Structure/chiroptics relationships of planar chiral and helical molecules

European Journal of Organic Chemistry

Volumn , Issue 8, 1998, Pages 1491-1509

  Grimme, Stefan ^a   Harren, Jörg ^a,c   Sobanski, Adam ^a   Vögtle, Fritz ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b Kekul Institut Fr Organische Chemie und Biochemie   (Germany)

^c R and D at Fa Stockhausen GmbH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chirality; Circular dichroism; Cyclophanes; Strained molecules; Theoretical calculations

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042902336     PISSN: 1434193X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199808)1998:8<1491::aid-ejoc1491>3.0.co;2-6     Document Type: Review

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126. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
127. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
128. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
129. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
130. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
131. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
132. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
133. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
134. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
135. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
136. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
137. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
138. Reviews: [33a] P. H. Boyle. Q. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1971, 25, 323-341. [33b] . H. Wilen, Top. Curr. Chem. 1971, 6, 107. [33c] S. H. Wilen, A. Collet, J. Jacques, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2725-2736. [33d] N. L. Allinger, T. J. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9267-9268. [33e] H. Ebcrhardt, K. Schlögl, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1972, 760, 157-170. [33f] D. J. Cram, C. S. Montgomery, G. R. Knox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 515-525. [33g] M. Nagazaki, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, H. Kamekani, J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 287-291. [33h] N. Harada. T. Soutome, T. Nehira, H. Uda, S. Oi, A. Okamura, S. Miyano, J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7547-7548. [33i] W. Tochtermann, G. Olsson, C. Vogt, E.-M. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 1523-1532. [33j] D. S. van Es, F. J. J. de Kanter, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2728-2730; Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2553-2555. [33k] Y. Tobe, S. Saiki, N. Utsumi, T. Kusumoto, H. Ishii, K. Kakiuchi, K. Kobiro, K. Naemura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9488-9497. [33l] W. Tochtermann, U. Schösser, F. Ott, B. Popp, N. Sdunnus, G. Snatzke, E.-M. Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Chem. Ber. 1993, 126, 1733-1742.
139. [34a] I. pischel, M. Nieger, A. Archut, F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 10043-10052.
140. [34b] Non chiral dithiacyclophanes: L.W. Jenneskens, F. J. J. de Kanter, P. A. Kraakman, L. A. M. Turkenburg, W. E. Koolhaas, W. H. de Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, Y. Tobe, K. Kakiuchi, Y. Odaira, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 3716-3718.
141. Halomethylation procedures: [35a] R. H. Mitchell, V. S. Iyer, Synlett 1989, 55. [35b] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Synthesis 1977, 272-273. [35c] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 471-472; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1980, 79. 464-465.
142. Halomethylation procedures: [35a] R. H. Mitchell, V. S. Iyer, Synlett 1989, 55. [35b] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Synthesis 1977, 272-273. [35c] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 471-472; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1980, 79. 464-465.
143. Halomethylation procedures: [35a] R. H. Mitchell, V. S. Iyer, Synlett 1989, 55. [35b] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Synthesis 1977, 272-273. [35c] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 471-472; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1980, 79. 464-465.
144. Halomethylation procedures: [35a] R. H. Mitchell, V. S. Iyer, Synlett 1989, 55. [35b] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Synthesis 1977, 272-273. [35c] W. Offermann, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 471-472; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1980, 79. 464-465.
145. Usually obtained by the thiourea method; see also: B. Müller, I. Pischel, M. Nieger, F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber. 1994, 127, 759-765.
146. H. Meier, Y. Dai, H. Schumacher, H. Kolshorn, Chem. Ber. 1994, 127, 2035-2041.
147. S. Grimme, I. Pischel, S. Laufenberg, F. Vögtle, Chirality 1998, 10, 147-153.
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