukamoto Y., Sasada T. Construction behaviours of passivation film on metal rubbing surface. J. Japan. Soc. Biomater 1992, 10:209-212.
81. Morita M., Sasada T., Hayashi H., Tsukamoto Y. The corrosion fatigue properties of surgical implants in a living body. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1988, 22:529-540.
82. Morita M., Sasada T., Nomura I., Wei Y.Q., Tsukamoto Y. Influence of low dissolved oxygen concentration in body fluid on corrosion fatigue behaviors of implant metals. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 1992, 20:505-516.
83. Mu Y., Kobayashi T., Sumita M., Yamamoto A., Hanawa T. Metal ion release from titanium with active oxygen species generated by rat macrophages in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 49:238-243.
84. Mu Y., Kobayashi T., Tsuji K., Sumita M., Hanawa T. Causes of titanium release from plate and screws implanted in rabbits. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 2002, 13:583-588.
85. Nakayama Y., Yamamuro T., Kotoura Y., Oka M. In vivo measurement of anodic polarization of orthopaedic implant alloys: comparative study of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Biomaterials 1989, 10:420-424.
86. Nakazawa K., Sumita M., Maruyama N. Effect of contact pressure on fretting fatigue of high strength steel and titanium alloy. Standardization of Fretting Fatigue Test Methods and Equipment, ASTM STP 1159 1992, 115-125. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. M. Helmi Attia, R.B. Waterhouse (Eds.).
87. Nakazawa K., Sumita M., Maruyama N. Fatigue and fretting fatigue of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels in pseudo-body fluid. J. Japan. Inst. Metals 1999, 63:1600-1608.
88. Nitta K., Watanabe S., Masahashi N., Hosoda H., Hanada S. Ni-free Ti-Nb-Sn shape memory alloys. Structural Biomaterials for 21st Century 2001, 25-34. TMS, Warrendale, Pennsylvania. M. Niinomi, T. Okabe, E.M. Taleff, D.R. Lesure, H.E. Lippard (Eds.).
89. O'Connor J.J. The role of elastic stress analysis in the interpretation of fretting fatigue failures. Fretting Fatigue 1981, 23-66. Applied Science Publishers, London. R.B. Waterhouse (Ed.).
90. Okuno K. The history of metallic biomaterials. Metallic Biomaterials-Fundamentals and Applications 2000, 11-18. ICP, Tokyo. M. Sumita, Y. Ikada, T. Tateishi (Eds.).
91. Ong J.L., Lucas L.C., Raikar G.N., Connatser R., Gregory J.C. Spectroscopic characterisation of passivated titanium in a physiologic solution. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1995, 6:113-119.
92. Perren S.M. The reaction of cortical bone to compression. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl. 1969, 125:19-29.
93. Perren S.M. Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation. Clin. Orthop. 1979, 138:175-196.
94. Perren S.M. The concept of biological plating using the limited contact-dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP). Injury 1991, 22(suppl. 1).
95. Perren S.M., Cordey J., Rahn R.A., Gautier E., Schneider E. Early temporary porosis of bone induced by internal fixation implants: a reaction to necrosis, not to stress protection?. Clin. Orthop. 1988, 232:139-151.
96. Petrie R.S., Hanssen A.D., Osmon D.R., Il strup D. Metal-blacked patellar component failure in total knee arthroplasty: a possible risk for late infection. Am. J. Ortho. 1998, 172-176.
97. Piehler H.R., Portnoff M.A., Sloter L.E., Vegdahl E.J., Gilbert J.L., Weber M.J. Corrosion-fatigue performance of hip nails: the influence of materials selection and design. Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials, ASTM STP 859 1985, 93-104. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. A.C. Fraker, C.D. Griffin (Eds.).
98. Pourbaix M. Electrochemical corrosion of metallic biomaterials. Biomaterials 1984, 5:122-134.
99. Rhinelander F.W. Effects of medullary nailing on the normal blood supply of diaphyseal cortex. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Instructional Course Lectures XXII 1973, 161-187. C. V. Mosby, St. Louis, MO.
100. Rondelli G. Corrosion resistance tests on NiTi shape memory alloy. Biomaterials 1996, 17:2003-2008.
101. Sasada T., Imaizumi T., Morita M., Mabuchi K. Evaluation of wear toxicity for biomedical materials through cell culture method. Junkatsu 1988, 33:288-293.
102. H. Sasano and T. Suzuki, 1988, In "Proceedings of 6th World Conf. on Titanium," eds. P. Lacombe et al., Les editions de physique, Les Ulis, pp. 1667-1674.
103. A. Seichi, S. Nakajima, P. Kitagawa et al., 2002, Image-guided surgery for cervical disorders in rheumatoid arthritis, 12, 329-332.
104. Serro A.P., Fernandes A.C., Saramago B., Lima J., Barbosa M.A. Apatite desorption on titanium surfaces-the role of albumin adsorption. Biomaterials 1997, 18:963-968.
105. Shirkhanzadeh M., Azadegan M., Liu G.Q. Mater. Lett. 1995, 24:7.
106. Silverstein S.C., Steinman R.M., Cohn Z.A. Endocytosis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1977, 46:669-722.
107. Smith D.C., Pilliar R.M., Metson J.B., McIntyre N.S. Dental implant materials: II. Preparative procedures and surface spectroscopic studies. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1991, 25:1069-1084.
108. Solar R.J., Pollack S.R., Korostoff E. In vitro corrosion testing of titanium surgical implant alloys: an approach to understanding titanium release from implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1979, 13:217-250.
109. Speck K.M., Fracker A.C. Anodic polarization behaviour of Ti-Ni and Ti-6Al-4V in simulated physiological solution. J. Dent. Res. 1980, 59:1590-1595.
110. N. S. Stoloff, 1996, "Metals Handbook," 10th edn., ASM International, vol. 1, pp. 960-968.
111. Sumita M. Corrosion fatigue and fretting corrosion fatigue. Metallic Biomaterials-Fundamentals and Applications 2000, 233-270. IPC, Tokyo. M. Sumita, Y. Ikada, T. Tateishi (Eds.).
112. Sumner D.R. Bone remodeling of the proximal femur. The Adult Hip 1998, 211-216. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA. J.J. Callaghan, A.G. Rosenberg, H.E. Rubash (Eds.).
113. Sundgren J.E., Bodo P., Berggen A., Hellem S. Auger electron spectroscopic studies of stainless steel implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1985, 19:663-671.
114. Sundgren J.E., Bodo P., Lundstrom I. Auger electron spectroscopic studies of the interface between human tissue and implants of titanium and stainless steel. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1986, 110:9-20.
115. Sychterz C.J., Engh C.A. The influence of clinical factors on periprosthetic bone remodeling. Clin. Orthop. 1996, 322:285-292.
116. Teoh S.H. Fatigue of biomaterials: a review. Int. J. Fatigue 2000, 22:825-837.
117. Tsuchiya T. Carcinogenicity mutagenicity teratogenicity. Metallic Biomaterials-Fundamentals and Applications 2000, 408-422. IPC, Tokyo. M. Sumita, Y. Ikada, T. Tateishi (Eds.).
118. Turner T.M., Sumner D.R., Urban R.M., Igloria R., Galante J.O. Maintenance of proximal cortical bone with use of a less stiff femoral component in hemiarthroplasty of the hip without cement: an investigation in a canine model at six months and two years. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1997, 79A:1381-1390.
119. Uggowitzer P.J., Magdowski R., Speidel M.O. Nickel free high nitrogen austenitic steels. ISIJ Int. 1996, 36:901-908.
120. Walczak J., Shahgaldi F., Heatley F. In vivo corrosion of 316L stainless-steel hip implants: morphology and elemental compositions of corrosion products. Biomaterials 1998, 19:229-237.
121. Wang K. The use of titanium for medical applications in the USA. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1996, 213:134-137.
122. Waterhouse R.B. Fretting fatigue in aqueous electrolytes. Fretting Fatigue 1981, 159-175. Applied Science Publishers, London. R.B. Waterhouse (Ed.).
123. Waterhouse R.B. Theories of fretting processes. Fretting Fatigue 1981, 203-240. Applied Science Publishers, London. R.B. Waterhouse (Ed.).
124. S. D. Washko and G. Aggen, 1996, "Metals Handbook," 10th edn., ASM International, vol. 1, pp. 841-873.
125. Wever D.J., Veldhuizen A.G., deVries J., Busscher H.J., Uges D.R.A., van Horn J.R. Electrochemical and surface characterisation of a nickel-titanium alloy. Biomaterials 1998, 19:761-769.
126. D. F. Williams, 1998, "Materials Science and Technology-A Comprehensive Treatment-Medical and Dental Materials," Weinheim, vol. 14, pp. 3-26.
127. Williams R.L., Brown S.A., Merritt K. Electrochemical studies on the influence of proteins on the corrosion of implant alloys. Biomaterials 1988, 9:181-186.
128. Winquist R.A., Hansen S.T., Clawson D.K. Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures: a report of five hundred and twenty cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1984, 66A:529-539.
129. Woo S.L., Lothringer K.S., Akeson W.H., et al. Less rigid internal fixation plates: historical perspectives and new concepts. J. Orthop. Res. 1984, 1:431-449.
130. Woodman J.L., Jacobs J.J., Galante J.O., Urban R.M. Metal ion release from titanium-based prosthetic segmental replacements of long bones in baboons: a long-term study. J. Orthop. Res. 1984, 1:421-430.
131. Yabe M. Chemical state analysis of titanium oxides by means of XPS. Adv. X-ray Chem. Anal. 1986, 17:71-80.
132. Yamamoto A., Honma R., Sumita M. Cytotoxicity evaluation of 43 metal salts using murine fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 39:331-340.
133. Yamamoto A., Kobayashi T., Maruyama N., Nakazawa K., Sumita M. Fretting fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in pseudo-body fluid and evaluation of biocompatibility by cell culture method. J. Japan. Inst. Metals 1995, 59:463-470.
134. Yamamoto A., Kobayashi T., Maruyama N., Nakazawa K., Sumita M. Quantitative analysis and cytotoxicity evaluation of metallic elements in pseudo-body fluids used as environment of fretting fatigue test of metallic biomaterials. J. Japan. Soc. Biomater 1996, 14:158-166.
135. Yamamoto A., Mishima S., Maruyama N., Sumita M. Quantitative evaluation of cell attachment to glass, polystyrene, and fibronectin- or collargen-coated polystyrene by measurement of cell adhesive shear force and cell detachment energy. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 50:114-124.