The Development and Organization of Attachment: Implications for Psychoanalysis

Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 1147-1174

  Slade, Arietta ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDER;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHOANALYSIS; REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER;

EID: 3042675510     PISSN: 00030651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/00030651000480042301     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adam, K.S., Keller, A.E.S., & West, S. (1995). Attachment organization and vulnerability to loss, separation and abuse in disturbed adolescents. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 309—343.
2. Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., Wall, S. & Eichberg, C. (1991). Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother's unresolved loss of an attachment figure, or other traumatic experience. In Attachment Across the Life Cycle, ed. C. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris. London: Routledge, pp. 199—216.
4. Allen, J.P., Hauser, S.T., & Borman-Spurrell, E. (1996). Attachment theory as a framework for understanding sequelae of severe adolescent psychopathology: An eleven-year follow-up study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:254—263.
5. Aron, L. (1995). A Meeting of Minds: Mutuality in Psychoanalysis. New York: Analytic Press.
6. Beebe, B., Lachmann, F.M., & Jaffe, J. (1997). Mother-infant interaction structures and presymbolic self and object representations. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 7: 133—183.
7. Beebe, B., Lachmann, F.M., Jaffe, J. & Stern, D.N. (1977). Engagement-disengagement and early object experiences. In Communicative Structures and Psychic Structures, ed. N. Freedman & S. Grand New York: Plenum, pp. 35—55.
8. Belsky, J. (1996). Parent, infant, and social-contextual antecedents of fatherson attachment security. Developmental Psychology 32: 905—913.
9. Belsky, J. & Cassidy, J. (1994). Attachment: Theory and evidence. In Development through Life, ed. M. Rutter & D. Hay Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 373—402.
10. Benedek, T. (1959). Parenthood as a developmental phase. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 7: 389—417.
11. Blatt, S. (1995). Representational structures in psychopathology. In Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, vol. 6: Emotion, Cognition, and Representation, ed. D. Cicchetti & S.L. Toth Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, pp. 1—33.
12. Blatt, S. Auerbach, J.S., & Levy, K. (1997). Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology and the therapeutic process. Review of General Psychology 1:351—374.
13. Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their character and home lives. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 25: 19—52.
14. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
15. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
16. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss, vol. 3: Loss. New York: Basic Books.
17. Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York: Basic Books.
18. Brazelton, T.B., & Cramer, B. (1990). The Earliest Relationship: Parents, Infants and the Drama of Early Attachment. New York: Addison-Wesley.
19. Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research, ed. I. Bretherton & E. Waters. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 50 (1—2), serial no. 209. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 3—35.
20. Bretherton, I (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal 11:237—251.
21. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of Meaning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
22. Cassidy, J. (1999). The nature of the child's ties. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver New York: Guilford Press, pp. 3—21.
23. Coates, S.W. (1997). Is it time to jettison the concept of developmental lines? Comment on DeMarneffe's paper “Bodies and words.” Gender and Psychoanalysis 2:35—53.
24. Coates, S.W. (1998). Having a mind of one's own and holding the other in mind: Commentary on paper by Peter Fonagy and Mary Target. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 8: 87—115.
25. Coates, S.W. & Moore, M.S. (1997). The complexity of early trauma: Representation and transformation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 17: 286-311.
26. Coates, S.W., Moore, M.S. & Wolfe, S. (1997). Gender identity disorders of childhood. In The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ed. J. Noshpitz. New York: Wiley & Sons, pp. 452-473.
27. Diamond, D., & Blatt, S. (1994). Internal working models and the representational world in attachment and psychoanalytic theories. In Attachment in Adults: Clinical and Developmental Perspectives, ed. M. Sperling & W. Berman. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 72-98.
28. Dozier, M. (1990). Attachment organization and treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology 2:47-60.
29. Dozier, M. Cue, K., & Barnett, L. (1994). Clinicians as caregivers: Role of attachment organization in treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62: 793—800.
30. Dozier, M. Cue, K., Barnett, L.Stovall, K.C., & Albus, K. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver New York: Guilford Press, pp. 497—520.
31. Eagle, M. (1995). The developmental perspectives of attachment and psychoanalytic theory. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 123—153.
32. Eagle, M. (1997). Attachment and psychoanalysis. British Journal of Medical Psychology 70: 217—229.
33. Fischer, K.W., Shaver, P., & Carnochan, P.G. (1990). How emotions develop and how they organize development. Cognition and Emotion 4: 81—127.
34. Fonagy, P. (1999). Psychoanlaytic theory from the viewpoint of attachment theory and research. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver New York: Guilford Press, pp. 595—624.
35. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., & Gerber, A. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64: 22—31.
36. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., Gerber, A. Steele, M., & Steele, H. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year. Child Development 62:880—893.
37. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., Gerber, A. Steele, M., Steele, H. Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1995). Attachment, the reflective self, and borderline states: The predictive specificity of the Adult Attachment Interview and pathological emotional development. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 223—279.
38. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., Gerber, A. Steele, M., Steele, H. Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1995). Towards understanding violence: The use of the body and the role of the father. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76: 487—502.
39. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., Gerber, A. Steele, M., Steele, H. Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1998). Mentalization and the changing aims of child psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 8:87—114.
40. Fraiberg, S., ED. (1980). Clinical Studies in Infant Mental Health. New York: Harper & Row.
41. George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley.
42. George, C., Kaplan, N., Main, M. & Solomon, J. (1996). Representational models of relationships: Links between caregiving and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal 17:198—216.
43. Grotstein, J. (1990). Introduction. In Psychotic Anxieties and Containment, ed. M. Little. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
44. Hesse, E. (1996). Discourse, memory and the Adult Attachment Interview: A note with emphasis on the emerging Cannot Classify category. Infant Mental Health Journal 17:4—11.
45. Hofer, M. (1995). Hidden regulators: Implications for a new understanding of attachment, separation, and loss. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 203—233.
46. Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.
47. Holmes, J. (1995). Something there is that doesn't love a wall: John Bowlby, attachment theory and psychoanalysis. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 19—45.
48. Holmes, J.(1996). Attachment, Intimacy and Autonomy. New York: Aronson.
49. J. Holmes.(1998). Defensive and creative uses of narrative in psychotherapy: An attachment perspective. In Narrative in Psychotherapy and Psychiatry, ed. G. Roberts & J. Holmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 49—68.
50. Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., & Jessell, T. (1991). Principles of Neuroscience. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
51. Karen, R. (1998). Becoming Attached: First Relationships and How They Impact Our Capacity to Love. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
53. Korfmacher, J., Adam, E., Ogawa, J., & Egeland, B. (1997). Adult attachment: Implications for the therapeutic process in a home visitation intervention. Applied Developmental Science 1:43—52.
54. Lichtenberg, J. (1989). Psychoanalysis and Motivation. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
55. Liotti, G. (1993). Disorganized attachment and dissociative experiences: An illustration of the developmental-ethological approach to cognitive therapy. In Cognitive Therapy in Action, ed. H. Rosen & K.T. Kuehlwein. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 213—239.
56. Liotti, G.(1995). Disorganized/disoriented attachment in the psychotherapy of the dissociative disorders. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 343—367.
57. Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) models of attachment: Findings and directions for future research. In Attachment Across the Life Cycle, ed. C. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris. London: Routledge, pp. 127—160.
58. Main, M. (1995). Recent studies in attachment: Overview, with selected implications for clinical work. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, pp. 407—475.
59. Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (1984). Adult attachment classification system. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.
60. Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (1984, 1998). Adult attachment scoring and classification systems. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.
61. Main, M., Goldwyn, R. & Hesse, E. (1990). Lack of mourning in adulthood and its relationship to infant disorganization: Some speculations regarding causal mechanisms. In Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention, ed. M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 161—182.
62. Main, M., Goldwyn, R., Hesse, E. Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research, ed. I. Bretherton & E. Waters. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 50 (1—2), serial no. 209. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 66—107.
63. Main, M., Goldwyn, R., Hesse, E. Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. & Westen, D. (1981). The quality of the toddler's relationship to mother and father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development 52:932—940.
64. Mayes, L., & Cohen, D. (1996). Anna Freud and psychoanalytic developmental psychology. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 51:117—141.
65. Minde, K., & Hesse, E. (1996). The role of the Adult Attachment Interview in parent-infant psychotherapy. Infant Mental Health Journal 17:115—126.
66. Mitchell, S. (1988). Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis: An Integration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
67. Mitchell, S. (1993). Hope and dread in psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
68. Mitchell, S. (1999). Attachment theory and the psychoanalytic tradition: Reflections on human relationality. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 9:85—108.
69. Ogden, T. (1986). The Matrix of the Mind. New York: Aronson.
70. Pine, F. (1990). Drive, Ego, Object and Self. New York: Basic Books.
71. Pizer, S. (1996). Negotiating potential space: Illusion, play, metaphor, and the subjunctive. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 6:689—712.
72. Rosenstein, D.S., & Horowitz, H.A. (1996). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64:244—253.
73. Sable, P. (1992). Attachment theory: Application to clinical practice with adults. Clinical Social Work Journal 20:271—283.
74. Sable, P. (1994). Attachment, working models, and real experiences. Journal of Social Work Practice 8:25—33.
75. Schafer, R. (1958). How was the story told. Journal of Projective Techniques 22:191—210.
76. Schafer, R. (1992). Retelling a Life. New York: Basic Books.
77. Schore, A. (1994). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
78. Silverman, D. (1991). Attachment patterns and Freudian theory: An integrative proposal. Psychoanalytic Psychology 8:169—193.
79. Slade, A. (1996). A view from attachment theory and research. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis 5:112—123.
80. Slade, A. (1999a). Attachment theory and research: Implications for the theory and practice of individual psychotherapy with adults. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver New York: Guilford Press, pp. 575—594.
81. Slade, A. (1999b). Representation, symbolization, and affect regulation in the concomitant treatment of a mother and child: Attachment theory and child psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 19:797—830.
82. Slade, A. (IN PRESS). Attachment organization and the clinical process: Two therapies. In. Clinical Applications of Attachment, ed. L. Atkinson. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
83. Slade, A. & Aber J.L. (1992). Attachments, drives, and development: Conflicts and convergences in theory. In Interface of Psychoanalysis and Psychology, ed. J. Barron, M. Eagle, & D. Wolitzky. Washington, DC: APA Publications, pp. 154—186.
84. Slade, A., Aber J.L.Belsky, J., Aber, J.L., & Phelps, J. (1999). Mothers' representations of their relationships with their toddlers: Links to adult attachment and observed mothering. Developmental Psychology 35:611—619.
85. Slade, A., Aber J.L.Belsky, J., Aber, J.L., Phelps, J. & Cohen, L.J. (1996). The process of parenting and the remembrance of things past. Infant Mental Health Journal 17:217—238.
86. Solomon, J., & George, C. (1996). Defining the caregiving system: Toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Mental Health Journal 17:183—198.
87. Sroufe, L.A., & Fleeson, J. (1986). Attachment and the construction of relationships. In Relationships and Development, ed. W. Hartup & Z. Rubin. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 51—72.
88. Stern, D.N. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant. New York: Basic Books.
89. Storr, A. (1992). John Bowlby. Munks Roll. London: Royal College of Physicians.
90. Tronick, E.Z., & Weinberg, M.K. (1997). Depressed mothers and infants: Failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In Postpartum Depression and Child Development, ed. L. Murray & P. Cooper. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 54—85.
91. Van Dijken, S. (1996). The first half of John Bowlby's life: A search for the roots of attachment theory. Doctoral dissertation, University of Leiden.
92. Van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin 117:387—403.
93. Waelder, R. (1936). The principle of multiple function: Observations on overdetermination. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 5:45—62.
94. Winnicott, D.W. (1965). Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York: International Universities Press.
95. Winnicott, D.W. (1971). Playing and Reality. London: Tavistock.
96. Zeanah, C.H., Benoit, D., Hirschberg, L., Barton, M., & Regan, C. (1995). Mothers' representations of their infants are concordant with infant attachment classifications. Developmental Issues in Psychiatry and Psychology 1:1–14.