Cannabis consumption and risk of developing schizophrenia: Myth or reality?

Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 184-187

  Di Forti, Marta ^a   Murray, Robin McGregor ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; DOPAMINE; VALINE;

ALLELISM; CANNABIS ADDICTION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EDITORIAL; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOKING HABIT;

COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; MARIJUANA ABUSE; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 29844433243     PISSN: 1121189X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (32)

1. Andrèasson S., Allebeck P., Engstrom A. & Ryldberg U. (1987). Cannabis and schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 26, 1483-1486.
2. Arseneault L., Cannon M. & Poulton R (2002). Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. British Medical Journal 325, 1212-1213.
3. Arsenault L., Cannon M., Witton J. & Murray R.M. (2004). Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 110-117.
4. Ashton H. (2002). Cannabis or health? Current Opinion Psychiatry 15, 247-253.
5. Block R.I., O'Leary D.S., Hichwa R.D., Augustinack J.C., Boles Ponto L.L., Ghoneim M.M., Arndt S., Hurtig R.R., Watkins G.L., Hall J.A., Nathan P.E. & Andreasen N.C. (2002). Effects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flow. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 72, 237-250.
6. Bunney W.E. & Bunney B.G. (2000). Evidence for a compromised dorsolateral prefrontal cortical parallel circuit in schizophrenia. Brain Research Reviews 31, 138-146.
7. Caspi A., Moffitt E.T., Cannon M., McClay J., Murray R., Harrington H.L., Taylor A., Arseneault L., Williams B., Braithwaite A., Poulton R. & Craig I.W. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry 57, 1117-1127.
8. D'Souza D.C., Perry E., MacDougall L., Ammerman Y., Cooper T., Wu Y.T., Braley G., Gueorguieva R. & Krystal J.H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 29(8), 1558-1572.
9. Egan M.F., Goldberg T.E., Kolachana B.S., Callicott J.H., Mazzianti C.M., Straub R.E., Goldman D. & Weinberger D.R. (2001) Effect of COMT val 108/158 genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 6917-6922.
10. Elphick M.R. & Egertova M. (2001). The neurobiology and evolution of cannabinoid signalling. Philosophy Transaction Royal Society London 356, 381-408.
11. Fergusson D.M. & Horwood L.J. (2000). Does cannabis encourages other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction 95, 505-520.
12. Fergusson D.M. (2003). Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychological Medicine 33, 15-21.
13. Fergusson D.M., Horwood L.J. & Ridder E.M. (2005). Tests of causal linkages between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms. Addiction. 100, 3:354-366.
14. Gorriti M.A., Rodriguez de Fonseca F., Navarro M. & Palomo T. (1999). Chronic (-)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment induces sensitization to the psychomotor effects of amphetamine in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 365, 133-142.
15. Herkenham M., Lynn A.B., Johnson M.R., Melvin L.S., de Costa B.R. & Rice K.C. (1991). Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptorsin rat brain: a quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study. Journal of Neuroscience 11, 563-583.
16. Iversen L. (2003). Cannabis and the brain. Brain 126, 1252-1270.
17. Lewis C.M., Levinson D.F., Wise L.H., DeLisi L.E., Straub R.E., Hovatta I., Williams N.M., Schwab S.G., Pulver A.E., Faraone S.V., Brzustowicz L.M., Kaufmann C.A., Garver D.L., Gurling H.M., Lindholm E., Coon H., Moises H.W., Byerley W., Shaw S.H., Mesen A., Sherrington R., O'Neill F.A., Walsh D., Kendler K.S., Ekelund J., Paunio T., Lonnqvist J., Peltonen L., O'Donovan M.C., Owen M.J., Wildenauer D.B., Maier W., Nestadt G., Blouin J.L., Antonarakis S.E., Mowry B.J., Silverman J.M., Crowe R.R., Cloninger C.R., Tsuang M., Malaspina D., Harkavy-Friedman J.M., Svrakic D.M., Bassett A.S., Holcomb J., Kalsi G., McQuillin A., Brynjolfson J., Sigmundsson T., Petursson H., Jazin E., Zoega T. & Helgason T. (2003). Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Part II: Schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 34-48.
18. Lindqvist T., Jonsson S, Warkentin S. (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23. 437-443.
19. Mathers D.C. & Ghosde A.H. (1992). Cannabis and psychotic illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 161, 648-653.
20. Miller P., Lawrie S.M., Hodges P.R., Clafferty R., Cosway E.C. & Johnstone E.C. (2001). Genetic liability, illicit drug use, life stress and psychotic symptoms: preliminary findings from the Edinburgh study of people at high risk for schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36, 338-342.
21. Murray R.M., Grech A., Phillips P. & Johnson S. (2003). What is the relationship between substance abuse and and schizophrenia? In The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia (ed. R. Murray, P. Jones, E. Susser, J. Van Os and Mary Cannon), pp. 317-342. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Negrete J.C., Knapp W.P., Douglas D.E. & Smith W.B. (1986). Cannabis affects the severity of schizophrenia symptoms: results of a clinical survey. Psychological Medicine 16, 515-520.
23. Rothman K.J. & Greenland S. (Eds) (1998). Modern Epidemiology, 2. ed. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia.
24. Silva P.A. & Stanton W.R (1996). From Child to Adult: The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
25. Solowij N., Stephens R.S., Roffman R.A., Babor T., Kadden R., Miller M., Christiansen K., McRee B. & Vendetti J. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. Journal of American Medical Association 287, 1123-1131.
26. Tanda G., Poitieri F.E. & Di Chiara G. (1997). Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common U1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science 276, 2048-2050.
27. Thornicroft G. (1990). Cannabis and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 157, 25-33.
28. Van Os J., Bak M., Bijl R.V., De Graaf R. & Verdoux H. (2002). Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology 156, 319-327.
29. Verrico C.D., Jentsch J.D. & Roth R.H. (2003). Persistent and anatomically selective reduction in prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism after repeated intermittent cannabinoid administration to rats. Synapse 49, 61-66.
30. Voruganti L., Slomka P., Zabel P., Costa G., So A., Mattar A. & Awad A.G. (2001). Subjective effects of AMPT-induced dopamine depletion in schizophrenia: correlation between dysphoric responses and striatal D(2) binding ratios on SPECT imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 25(5), 642-650.
31. Weinberger D.R., Egan M.F., Bertolino A., Callicott J.H., Mattay V.S., Lipska B.K., Berman K.F. & Goldberg T.E. (2001) Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50, 825-844.
32. Zammit S., Allebeck P., Andrèasson S., Lundberg I. & Lewis G. (2002). Self-reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. British Medical Journal 325, 1199-1201.