Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of american cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil - A review

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Volumn 99, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 239-251

  Silveira, Fernando T ^a   Lainson, Ralph ^a   Corbett, Carlos E P ^b  

^a INSTITUTO EVANDRO CHAGAS   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Amazonian Brazil; Clinical classification; Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 4;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BRAZIL; CELL INFILTRATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LYMPHOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MEMORY CELL; PLASMA CELL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SKIN INFECTION; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; SKIN ULCER; T LYMPHOCYTE; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL;

LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; VIANNIA;

EID: 3042612202     PISSN: 00740276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762004000300001     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Barral A, Costa JML, Bittencourt AL, Barral-Neto M, Carvalho EM 1995. Polar and subpolar diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: clinical and immunopathologic aspects. Int J Dermatol 34: 474-479.
2. Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn C, Carvalho EM, Barral A 1998. Human-leishmaniasis@cytokines.bahia.br. Braz J Med Biol Res 31: 149-155.
3. Barral A, Jesus AR, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM, Barral-Netto M, Costa JM, Badaro R, Rocha H, Jonhson JD 1987. Evaluation of T-cell subsets in the lesion infiltrates of human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 9: 487-497.
4. Bittencourt AL, Barral A 1991. Evaluation of the histopathological classification of American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86: 51-56.
5. Bittencourt AL, Guimarães N 1968. Imunopatologia da leishmaniose tegumentar difusa. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 2: 395-402.
6. Blackwell JM 1985. A murine model of genetically controlled host responses to Leishmania. In D Rollinson, RM Anderson (eds), Ecology and Genetics of Host Parasite Interactions, Academic Press, New York, p. 147-157.
7. Blackwell JM 1999. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Today 15: 73-76.
8. Bonfim G, Nascimento C, Costa JML, Carvalho EM, Barral-Neto M, Barral A 1996. Variation of cytokine patterns related to therapeutic response in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 84: 188-194.
9. Bryceson ADM 1969. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. The clinical and histological features of the disease. Trans R Soc Trap Med Hyg 63: 708-737.
10. Cáceres-Dittmar G, Tapia FJ, Sanchez MA, Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Modlin RL, Bloom BR, Convit J 1993. Determination of the cytokine profile in American cutaneous leishmaniasis using the polymerase chain reaction. Clin Exp Immunol 91: 500-505.
11. Carvalho EM, Barral A, Costa JML, Bittencourt A, Marsden PD 1994. Clinical and immunopathological aspects of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 56: 315-325.
12. Carvalho EM, Correia-Filho D, Baccelar O, Lessa H, Rocha H 1995. Characterization of the immune response in subjects with self healing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 273-277.
13. Carvalho EM, Johnson WD, Barreto E, Marsden PD, Costa JML, Reed S, Rocha H 1985. Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. J Immunol 135: 4144-4148.
14. Castes M, Agnelli A, Verde O, Rondon AJ 1983. Characterization of the cellular immune response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Immunol Imunopathol 27: 176-186.
15. Castes M, Trujilho D, Calgano M, Cabrera M, Convit J 1993. Response Th1/Th2 in human American cutaneous leishmaniasis: its possible relevance for the design of a vaccine. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 88: 42-43.
16. Chagas EJP, Corrêa CZ, Silveira FT 1999. Avaliação da resposta imune humoral através do teste de imunofluorescência indireta na leishmaniose cutânea causada por Leishmania (L.) amazonensis na região Amazônica do Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 32 (Supl. I): 26.
17. Chagas EJP, Ishikawa EA, Silveira FT 2001. Humoral response (IgG) in the borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (BDCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in Pará State, Brazil. WOLRDleish 2, Crete, Greece, (P226) p. 118.
18. Chan MMY 1993. T cell response in murine Leishmania mexicana amazonensis infection: production of interferon-γ by CD8+ cells. Europ J Immunol 23: 1181-1184.
19. Conceição-Silva F, Perlaza BL, Louis JA, Romero P 1994. Leishmania major infection in mice primes for specific major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ citotoxic T cell responses. Europ J Immunol 24: 2813-2817.
20. Convit J, Lapenta P 1946. Sobre un caso de leishmaniose tegumentaria de forma disseminada. Rev de la Policlinica (Caracas) 18: 153-158.
21. Convit J, Castelanos PF, Ulrich M, Cástes M, Rondon A, Pinardi ME, Rodriguez N, Bloom BR, Formica S, Valecilos L, Bretana A 1989. Immunotherapy of localized, intermediate and diffuse forms of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infec Diseases 160: 104-115.
22. Convit J, Pinardi ME, Rondon AJ 1972. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: A disease due to an immunological defect of the host. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66: 603-610.
23. Convit J, Ulrich M, Fernandez CT, Tapia FJ, Cáceres-Dittmar G, Cástes M, Rondon AJ 1993. The clinical and immunological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 444-448.
24. Convit J, Ulrich M, Polegre MA, Avila A, Rodriguez N, Mazzedo MI, Blanco B 2004. Theraphy of Venezuelan patients with severe mucocutaneous or early lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with a vaccine containig pasteurized Leishmania promastigotes and bacillus Calmet Guerin: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 57-62.
25. Corbett CEP, Ribeiro-Jr U, Prianti MG, Habr-Gama A, Okumura O, Gama-rodrigues O 2001. Cell-mediated immune response in megacolon from patients with chronic Chagas disease. J Dis Colon Rectum 44: 993-998.
26. Corrêa ZJC, Lima LVR, De-Jesus RCS, Everdosa D, Machado R, Martins AP, Brandão J, Barbosa RNP, Ikeda C, Jennings Y, Ishikawa EA, Silveira FT 2003. Comparação da reatividade entre antígeno de Leishmania (L.) amazonensis e Leishmania (V.) shawi na resposta humoral (IgG) da leishmaniose tegumentar americana, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 (Supl. I): 315.
27. Costa JML, Marsden PD, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Netto EM, Carvalho EM, Barral A, Rosa AC, Cuba CC, Magalhães AV, Barreto AC 1986. Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a field clinic in Bahia, Brazil: a report of eight cases. An J Trop Med Hyg 89: 319-321.
28. Costa RP, Gollob KJ, Machado PR, Bacellar OA, Almeida RP, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO 2003. Adhesion molecule expression patterns indicate activation and recruitment of CD4+ T cells from the lymph node to the peripheral blood of early cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Immunol Lett 90: 155-159.
29. Coutinho SG, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL, Santiago MA, DeLuca P 1998. Immunologic patterns associated with cure in human american cutaneous leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 31: 139-142.
30. Da-Cruz AM, De-Oliveira MP, De-Luca PM, Mendonça SC, Coutinho SG 1996. Tumor necrosis fator-alpha in human American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91: 225-229.
31. Esterre P, Dedet JP, Frenay C, Chevallier M, Grimaud JA 1992. Cell populations in the lesion of human cutaneous leishmaniasis: a light microscopical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 421: 239-247.
32. Grimaldi Jr G, David JR, McMahon-Pratt D 1987. Identification and distribution of New World Leishmania species characterized by serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies. Ann Trop Med Hyg 36: 270-287.
33. Grimaldi Jr G, Tesh RB, McMahon-Pratt D 1989. A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4: 687-725.
34. Guimarães MCS, Celeste BJ, Camargo ME, Diniz JMP 1983. Seroepidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis from Ribeira do Iguape Valley. IgM and IgG antibodies detected by means of an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA). Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 25: 108-112.
35. Guimarães MCS, Giovannini VL, Camargo ME 1974. Antigenic standardization for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis immunofluorescence test. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 16: 145-148.
36. Isaza DM, Restrepo M, Restrepo R, Caceres-Dittmar G, Tapia FJ 1996. Immunocytochemical and histopathologic characterization of lesions from patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania panamensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 365-369.
37. Lainson R 1983. The American leishmaniases: some observations on their ecology and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 569-596.
38. Lainson R, Shaw JJ 1972. Leishmaniasis of the New World: taxonomic problems. Br Med Bull 28: 44-48.
39. Lainson R, Shaw JJ 1987. Evolution, classification and geographical distribution. In W Peters, R Killick-Kendrick (eds), The Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 1, Academic Press, London, p. 1-120.
40. Lainson R, Shaw JJ 1992. A brief history of the genus Leishmania (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) in the Americas with particular reference to Amazonian Brazil. Ciência e Cultura 44: 94-106.
41. Lainson R, Shaw JJ 1998. New World Leishmaniasis - The Neotropical Leishmania Species. In FEG Cox, JP Kreier, D Wakelin (eds), Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed., Vol. 5, Parasitology, Arnold, London, p. 242-266.
42. Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Silveira FT, Souza AAA, Braga R, Ishikawa EAI 1994. The dermal leishmaniases of Brazil, with special reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Amazonia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 89: 435-443.
43. Lara ML, Layrisse Z, Scorsa JV, Garcia E, Stoikow Z, Granados J, Bias W 1991. Immunogenetics of human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Study of HLA haplotypes in 24 families from Venezuela. Hum Immunol 30: 129-135.
44. Llanos-Cuentas EA, Marsden PD, Lago EL, Barreto AC, Cuba CC, Johnson WD 1984. Human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Três Braços, Bahia, Brazil. An area of L. braziliensis braziliensis transmission. II Cutaneous disease: presentation and evolution. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 17: 169-391.
45. Magalhães AV, Moraes MAP, Raick NA, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Costa JML, Cuba CC, Marsden PD 1986. Histopatologia da leishmaniose tegumentar por Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 28: 253-262.
46. Marsden PD 1986. Mucosal leishmaniasis ("espundia" Escomel, 1911). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 859-876.
47. Marsden PD, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Lago EL, Cuba CC, Barreta AC, Costa JML, Jones TC 1984. Human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Três Braços, Bahia-Brazil. An area of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis transmission. III. Mucosal disease presentation and initial evolution. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 17: 179-186.
48. Martinez-Arends A, Tapia FJ, Caceres-Dittmar G, Mosca W, Valecil L, Convit J 1991. Immunocytochemical characterization of immune cells in lesions of American cutaneous leishmaniasis using novel T cell markers. Acta Trop 49: 271-280.
49. Modlin RL, Tapia FJ, Bloom BR, Gallinoto ME, Castes M, Rondon A, Rea TH, Convit J 1985. In situ characterization of the cellular immune response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Immunol 60: 241-248.
50. Moraes MAP, Silveira FT 1994. Histopatologia da forma localizada de leishmaniose cutânea por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 36: 459-463.
51. Moraes MO, Sarno EN, Almeida AS, Saraiva BCC, Nery JAC, Martins RCL, Sampaio EP 1999. Cytokine mRNA expression in leprosy: A possible role for interferon-γ and interleukin-12 in reactions (RR and ENL). Scand J Immunol 50: 541-549.
52. Moriearty PL 1978. Borderline cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical, immunological and histological differences from mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 20: 15-21.
53. Petersen EA, Neva FA, Oster CN, Diaz HB 1982. Specific inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation response by adherent suppressor cells in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 306: 387-391.
54. Petzl-Erler ML, Belich MP, Queiroz-Telles F 1991. Association of mucosal leishmaniasis with HLA. Hum Immunol 32: 254-260.
55. Pirmez C, Cooper C, Paes-Oliveira M, Schubach A, Torigian VK, Modlin RL 1990. Immunologic responsiveness in American cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. J Immunol 145: 3100-3104.
56. Pirmez C, Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Paes-Oliveira M, Conceição- Silva F, Modlin RL 1993. Cytokine patterns in the pathogenegis of human leishmaniasis. J Clin Invest 91: 1390-1395.
57. Qi H, Popov V, Soong L 2001. Leishmania amazonensis-dendritic cell interactions in vitro and the priming of parasite-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo. J Immunol 167: 4534-4542.
58. Ribeiro-de-Jesus A, Almeida RP, Lessa H, Baccelar O, Carvalho EM 1998. Cytokine profile and pathology in human leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 31: 143-148.
59. Silveira FT, Blackwell JM, Ishikawa EA, Braga RR, Shaw JJ, Quinnell RJ, Soong L, Kima P, McMahon-Prat D, Black GF, Shaw MA 1998. T cell responses to crude and defined leishmanial antigens in patients from the lower Amazon region of Brazil infected with different species of Leishmania of the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia. Parasite Immunol 20: 19-26.
60. Silveira FT, Duarte ERL, De-Farias ECF, Ikeda CS, Lopes AP, Chagas EJP, Teixeira LM, Ishikawa EA 1999. Leishmaniose mucosa na Amazônia brasileira: Avaliação, retrospectiva, dos aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da doença, com ênfase ao estado do Pará. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 32 (Supl. I): 9.
61. Silveira FT, Ishikawa EA, De Souza AAA, Lainson R 2002. An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis among soldiers in Belém, Para State, Brazil caused by Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi n. sp., a new leishmanial parasite of man in the Amazon region. Parasite 9: 43-50.
62. Silveira FT, Lainson R, De Brito AC, Oliveira MRF, Paes MG, De Souza AAA, Da Silva BM 1997a. Leishmaniose tegumentar americana. In RNG Leão, Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias: Enfoque Amazônico, CEJUP, Belém, PA, p. 619-630.
63. Silveira FT, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, De Souza AAA, Ishikawa EA, Braga RR 1991. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Amazonian Brazil, and the significance of a Montenegro skin-test in human infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 735-738.
64. Silveira FT, Moraes MAP, Lainson R, Shaw JJ 1990. Leishmaniose cutânea experimental. III. Estudo do comportamento evolutivo da lesão cutânea produzida por L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) lainsoni e L. (L.) amazonensis no primata Cebus apella (Primates: Cebidae). Rev Inst Med Trop São Paula 32: 387-394.
65. Silveira FT, Moraes MAP, Shaw JJ, Lainson R 1997b. Pathology and pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis of man in the Amazon Region of Brazil caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Acta Parasitiol Turcica 21 (Supl. I): 97-98.
66. Stefani MMA, Martelli CMT, Gillis TP, Krahenbuhl JL 2003. In situ type 1 cytokine gene expression and mechanisms associated with early leprosy progression. J Infec Diseases 188: 1024-1031.
67. Valli LCP, Passos VMA, Dietze R, Callahan HL 1999. Humoral immune responses among mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis patients caused by Leishmania braziliensis. J Parasitol 85: 1076-1083.
68. Vieira MG, Oliveira F, Arruda S, Bittencourt AL, Barbosa AA Jr, Barral-Netto M, Barral A 2002. B-cell infiltration and frequency of cytokine producing cells differ between localized and disseminated human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 979-983.