Cutaneous melanoma: Therapeutic lymph node and elective lymph node dissections, lymphatic mapping, and sentinel lymph node biopsy

Dermatologic Therapy

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 397-406

  Pharis, David B ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Georgia Dermatologic Surgery Centers   (United States)

Author keywords

Elective lymph node dissection; Lymph node; Melanoma; Randomized controlled trial; Sentinel lymph node biopsy; Surgery; Therapeutic lymph node dissection

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH VESSEL; MASTECTOMY; MELANOMA; META ANALYSIS; METASTASIS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN TUMOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TUMOR EMBOLISM;

ANIMALS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MELANOMA; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 30744454306     PISSN: 13960296     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00046.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (94)

1. Meyer KK, Beck WC. Mastectomy performed by Lorenz Heister in the eighteenth century. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984: 159: 391-394.
2. Halsted WS. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June 1889 to January 1894. Arch Surg 1894: 20: 497.
3. Halsted WS. The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg 1907: 46: 1.
4. Wangensteen OH. Super radical operation for breast cancer in the patient with lymph node involvement. Proc Natl Cancer Conf 1952: 2: 230.
5. Dahl-Iverson E, Tobiassen T. Radical mastectomy with parasternal and supraclavicular dissection for mammary carcinoma. Ann Surg 1969: 170: 889-891.
6. Adair FE. Treatment of melanoma: report of 400 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936: 62: 400-409.
7. Pack GT, Scharnagel I, Morfit M. Principle of excision and dissection in continuity for primary and metastatic melanoma of skin. Surgery 1945: 17: 849-866.
8. Meyer HW, Gumport SL. Malignant melanoma: appraisal of the disease and analysis of one hundred and five cases. Ann Surg 1953: 138: 643-660.
9. Cameron JR. Melanoma of the skin: clinical accounts of series of 209 malignant melanomas of the skin. J Roy Coll Surg Edinb 1968: 13: 233-254.
10. Snow H. Abstract of a lecture on melanotic cancerous disease. Lancet 1892: 872-874.
11. London DL, Dunn LJ. Radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy following pelvic irradiation. Five-year survival rates for the years 1930-59. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965: 93: 1128-1132.
12. Greiss FC. Can the results be improved by combining radiation and elective radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy? JAMA 1965: 193: 1105-1106.
13. Green TH. Radical vulvectomy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1965: 8: 643-658.
14. Shishito S, Kubo T, Watanabe H, Kato H, Kato T. Transpubic radical prostatectomy. Urol Int 1965: 20: 347-358.
15. Parsons L, Friedell GH. Radical treatment of cancer of the cervix. Proc Natl Cancer Conf 1964: 5: 241-246.
16. Norris CM. Treatment of cancer of the larynx and the hypopharynx. Proc Natl Cancer Conf 1964: 5: 265-269.
17. Kremen AJ. Surgical management of cancer of the tongue. Surg Clin North Am 1967: 47: 1125-1129.
18. Hardner GJ, Woodruff MW. Operative management of carcinoma of the penis. J Urol 1967: 98: 487-492.
19. Fisher B, Montague E, Redmond C, et al. Comparison of radical mastectomy with alternative treatments for primary breast cancer: a first report of results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1977: 39: 2827-2839.
20. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. N Engl J Med 1995: 333: 144-155.
21. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Bartolucci AA, et al. Efficacy of an elective regional lymph node dissection of 1-4 mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age and younger. Ann Surg 1996: 224: 255-263.
22. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Ross MI, et al. Long-term results of multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0-4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2000: 7: 87-97.
23. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M, Mackie RM, Belli F. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional lymph nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomized trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998: 351: 793-796.
24. Sim FH, Taylor WF, Ivins JC, et al. A prospective randomized study of the efficacy of routine elective lymphadenectomy in management of malignant melanoma: preliminary results. Cancer 1978: 41: 948-956.
25. Sim FH, Taylor WF, Pritchard DJ, et al. Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Mayo Clin Proc 1986: 61: 697-705.
26. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC, et al. Stage I melanoma of the limbs. Immediate versus delayed node dissection. Tumori 1980: 66: 373-396.
27. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC, et al. Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities. Cancer 1982: 49: 2420-2430.
28. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC, et al. Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage I melanoma of the limbs. N Engl J Med 1977: 297: 627-630.
29. Fakih AR, Rao RS, Patel AR. Prophylactic neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: a prospective randomized study. Semin Surg Oncol 1989: 5: 327-330.
30. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D, Saravane D, Cachin Y, Micheau C. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1980: 46: 386-390.
31. Wong JH, Cagle LA, Morton DL. Lymphatic drainage of skin to a sentinel lymph node in a feline model. Ann Surg 1991: 214: 637-641.
32. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992: 127: 392-399.
33. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Atkins MB, et al. A new American joint committee on cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2000: 88: 1484-1491.
34. Chao C, McMasters K. The current status of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Adv Surg 2002: 36: 167-192.
35. Kitagawa Y, Fujii H, Mukai M, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node sampling in esophageal and gastric cancer. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 2002: 11: 293-304.
36. Little AG. Sentinel node biopsy for staging lung cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2002: 82: 561-571.
37. Wiseman SM, Hicks WL Jr, Chu QD, Rigual NR. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in staging of differentiated thyroid cancer: a critical review. Surg Oncol 2002: 11: 137-142.
38. von Buchwald C, Bilde A, Shoaib T, Ross G. Sentinel node biopsy: the technique and the feasibility in head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2002: 64: 268-274.
39. Pow-Sang MR, Benavente V, Pow-Sang JE, et al. Cancer of the penis. Cancer Control 2002: 9: 305-314.
40. Krag DN, Weaver DL. Pathological and molecular assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in solid tumors. Semin Oncol 2002: 29: 274-279.
41. Fisher B, Fisher ER. Barrier functions of lymph node to tumor cells and erythrocytes. Cancer 1967: 20: 1907-1913.
42. Fisher B, Fisher ER. Interrelationship of hematogenous and lymphatic tumor cell dissemination. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1966: 122: 791-798.
43. Fisher B, Fisher ER. Transmigration of lymph nodes by tumor cells. Science 1966: 152: 1397-1398.
44. Pressman JJ, Simon MB. Experimental evidence of direct communication between lymph nodes and veins. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1961: 113: 537-541.
45. Griffiths JD, McKinna JA, Rowbotham HD, Tsolakidis P, Salsbury AJ. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum: circulating malignant cells and 5-year survival. Cancer 1973: 31: 226-236.
46. Golinger RC, Gregario RM, Fisher ER. Tumor cells in venous blood draining mammary carcinomas. J Arch Surg 1977: 112: 707-708.
47. Weiss L. The pathophysiology of metastases within the lymphatic system. In: Weiss L, Gilbert HA, Ballon SC, eds. Lymphatic system metastases. Boston: GK Hall, 1980: 2-40.
48. Pressman JJ, Simon MB, Hand K. Passage of fluids, cells, and bacteria via direct communications between lymph nodes and veins. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1962: 115: 207-214.
49. Farr AG, De Bruyn PP. The mode of lymphocytic migration through postcapillary venule endothelium in lymph node. Am J Anat 1975: 143: 59-92.
50. Edwards JM, Kinmonth JB. Lymphovenous shunts in men. Br Med J 1969: 4: 579-581.
51. Engeset A. The route of peripheral lymph to the blood-stream: An X-ray study of the barrier theory. J Anat 1959: 93: 96-100.
52. Palmieri G, Ascierto PA, Cossu A, et al. Melanoma Cooperative Group. Detection of occult melanoma cells in paraffin-embedded histologically negative sentinel lymph nodes using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Oncol 2001: 19: 1437-1443.
53. Braun S, Cevatli BS, Assemi C, et al. Comparative analysis of micrometastasis to the bone marrow and lymph nodes of node-negative breast cancer patients receiving no adjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol 2001: 19: 1468-1475.
54. Auerbach R, Lu WC, Pardon E, Gumkowski F, Kaminski G, Kaminski M. Specificity of adhesion between murine tumor cells and capillary endothelium: an in vivo correlate of preferential metastasis in vivo. Cancer Res 1987: 47: 1492-1496.
55. Vezeridis MP, Moore R, Karakousis CP. Metastatic patterns in soft tissue sarcomas. Arch Surg 1983: 118: 915-918.
56. Cady B, Jenkins RL, Steele GD, et al. Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis: a critical and improvable determinant of outcome. Ann Surg 1998: 227: 566-571.
57. Tuszynski GP, Wang TN, Berger D. Adhesive proteins and the hematogenous spread of cancer. Acta Haematol 1997: 97: 29-39.
58. Fidler IJ. Critical determinants of metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2002 April: 12: 89-96.
59. Gervasoni JE Jr, Taneja C, Chung MA, Cady B. Axillary dissection in the context of the biology of lymph node metastases. Am J Surg 2000: 180: 278-283.
60. 3 to adhere to lymph node vitronectin. J Clin Invest 1992: 90: 1406-1413.
61. Khatib AM, Kontogiannea M, Fallavollita L. Rapid induction of cytokine and E-selectin expression in the liver in response to metastatic tumor cells. Cancer Res 1999: 59: 1356-1361.
62. Brodt P, Fallavollita L, Bresalier R. Liver endothelial E-selectin mediates carcinoma cell adhesion and promotes liver metastases. Int J Cancer 1997: 71: 612-619.
63. Long L, Nip J, Brodt P. Paracrine growth stimulation by hepatocytes-derived insulin-like growth factor-1: a regulatory mechanism for carcinoma cells metastatic to the liver. Cancer Res 1994: 54: 3732-3737.
64. Talmadge JE, Wolman SR, Fidler IJ. Evidence for the clonal origin of spontaneous metastases. Science 1982: 217: 361-362.
65. Rowley DA, Gowans JL, Atkins RC, Ford WL, Smith ME. The specific selection of recirculating lymphocytes by antigen in normal and pre-immunized rats. J Exp Med 1972: 136: 499-513.
66. Mitchison NA. Passive transfer of transplantation immunity. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 1954: 142: 72-87.
67. Barna B, Deodhar SD. The activity of regional nodes in the evolution of immune responses to allogenic and isogenic tumors. Cancer Res 1975: 35: 920-926.
68. Tachibana T, Yoshida K. Role of the regional lymph node in cancer metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1986: 5: 5-56.
69. Harada M, Tamada K, Abe K, et al. Systemic administration of interleukin-12 can restore the anti-tumor potential of B16 melanoma-draining lymph node cells impaired at a late tumor-bearing state. Int J Cancer 1998: 75: 400-405.
70. Cortesina G, De Stefani A, Giovarelli M, et al. Treatment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with low doses of interleukin-2 injected perilymphatically. Cancer 1988: 62: 2482-2485.
71. Romero P, Dunbar PR, Valmori D, et al. Ex vivo staining of metastatic lymph nodes by class I major histocompatibility complex tetramers reveals high numbers of antigen-experienced tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1998: 188: 1641-1650.
72. + immune T cells. Cancer Res 1998: 58: 5439-5446.
73. Sloan-Lancaster J, Evavold BD, Allen PM. Th2 cell clonal anergy as a consequence of partial activation. J Exp Med 1994: 180: 1195-1206.
74. Mukherji B, Nashed AL, Guha A, Ergin MT. Regulation of cellular immune response against autologous human melanoma: mechanism of induction and specificity of suppression. J Immunol 1986: 136: 1893-1898.
75. Sakai K, Chang AE, Shu S. Phenotype analyses and cellular mechanisms of the pre-effector T-lymphocyte response to a progressive syngeneic murine sarcoma. Cancer Res 1990: 50: 4371-4376.
76. Matsumara T, Sussman JJ, Krinock RA, Chang AE, Shu S. Characteristics and in vivo homing of long-term T cell lines and clones derived from tumor-draining lymph nodes. Cancer Res 1994: 54: 2744-2750.
77. Recht A. Should irradiation replace dissection for patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes? J Surg Oncol 1999: 72: 184-192.
78. Shivers SC, Wang X, Li W, et al. Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome. JAMA 1998: 280: 1410-1415.
79. Bostick PJ, Morton DL, Turner RR, et al. Prognostic significance of occult metastases detected by sentinel lymphadenectomy and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in early-stage melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999: 17: 3238-3244.
80. Lukowsky A, Bellman B, Ringk A, et al. Detection of melanoma micrometastases in the sentinel lymph and in non-sentinel lymph nodes by tyrosinase polymerase chain reaction. J Invest Dermatol 1999: 113: 554-559.
81. Blaheta HJ, Ellwanger U, Schittek B, et al. Examination of regional lymph nodes by sentinel node biopsy and molecular analysis provides new staging facilities in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2000: 114: 637-642.
82. Blaheta HJ, Sotlar K, Breuninger H, et al. Does intensive histopathologic workup by serial sectioning increase the detection of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma? Melanoma Res 2001: 11: 57-63.
83. Weiguo L, Stall A, Shivers SC, et al. Clinical relevance of molecular staging for melanoma: comparison of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 2000: 231: 795-803.
84. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, et al. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996: 14: 7-17.
85. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK, et al. High- and low-dose interferon alfa in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 2000: 18: 2444-2458.
86. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA, et al. High-dose interferon alfa significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GMK-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol 2001: 19: 2370-2380.
87. Pirard D, Heenen M, Melot C, Vereecken P. Interferon alpha as adjuvant post-surgical treatment of melanoma. A meta-analysis. Dermatology 2004: 208: 43-48.
88. Das Gupta TK. Results of treatment of 269 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: a five-year prospective study. Ann Surg 1977: 186: 201-209.
89. Gumport SL, Harris MN. Results of regional lymph node dissection for melanoma. Ann Surg 1974: 179: 105-108.
90. Morton DL, Roe DJ, Cochran AJ. Melanoma in the western United States: experience with stage II melanoma at the UCLA Medical Center. In: Balch CM, Milton GW, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1985: 419-430.
91. Karakousis CP, Goumas W, Rao U, Driscoll DL. Axillary node dissection in malignant melanoma. Am J Surg 1991: 162: 202-207.
92. Singletary SE, Shallenberger R, Guinee V. Surgical management of groin nodal metastases from primary melanoma of the lower extremity. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992: 174: 195-200.
93. Cohen MH, Ketcham AS, Felix EL, et al. Prognostic factors in patients undergoing lymphadenectomy for malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1977: 186: 635-642.
94. Bevilacqua RG, Coit DG, Rogatko A, Younes RN, Brennan MF. Axillary dissection in melanoma: prognostic variables in node-positive patients. Ann Surg 1990: 212: 125-131.