Henderson porphyry molybdenum system, Colorado: I. Sequence and abundance of hydrothermal mineral assemblages flow paths of evolving fluids, and evolutionary style

Economic Geology

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 3-37

  Seedorff, Eric ^a   Einaudi, Marco T ^b  

^a University of Arizona   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASSEMBLAGES; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; MOUNTAINS; STOCKS;

CRYSTALLIZATION; FLUIDS; HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; MINERAL RESOURCES; MINERALS; MOLYBDATE MINERALS; ROCKS;

GEOLOGY;

HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; METALLOGENESIS; MINERALIZATION; MOLYBDENUM; PORPHYRY;

COLORADO; HENDERSON; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 3042812067     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.99.1.3     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Arancibia, O.N., and Clark, A.H., 1996, Early magnetite-amphibole-plagioclase alteration-mineralization in the Island Copper porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposit, British Columbia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 402-438.
2. Arribas, A., Jr., Hedenquist, J.W., Itaya, T., Okada, T., Concepción, R.A., and Garcia, J.S., Jr., 1995, Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits over .300 ka in northern Luzon, Philippines: Geology, v. 23, p. 337-340.
3. Bailey, S.W., 1984, Classification and structures of the micas: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 13, p. 1-12.
4. Ballard, J.R., Palin, J.M., Williams, I.S., Campbell, I.H., and Faunes, A., 2001, Two ages of porphyry intrusion resolved for the super-giant Chuquicamata copper deposit of northern Chile by ELA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP: Geology, v. 29, p. 383-386.
5. Barton, M.D., 1982, Some aspects of the geology and mineralogy of the fluorine-rich skarn at McCullough Butte, Eureka County, Nevada: Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book, v. 81, p. 324-328.
6. Barton, M.D., and Hanson, R. B., 1989, Magmatism and the development of low-pressure metamorphic belts: Implications from the western United States and thermal modeling: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 1051-1065.
7. Barton, M.D., Ilchik, R.P., and Marikos, M.A., 1991, Metasomatism: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 26, p. 321-350.
8. Beane, R.E., 1983. The magmatic-hydrothermal transition: Geothermal Resources Council Special Report 13, p. 245-253.
9. Beane, R.E., and Bodnar, R.J., 1995. Hydrothermal fluids and hydrothermal alteration in porphyry copper deposits: Arizona Geological Digest, v. 20, p. 83-93.
10. Bright, M.J., 1974, Primary geochemical dispersion associated with the Henderson molybdenum deposit [abs.]: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 69, p. 1177.
11. Brimhall, G. H, Jr., 1980, Deep hypogene oxidation of porphyry copper potassium-silicate protore at Butte, Montana: A theoretical evaluation of the copper remobilization hypothesis: ECONONIC GEOLOGY v. 75, p. 384-409.
12. Burnham, C.W., 1979, Magmas and hydrothermal fluids, in Barnes H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd ed.: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 71-136.
13. Burnham, C.W., and Ohmoto, H., 1980, Late-stage processes of felsic magmatism: Mining Geology Special Issue 8, p. 1-11.
14. Burt, D.M., 1981, Acidity-salinity diagrams-applications to greisen and porphyry deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 76, p. 832-843.
15. Camphell, A., and Petersen, U., 1988, Chemical zoning in wolframite from San Cristobal, Peru: Mineralium Deposita, v. 23, p. 132-137.
16. Carten, R.B., 1986, Sodium-calcium metasomatism: Chemical, temporal, and spatial relationships at the Yerington. Nevada, porphyry copper deposit: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1495-1519.
17. Carten, R.B., and Snee, L.W., 1995, Hydrothermal history and duration of ore formation at the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 27, no. 6, p. A281.
18. Carten, R.B., Walker, B.M., Geraghty, E.P., and Gunow, A.J., 1988a, Comparison of field-based studies of the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado, with experimental and theoretical models of porphyry systems: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 39, p. 351-366.
19. Carten, R.B., Geraghty, E.P., Walker, B.M., and Shannon, J.R., 1988b, Cyclic development of igneous features and their relationship to high-temperature hydrothermal features in the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 266-296.
20. Carten, R.B., White, W.H., and Stein, H.J., 1993, High-grade granite-related molybdenum systems: Classification and origin: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 521-554.
21. Cathles, L.M., 1977, An analysis of the cooling of intrusives by ground-water convection which includes boiling: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 804-826.
22. Cathles, L.M., 1981, Fluid flow and genesis of hydrothermal ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 424-457.
23. Cathles, L.M., Erendi, A.H.J., and Barrie, T., 1997, How long can a hydrothermal system be sustained by a single intrusive event?: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 766-771.
24. Cline, J.S., 1995, Genesis of porphyry copper deposits: The behavior of water, chloride, and copper in crystallizing melts: Arizona Geological Digest, v. 20, p. 69-82.
25. Cline, J.S., and Bodnar, R.J., 1991, Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated by a typical calc-alkaline melt?: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 8113-8126.
26. Corbetta, P.A., 1986, Geology of the Puzzler mine, Clear Creek County, Colorado: Unpublished M.S. thesis, Boulder, University of Colorado, 154 p.
27. Desborough, G.A., and Mihalik, P., 1980, Accessory minerals in the igneous host of molybdenum ore, Henderson mine, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-661, 16 p.
28. Dilles, J.H., and Einaudi. M.T., 1992, Wall-rock alteration and hydrothermal flow paths about the Ann-Mason porphyry copper deposit, Nevada-a 6-km vertical reconstruction: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1963-2001.
29. Dilles, J.H., Einaudi, M.T., Proffett, J., and Barton, M.D., 2000, Overview of the Yerington porphyry copper district: Magmatic to nonmagmatic sources of hydrothermal fluids: Their flow paths and alteration effects on rocks and Cu-Mo-Fe-Au ores: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 32, p. 55-66.
30. Einaudi, M.T., 1977, Environment of ore deposition at Cerro de Pasco, Peru: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 893-924.
31. Einaudi, M.T., 1982, Description of skarns associated with porphyry copper plutons, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 139-183.
32. Fournier, R.O., 1999, Hydrothermal processes related to movement of fluid from plastic into brittle rock in the magmatic-epithermal environment: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 94, p. 1193-1211.
33. 39Ar data: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1031-1047.
34. Geraghty E.P., Carten, R.B., and Walker, B.M., 1988, Tilting of Urad-Henderson and Climax porphyry molybdenum systems, central Colorado, as related to northern Rio Grande rift tectonics: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1780-1786.
35. Giggenbach, W.F., 1997, The origin and evolution of fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd ed.: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 737-796.
36. Guilbert, J.M., and Lowell, J.D., 1974, Variations in zoning patterns in porphyry ore deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 67, no. 742, p. 99-109.
37. Gunow, A.J., 1983, Trace element mineralogy in the porphyry molybdenum environment: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Boulder, University of Colorado, 267 p.
38. Gunow, A.J., Ludington, S., and Munoz, J.L., 1980, Fluorine in micas from the Henderson molybdenite deposit, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 75, p. 1127-1137.
39. Gustafson, L.B., 1978, Some major factors of porphyry copper genesis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 600-607.
40. Gustafson, L.B., and Hunt, J.P., 1975, The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 70, p. 857-912.
41. Gustafson, L.B., and Quiroga G., J., 1995, Patterns of mineralization and alteration below the porphyry copper orebody at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 2-16.
42. Gustafson, L.B., Orquera, W., McWilliams, M., Castro, M., Olivares, O., Rojas, G., Naluenda, J., and Mendez, M., 2001, Multiple centers of mineralization in the Indio Muerto district, El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 325-350.
43. Hall, W.E., Friedman, I., and Nash, J.T., 1974, Fluid inclusion and light stable isotope study of the Climax molybdenum deposits, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 69, p. 884-901.
44. Hanson, R.B., 1996, Hydrodynamies of magmatic and meteoric fluids in the vicinity of granitic intrusions: Geological Society of America Special Paper 315, p. 251-259.
45. Harris, A.C., and Golding, S.D., 2002, New evidence of magmatic-fluid-related phyllic alteration: Implication for the genesis of porphyry Cu deposits: Geology, v. 30, p. 335-338.
46. Hedenquist, J.W., and Richards, J.P., 1998, The influence of geochemical techniques on the development of genetic models for porphyry copper deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 10, p. 235-256.
47. Hedenquist, J.W., Arribas, A., Jr., and Reynolds, T.J., 1998, Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system: Far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 373-404.
48. Helgeson, H.C., 1970, A chemical and thermodynamic model of ore deposition in hydrothermal systems: Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 3, p. 155-186.
49. Henley, R.W., and McNabb, A., 1978, Magmatic vapor plumes and groundwater interaction in porphyry copper emplacement: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 1-20.
50. 39Ar geochronology: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 807-826.
51. Hildreth, W., 1981, Gradients in silicic magma Chambers: Implications for lithospheric magmatism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10, 153-10,192.
52. Hildreth, W., and Lanphere, M.A., 1994, Potassium-argon geochronology of a basalt-andesite-dacite are system: The Mount Adams volcanic field, Cascade Range of southern Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1413-1429.
53. John, E.C., 1978, Mineral zones in the Utah Copper orebody: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 1250-1259.
54. Kamilli, R.J., 1986, Genesis and evolution of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Technical Record USGS-TR-06-2 (IR 751), 54 p.
55. Kutina, J., 1955, Beitrag zur methodic der genetischen untersuchung von anschliffen in der erzmikroskopie: Chemie der Erde, v. 17, p. 176-180.
56. Lovering, T.S., and Goddard, E.N., 1950, Geology and ore deposits of the Front Range: U.S. Geologic Survey Professional Paper 223, 319 p.
57. Lowell, J.D., and Guilbert, J.M., 1970, Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in porphyry ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 65, p. 373-408.
58. Lu, P.-C., 1979, Fluid mechanics: An introductory course: Ames. Iowa State University Press, 468 p.
59. MacKenzie, W.B., 1970, Hydrothermal alteration associated with the Urad and Henderson molybdenite deposits, Clear Creck County, Colorado: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 208 p.
60. 39Ar geochronology of Cu-Au and Au-Ag mineralization in the Potrerillos district, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 784-806.
61. McMillan, W.J., and Panteleyev, A., 1995, Porphyry copper deposits of the Canadian Cordillera: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 203-218.
62. Meyer, C., and Hemley, J.J., 1967, Wall rock alteration, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits: New York, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, p. 166-235.
63. Munoz, J.L., 1984, F-OH and Cl-OH exchange in micas with applications to hydrothermal ore deposits: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 13, p. 469-493.
64. Muntean, J.L., and Einaudi, M.T., 2000, Porphyry gold deposits of the Refugio district, Maricunga belt, northern Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 95, p. 1445-1472.
65. Muntean, J.L., 2001, Porphyry-epithemal transition: Maricunga belt, northern Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 743-772.
66. Norton, D.L., 1982, Fluid and heat transport phenomena typical of copper-bearing pluton environments, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 59-72.
67. Norton, D.L., 1984. Theory of hydrothermal systems: Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 12, p. 155-177.
68. Ossandón C., G., Fréraut C., R., Gustafson, L.B., Lindsay, D.D., and Zentilli, M., 2001, Geology of the Chuquicamata mine: A progress report: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 249-270.
69. Peterman, Z.E., Hedge, C.E., and Braddock, W.A., 1968, Age of Precambrian events in the northeastern Front Range, Colorado: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p. 2277-2296.
70. Proffett, J.M., Jr., and Dilles, J.H., 1984, Geologic map of the Yerington district, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 77, scale 1:24,000.
71. Ranta, D.E., Wbite, W.H., Ward, A.D., Graichen, R.E., Ganster, M.W., and Stewart, D.R., 1976, Geology of the Urad and Henderson molybdenite deposits - a review: Professional Contributions of Colorado School of Mines, no. 8, p. 477-485.
72. Rose, A.W., 1970, Zonal relations of wall-rock alteration and sulfide distribution at porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 65, p. 920-936.
73. Rose, A.W., and Burt, D.M., 1979, Hydrothermal alteration, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd ed.: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 173-235.
74. Seedorff, E., 1986, Topaz in hydrothermal ore deposits: Advanced argillic, sericitic, or potassic alteration? [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 18, p. 744.
75. Seedorf, E., 1987, Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit: Cyclic alteration-mineralization and geochemical evolution of topaz- and magnetite-bearing assemblages: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford, California, Stanford University, 432 p.
76. Seedorf, E., 1988. Cyclic development of hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to multiple intrusions at the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 39, p. 367-393.
77. Seedorff, E., and Einaudi, M.T., 2004, Henderson porphyry molybdenum system, Colorado: II. Decoupling of introduction and deposition of metals during geochemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 99, p. 37-70.
78. Shames, I.H., 1962, Mechanics of fluids: New York, McGraw-Hill, 558 p.
79. Shannon, J.R., Walker, B.M., Carten, R.B., and Geraghty, E.P., 1982, Unidirectional solidification textures and their significance in determining relative ages of intrusions at the Henderson mine, Colorado: Geology, v. 10, p. 293-297.
80. Shaver, S.A., 1991, Geology, alteration, mineralization and trace element geochemistry of the Hall (Nevada Moly) deposit, Nye County, Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the Great Basin. Symposium Proceedings: Reno, Nevada, Geological Society, of Nevada, v. 1, p. 303-332.
81. Shaw, H.R., 1985, Links between magma-tectonic rate balances, plutonism, and volcanism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 11,275-11,288.
82. Shawe, D.R., Foord, E.E., and Conklin, N.M., 1984, Huebnerite veins near Round Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1287, 42 p.
83. Sheppard, S.M.F., and Gustafson, L.B., 1976, Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 71, p. 1549-1559.
84. Sheppard, S.M.F., Nielsen, R.L., and Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1969, Oxygen and hydrogyn isotope ratios of clay minerals from porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 64, p. 755-777.
85. Sheppard, S.M.F., 1971, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in minerals from porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 66, p. 515-542.
86. Shinohara, H., Kazahaya, K., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1995, Volatile transport in a convecting magma column: Implications for porphyry Mo mineralization: Geology, v. 23, p. 1091-1094.
87. Sieh, K.E., and Bursik, M.I., 1986, Most recent eruption of the Mono Craters, eastern central California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 12,539-12,571.
88. Sillitoe, R.H., 2000, Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Descriptive and genetic models and their role in exploration and discovery: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 315-345.
89. Sissom, L.E., and Pitts, D.R., 1972, Elements of transport phenomena: New York, McGraw-Hill, 814 p.
90. Smyth, J.R., Madel, R.E., McCormick, T.C., Munoz, J.L., and Rossman, G.R., 1990, Crystal-structure refinement of an F-bearing spessartine garnet: American Mineralogist, v. 75, p. 314-318.
91. Stein, H.J., 1988, Genetic traits of Climax-type granites and molybdenum mineralization, Colorado mineral belt: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 39, p. 394-401.
92. Stein, H.J., and Crock, J.G., 1990, Late Cretaceous-Tertiary magmatism in the Colorado mineral belt: Rare earth element and samarium-neodymium isotopic studies: Geological Society of America Memoir 174, p. 195-223.
93. Stein, H.J., and Hannah, J.L., 1985, Movement and origin of ore fluids in Climax-type systems: Geology, v. 13, p. 469-474.
94. Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1997, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd ed.: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 229-302.
95. Titley, S.R., and Beane, R.E., 1981, Porphyry copper deposits, Part I. Geologic settings, petrology, and tectogenesis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 214-235.
96. Ulrich, T., Günther, D., and Heinrich, C.A., 2001, The evolution of porphyry Cu-Au deposit, based on LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions: Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1743-1774; corrected version, 2002, v. 97, p. 1889-1920.
97. van Middelaar, W.T., and Keith, J.D., 1990, Mica chemistry as an indicator of oxygen and halogen fugacities in the Can Tung and other W-related granitoids in the North American Cordillera: Geological Society of America Special Paper 246, p. 205-220.
98. Wallace, S.R., 1974, The Henderson ore body - elements of discovery, reflections: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Transactions, v. 256, p. 216-227.
99. Walace, S.R., 1995, Presidential address: The Climax-type molybdenite deposits: What they are, where they are, and why they are: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 1359-1380.
100. Wallace, S.R., Muncaster, N.K., Jonson, D.C., MacKenzie, W.B., Bookstrom, A.A., and Surface, V.E., 1968, Multiple intrusion and mineralization at Climax, Colorado, in Ridge, J.D., ed., Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967 (Graton-Sales volume): New York, American Institute Mining Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineers, v. 1, 605-640.
101. Wallace, S.R., MacKenzie, W.B., Blair, R.G., and Muncaster, N.K., 1978, Geology of the Urad and Henderson molybdenite deposits, Clear Creek County, Colorado, with it section on a comparison of these deposits with those at Climax, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 325-368.
102. Watanabe, Y., and Hedenquist, J.W., 2001, Mineralogic and stable isotope zonation at the surface over the El Salvador porphyry, copper deposit, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1775-1797.
103. White, W.H., Bookstrom, A.A., Kamilli, R.J., Ganster, M.W., Smith, R.P., Ranta, D.E., and Steininger, R.C., 1981, Character and origin of Climax-type molybdenum deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 270-316.
104. Zhang, L., Dilles, J.H., Field, C.W., and Reed, M.H., 1999, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of pre-Main Stage porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization at Butte, Montana [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no. 7, p. A381.