Child mortality in India: The community-level effect of education

Population Studies

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 177-192

  Kravdal, Øystein ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Autonomy; Care; Child; Community; Education; Health; Mortality; Multilevel

Indexed keywords

CHILD MORTALITY; EDUCATION; HEALTH SERVICES; MOTHERS EDUCATION;

EID: 3042698625     PISSN: 00324728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0032472042000213721     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Anandaiah, R. and M. K. Choe. 2000. Are the WHO guidelines on breastfeeding appropriate for India?, National Family Health Survey Subject Reports 16. International Institute for Population Sciences (Mumbai, India) and East-West Center (Honolulu, USA).
2. Balk, D. 1997. Defying gender norms in Bangladesh: a social and demographic analysis, Population Studies 51: 153-172.
3. Basu, A. and K. Basu. 1991. Women's economic roles and child survival: the case of India, Health Transition Review 1: 83-103.
4. Basu, A. 1996. Girls schooling, autonomy and fertility change-what do these words mean in South Asia, in R. Jeffrey and A. Basu (eds.), Girls Schooling, Autonomy and Fertility Change in South Asia. New Dehli: Sage.
5. Bicego, G. T. and J. T. Boerma. 1993. Maternal education and child survival: a comparative study of survey data from 17 countries, Social Science and Medicine 36: 1207-1227.
6. Bloom, S. S., D. Wypij, and M. Das Gupta. 2001. Dimensions of women's autonomy and the influence on maternal health care utilization in a North Indian city, Demography 38: 67-78.
7. Bollen, K. A., J. L. Glanville, and G. Stecklov. 2002. Economic status proxies in studies of fertility in developing countries, Population Studies 56: 81-96.
8. Bongaarts, J. and S. C. Watkins. 1996. Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions, Population and Development Review 22: 639-682.
9. Caldwell, J. 1986. Routes to low mortality in poor countries, Population and Development Review 12: 171-220.
10. Cleland, J. C. and J. K. van Ginneken. 1988. Maternal education and child survival in developing countries. The search for pathways of influence, Social Science and Medicine 27: 1357-1368.
11. Das Gupta, M. 1990. Death clustering, mother's education, and the determinants of child mortality in rural Punjab, India, Population Studies 44: 489-505.
12. Desai, S. and S. Alva. 1998. Maternal education and child health: is there a strong causal relationship?, Demography 35: 71-81.
13. Dyson, T. and M. Moore. 1983. On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India, Population and Development Review 9: 35-60.
14. Filmer, D. and L. Pritchett. 1999. The effect of household wealth on educational attainment: evidence from 35 countries, Population and Development Review 25: 85-120.
15. Hobcraft, J. 1992. Fertility patterns and child survival: a comparative analysis, Population Bulletin of the United Nations 33: 1-31.
16. Hobcraft, J. 1993. Women's education, child welfare and child survival: a review of the evidence, Health Transition Review 3: 159-175.
17. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro. 2000. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998-1999: India. Mumbai: IIPS.
18. Jejeebhoy, S. 1995. Women's Education, Autonomy and Reproductive Behavior: Experience from Developing Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
19. Jejeebhoy, S. 1998. Associations between wife-beating and fetal and infant death: impression from a survey in rural India, Studies in Family Planning 29: 301-308.
20. Jejeebhoy, S. and Z. Sathar. 2001. Women's autonomy in India and Pakistan: the influence of religion and region, Population and Development Review 27: 687-712.
21. Kohler, H.-P., J. R. Behrman, and S. C. Watkins. 2001. The density of social networks and fertility decisions: evidence from South Nyanza district, Kenya, Demography 38: 43-58.
22. Kravdal, Ø. 2001. The importance of education for fertility in sub-Saharan Africa is substantially underestimated when community effects are ignored. Memorandum, Department of Economics, University of Oslo, March. Available: www.oekonomi.uio.no/memo/memopdf/memo0301.pdf
23. Kravdal, Ø. 2002. Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: individual and community effects, Demography 39: 233-250.
24. Kravdal, Ø. 2003a. Child mortality in India: individual and community effects of women's education and autonomy, East-West Center Working Papers, Population Series, No. 111. Available: www2.eastwestcenter.org/pop/misc/wp112.pdf
25. Kravdal, Ø. 2003b. The problematic estimation of 'imitation effects' in multilevel models. Demographic Research [Available online: www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol9/2].
26. Lillard, L. A. and C. W. A. Panis. 2000. aML Multilevel Multiprocess Statistical Software, Release 1.0. Los Angeles: EconWare.
27. Mason, K. A. 1984. The Status of Women: A Review of its Relationships to Fertility and Mortality. New York: Rockefeller Foundation.
28. Mason, K. A. 1987. The impact of women's social position on fertility in developing countries, Sociological Forum 2: 718-745.
29. Mason, K. A. 1997. Gender and demographic change. What do we know?, in R. Jeffrey and A. Basu (eds.), Girls Schooling, Autonomy and Fertility Change in South Asia. New Dehli: Sage.
30. McNay, K., R. Cassen, and P. Arokiasamy. 2003. Why are uneducated women in India using contraception? A multilevel analysis, Population Studies 57: 21-40.
31. Miles-Doan, R. and L. Bisharat. 1990. Female autonomy and child nutritional status: the extended family residential unit in Amman, Jordan, Social Science and Medicine 31: 783-789.
32. Montgomery, M. R. and J. B. Casterline. 1996. Social learning, social influence and new models of fertility, Population and Development Review 22(Suppl.): 151-75.
33. Moursund, A. and Ø. Kravdal. 2003. Individual and community effects of women's education and autonomy on contraceptive use in India, Population Studies 57: 285-302.
34. Muhuri, P. K. and J. Menken. 1997. Adverse effects of next birth, gender, and family composition on child survival in rural Bangladesh, Population Studies 51: 279-294.
35. Murray, C. J. L. and L. C. Chen. 1992. Understanding morbidity change, Population and Development Review 18: 481-503.
36. Murthi, M., A.-C. Guio, and J. Dreze. 1995. Mortality, fertility, and gender bias in India: a district-level analysis, Population and Development Review 21: 745-782.
37. Palloni, A. 2001. Diffusion in sociological analysis, in J. B. Casterline (ed.), Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition: Selected Perspectives. National Research Council, Committee on Population. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
38. Pandey, A., M. K. Choe, N. Y. Luther, D. Sahu, and J. Chand. 1998. Infant and child mortality in India, National Family Health Survey Reports 11. International Institute for Population Sciences (Mumbai, India) and East-West Center (Honolulu, USA).
39. Pickett, K. E. and M. Pearl. 2001. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 55: 111-122.
40. Sampson, R. J., J. D. Morenoff, and T. Gannon-Rowley. 2002. Assessing 'neighborhood effects': social processes and new directions in research, Annual Review of Sociology 28: 443-478.
41. Tulasidhar, V. B. 1993. Maternal education, female labour force participation and child mortality: evidence from the Indian census, Health Transition Review 3: 177-190.
42. United Nations. 1995. Women's Education and Fertility Behaviour. ST/ESA/SER.R/137. Population Division. New York.
43. Wen, M., C. R. Browning, and K. A. Cagney. 2003. Poverty, affluence, and income inequality: neighborhood economic structure and its implications for health, Social Science and Medicine 57: 843-860.
44. Whitworth, A. and R. Stephenson. 2002. Birth spacing, sibling rivalry and child mortality in India, Social Science and Medicine 55: 2107-2119.