Expression of the pyrG gene determines the pool sizes of CTP and dCTP in Lactococcus lactis

European Journal of Biochemistry

Volumn 271, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 2438-2445

  Jørgensen, Casper M ^a   Hammer, Karin ^a   Jensen, Peter R ^a   Martinussen, Jan ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

CTP synthase; EC 6.4.3.2.; Metabolic control analysis; Metabolism; pyrG

Indexed keywords

CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DEOXYCYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE; NUCLEOTIDASE;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; HOMEOSTASIS; LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRG GENE; WILD TYPE;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BETA-GALACTOSIDASE; CARBON-NITROGEN LIGASES; CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DEOXYCYTOSINE NUCLEOTIDES; DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); URIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE;

INSERTION SEQUENCES; LACTOCOCCUS; LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS; POSIBACTERIA; PROKARYOTA; STREPTOCOCCUS;

EID: 3042607942     PISSN: 00142956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04168.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Turner, R.J., Lu, Y. & Switzer, R.L. (1994) Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis pyrimidine biosynthetic (pyr) gene cluster by an autogenous transcriptional attenuation mechanism. J. Bacteriol. 176, 3708-3722.
2. Bonner, E.R., D'Elia, J.N., Billips, B.K. & Switzer, R.L. (2001) Molecular recognition of pyr mRNA by the Bacillus subtilis attenuation regulatory protein PyrR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 4851-4865.
3. Andersen, P.S., Martinussen, J. & Hammer, K. (1996) Sequence analysis and identification of the pyrKDbF operon from Lactococcus lactis including a novel gene, pyrK, involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 178, 5005-5012.
4. Martinussen, J. & Hammer, K. (1998) The carB gene encoding the large subunit of carbamoylphosphate synthetase from Lactococcus lactis is transcribed monocistronically. J. Bacteriol. 180, 4380-4386.
5. Martinussen, J., Schauert, J., Andersen, B. & Hammer, K. (2001) The pyrimidine operon pyrRPB-carA from Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 183, 2785-2794.
6. Jørgensen, C.M., Hammer, K. & Martinussen, J. (2003) CTP limitation increases expression of CTP synthase in Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 185, 6562-6574.
7. Meng, Q. & Switzer, R.L. (2001) Regulation of transcription of the Bacillus subtilis pyrG gene, encoding cytidine triphosphate synthetase. J. Bacteriol. 183, 5513-5522.
8. Wadskov-Hansen, S.L., Willemoës, M., Martinussen, J., Hammer, K., Neuhard, J. & Larsen, S. (2001) Cloning and verification of the Lactococcus lactis pyrG gene and characterization of the gene product, CTP synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 38002-38009.
9. Heinrich, R., Rapoport, S.M. & Rapoport, T.A. (1977) Metabolic regulation and mathematical models. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 32, 1-82.
10. Kacser, H. & Burns, J.A. (1973) The control of flux. In Rate Control of Biological Processes (Davies, D.D., ed.), pp. 65-104. Cambridge University Press, London.
11. Jensen, P.R. & Hammer, K. (1993) Minimal requirements for exponential growth of Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 4363-4366.
12. Holo, H. & Nes, I.F. (1989) High-frequency transformation, by electroporation, of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris grown with glycine in osmotically stabilized media. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 3119-3123.
13. Johansen, E. & Kibenich, A. (1992) Characterization of Leuconostoc isolates from commercial mixed strain mesophilic starter cultures. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 1186-1191.
14. Israelsen, H., Madsen, S.M., Vrang, A., Hansen, E.B. & Johansen, E. (1995) Cloning and partial characterization of regulated promoters from Lactococcus lactis Tn917-lacZ. integrants with the new promoter probe vector, pAK80. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 2540-2547.
15. Martinussen, J., Wadskov-Hansen, S.L. & Hammer, K. (2003) Two nucleoside uptake systems in Lactococcus lactis: competition between purine nucleosides and cytidine allows for modulation of intracellular nucleotide pools. J. Bacteriol. 185, 1503-1508.
16. Solem, C. & Jensen, P.R. (2002) Modulation of gene expression made easy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 2397-2403.
17. Brøndsted, L. & Hammer, K. (1999) Use of the integration elements encoded by the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage TP901-1 to obtain chromosomal single-copy transcriptional fusions in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 752-758.
18. Willemoës, M. & Larsen, S. (2003) Substrate inhibition of Lactococcus lactis cytidine 5′-triphosphate synthase by ammonium chloride is enhanced by salt-dependent tetramer dissociation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 413, 17-22.
19. Jensen, P.R., van der Weijden, C.C., Jensen, L.B., Westerhoff, H.V. & Snoep, J.L. (1999) Extensive regulation compromises the extent to which DNA gyrase controls DNA supercoiling and growth rate of Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 266, 865-877.
20. Snoep, J.L., van der Weijden, C.C., Andersen, H.W., Westerhoff, H.V. & Jensen, P.R. (2002) DNA supercoiling in Escherichia coli is under tight and subtle homeostatic control, involving gene-expression and metabolic regulation of both topoisomerase I and DNA gyrase. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1662-1669.
21. Fricke, J., Neuhard, J., Kelln, R.A. & Pedersen, S. (1995) The cmk gene encoding cytidine monophosphate kinase is located in the rpsA operon and is required for normal replication rate in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177, 517-523.
22. Jordan, A., Pontis, E., Aslund, F., Hellman, U., Gibert, I. & Reichard, P. (1996) The ribonucleotide reductase system of Lactococcus lactis. Characterization of an NrdEF enzyme and a new electron transport protein. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 8779-8785.
23. Torrents, E., Buist, G., Liu, A., Eliasson, R., Kok, J., Gibert, I., Graslund, A. & Reichard, P. (2000) The anaerobic (class III) ribonucleotide reductase from Lactococcus lactis: catalytic properties and allosteric regulation of the pure enzyme system. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 2463-2471.
24. Hofmeyr, J.S. & Comish-Bowden, A. (2000) Regulating the cellular economy of supply and demand. FEBS Lett. 476, 47-51.
25. Burns, J.A., Cornish-Bowden, A., Groen, A.K., Heinrich, R., Kacser, H., Porteous, J.W., Rapoport, S.M., Rapoport, T.A., Stucki, J., Tager, J.M., Wanders, R.J.A. & Westerhoff, H.V. (1985) Control analysis of metabolic systems. Trends Biochem. Sci. 10, 16.
26. Thieringer, H.A., Jones, P.G. & Inouye, M. (1998) Cold shock adaptation. Bioessays 20, 49-57.
27. Weber, M.H. & Marahiel, M.A. (2002) Coping with the cold: the cold shock response in the Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 357, 895-907.
28. Aguilar, P.S., Cronan, J.E. & de Mendoza, D. (1998) A Bacillus subtilis gene induced by cold shock encodes a membrane phospholipid desaturase. J. Bacteriol. 180, 2194-2200.
29. Klein, W., Weber, M.H.W. & Marahiel, M.A. (1999) Cold shock response of Bacillus subtilis: isoleucine-dependent switch in the fatty acid branching pattern for membrane adaptation to low temperature. J. Bacteriol. 181, 5341-5349.
30. Cronan, J.E. & Rock, C.O. (1996) Biosynthesis of membrane lipids. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology (Neidhardt, F.C., ed.), pp. 612-636. ASM Press, Washington DC.
31. Ganong, B.R. & Raetz, C.R. (1982) Massive accumulation of phosphatidic acid in conditionally lethal CDP-diglyceride synthetase mutants and cytidine auxotrophs of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 389-394.
32. Switzer, R.L., Zalkin, H. & Saxild, H.H. (2002) Purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine nucleotide metabolism. In Bacillus subtilis and its Closest Relatives: from Genes to Cells (Sonnenshein, A.L., Hoch, J.A. & Losick, R., eds), pp. 255-269. ASM Press, Washington DC.
33. Gasson, M.J. (1983) Plasmid complements of Streptococcus lactis NCDO 712 and other lactic streptococci after protoplast-induced curing. J. Bacteriol. 154, 1-9.
34. Martinussen, J. & Hammer, K. (1995) Powerful methods to establish chromosomal markers in Lactococcus lactis: an analysis of pyrimidine salvage pathway mutants obtained by positive selections. Microbiology 141, 1883-1890.