Suicide bombers as women warriors: Making news through mythical archetypes

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 82, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 607-622

  Berkowitz, Dan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDIA ROLE; SUICIDE; TERRORISM;

EID: 29744470986     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900508200308     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Alan Philips, "New Assassins Queue Eagerly for Martyrdom: When Death Came From the Sky and Terrorists Gained Their 'Reward,'" The Daily Telegraph, 13 September 2001, p. 7;
2. Christopher Walker, "Fanatics Driven by Vision of Paradise," The Times, 5 March 1996, Overseas News section.
3. Maureen Murphy, "Film review: 'Planet of the Arabs' and 'Arabs A Go-Go,'" , 6 June 2004.
4. Pippa Norris, Montague Kern, and Marion Just, "Framing Terrorism," in Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government, and the Public, ed. Pippa Norris, Montague Kern, and Marion Just (NY: Routledge, 2003), 3-23.
5. S. Elizabeth Bird and Robert Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Social Meanings of News: A Text-Reader, ed. Dan Berkowitz (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997), 333-50.
6. James Ettema, "Crafting Cultural Resonance: Imaginative Power in Everyday Journalism," Journalism 6 (May 2005): 131-52.
7. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle and Story," 338.
8. Jack Lule, Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism (New York: Guilford, 2001).
9. Dan Berkowitz, "Doing Double Duty: Paradigm Repair and the Princess Diana What-A-Story," Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 1 (2, 2000): 82-94;
10. Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (New York: Macmillan, 1978).
11. Robert Hackett, "Decline of a Paradigm? Bias and Objectivity in News Media Studies," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 1 (3, 1984): 229-59.
12. Stephen Reese, Oscar Gandy, and August Grant, eds., Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001).
13. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle and Story."
14. Dan Berkowitz, "Non-Routine News and Newswork: Exploring a What-A-Story," Journal of Communication 42 (winter 1992): 82-94;
15. Carolyn Kitch, "A Death in the American Family: Myth, Memory and National Values in the Media Mourning of John F. Kennedy, Jr.," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (summer 2002): 294-309.
16. Karim Karim, "Making Sense of the 'Islamic Peril': Journalism as Cultural Practice," in Journalism After September 11, ed. Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allen (London: Routledge, 2002) 101-116;
17. Kitch, "A Death."
18. Lule, Daily News.
19. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle and Story";
20. Claude Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1963).
21. Jack Cawelti, The Six-Gun Mystique Sequel (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State, 1984);
22. Lule, Daily News;
23. Roger Silverstone, "Television, Myth and Culture," in Media, Myths and Narratives: Television and the Press, ed. James Carey (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988).
24. Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Atheneum, 1992).
25. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story," 337.
26. Lule, Daily News, 15.
27. Lule, Daily News, 18.
28. Lule, Daily News, 104-121.
29. Helen Benedict, Virgin or Vamp: How the Press Covers Sex Crimes (New York: Oxford University, 1992).
30. Caryl Rivers, Slick Spins and Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort the News (New York: Columbia University, 1996).
31. Rivers, Slick Spins, 17.
32. "Athena," Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2005, .
33. Ronda V. Wilcox, "Foreward: Out Far or In Deep," in Athena's Daughters: Television's New Women Warriors, ed. Frances Early and Kathleen Kennedy (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, 2003), ix-xii.
34. Early and Kennedy, Athena's Daughters.
35. Early and Kennedy, Athena's Daughters, 3.
36. Sherrie Inness, ed. Tough Girls: Women Warriors and Wonder Women in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1999).
37. Early and Kennedy, Athena's Daughters;
38. Elyce Rae Helford, Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000);
39. Inness, Tough Girls.
40. Early and Kennedy, Athena's Daughters.
41. Sherrie A. Inness, Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture (New York: Palgrave, 2004).
42. Rosemary Sayigh, "Introduction: Palestinian Women: A Case of Neglect," in Portraits of Palestinian Women, ed. Orayb Najjar (Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1992).
43. Secrets of Islam: Collector's Edition (Washington, DC: U.S. News & World Report, 2005).
44. See, for example, Carol Ann Alaimo, "Kuwaiti Women Work to Maintain Semblance of Normalcy," Arizona Daily Star, 30 March 2003, .
45. Cheryl Rubenberg, Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001);
46. Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: the Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, 1995).
47. Wikipedia, "First Intifada," .
48. Barbara Victor, Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2003), 19.
49. Clara Beyler, "Chronology of Suicide Bombings Carried Out by Women," and "Female Suicide Bombers: An Update," International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, .
50. David L. Altheide, Qualitative Media Analysis (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), 33.
51. Thomas R. Lindlof and Bryan C. Taylor, Qualitative Communication Research Methods, 2d ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002), 232.
52. Altheide, Qualitative Media Analysis.
53. Lindlof and Taylor, Qualitative Communication Research.
54. Lule, Daily News.
55. Philips, "New Assassins Queue Eagerly."
56. Walker, "Fanatics Driven by Vision of Paradise."
57. See, for example, Joel Greenberg, "Palestinian Suicide Bombers Obsessed by Cult of Death," Houston Chronicle, 29 January 1995, sec. A, p. 28;
58. Peter Benesh, "Idealistic Zeal Leads to Terror," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 September 1995, sec. A, p. 1.
59. Lule, Daily News, 124.
60. James Bennet, "Mideast Turmoil: The Bombers: Rash of New Suicide Bombers Exhibit No Patterns or Ties," New York Times, 21 June 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
61. Christopher Walker, "Sight of Her People's Blood Fired Bomber," The Times, 1 February 2002, p. 7.
62. Garry Trudeau, Doonesbury, re-published 2-6 June 2003, .
63. Alexander Chancellor, "Footnote," Daily Telegraph, 31 October 2001, p. 25.
64. Peter Beaumont, "From an Angel of Mercy to Angel of Death: Her Family Recall a Lively Tomboy," The Guardian, 31 January 2002, p. 11.
65. Mohammed Assadi, "Palestinians Hail Woman Bomber as Heroine," Jerusalem Post, 1 February 2002, sec. A, p. 2.
66. Mohammed Daraghmeh, "Training Female Suicide Bombers," Salt Lake Tribune, 1 June 2003, .
67. David Rodhe, "Grief Turns to Pride for the Family of a Woman Who Helped Set an Awful Precedent," New York Times, 13 April 2002, sec. A, p. 6.
68. Marina Jimenez and Jonathan Kay, "Israel's New Threat: The Lipstick Martyr," Canadian National Post, 30 January 2002, .
69. Khaled Abu Toameh, "Women May Be Suicide Bombers, Muslim Scholar Rules," Jerusalem Post, 25 May 2003.
70. J. Bennet, "Arab Press Glorifies Bomber as Heroine," New York Times, 11 February 2002, sec. A, p. 8.
71. Daraghmeh, "Training Female Suicide Bombers";
72. Arnon Regular, "Suicide Bomber Training is Almost Feminist," Haaretzdaily, 26 May 2003, .
73. Ibrahim Hazboun, "Schoolgirl Launches Strike: Two Israelis Die in 'Courageous Act,'" Ottawa Citizen, 30 March 2002, sec. A, p. 4.
74. CBSNEWS.com, "Mind of the Suicide Bomber," CBS News, 23 May 2003, .
75. Bennet, "Arab Press Glorifies."
76. Inigo Gilmore, "Palestinians Follow Lead of Female 'Martyr': A Surge of Women Are Volunteering for Military Missions Against Israel," Ottawa Citizen, 3 February 2002, sec. A, p. 7.
77. James Bennet, "Arab Woman's Path to Unlikely 'Martyrdom,'" New York Times, 31 January 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
78. Michael Matza, "The Final Hours of a Female Suicide Bomber and 'Martyr,'" Daily Telegraph, 1 February 2002, p. 24.
79. Walker, "Sight of Her People's Blood."
80. Ohad Gozani and Harry de Quetteville, "Fifth Suicide Bomber in 2 Days Strikes Israel," Daily Telegraph, 20 May 2003, sec. A, p. 1.
81. Kevin Toolis, "Kevin Toolis on How Women Suicide Bombers Make the Seemingly Impossible Task of Stopping Attacks Even More Difficult," The Mirror, 6 October 2003, p. 2.
82. John Anderson and Molly Moore, "For 2 Families in Haifa, 3 Generations of Victims," Washington Post, 6 October 2003, sec. A, p. 1.
83. Bennet, "Arab Woman's Path."
84. Beaumont, "From An Angel."
85. Hazboun, "Schoolgirl Launches Strike."
86. Amanda Ripley, "Why Suicide Bombing...Is Now All the Rage," Time, 15 April 2002, 32.
87. Ravi Nessman, "Women's Paths Cross: A Palestinian and An Israeli, An English Literature Student and A Security Guard," Gazette, 21 May 2003, sec. A, p. 22.
88. CBSNEWS.com, "Mind of the Suicide Bomber." Other sources suggest that this assertion is incorrect, such as Victor, Army of Roses and Joyce Davis, Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance and Despair in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
89. Hazboun, "Schoolgirl Launches Strike."
90. Khalid Abu Toameh, "Palestinian Authority Newspaper Lauds Female Suicide Bombers," Jerusalem Post, 12 March 2003, p. 3.
91. Bennet, "Arab Press Glorifies."
92. Bennet, "Arab Woman's Path."
93. Nessman, "Women's Paths Cross."
94. Hazboun, "Schoolgirl Launches Strike."
95. Hazboun, "Schoolgirl Launches Strike."
96. James Bennet, "The Mideast Turmoil: Killer of 3: How 2 Took the Path of Suicide Bombers," New York Times, 30 May 2003, sec. A. p. 1.
97. John Burns, "Bomber Left Her Family with a Smile and a Lie," New York Times, 7 October 2003, sec. A, p. 13.
98. Ripley, "Why Suicide Bombing."
99. Vered Levy-Barzilai, "Ticking Bomb," Haaretzdaily, 15 October 2003, .
100. Associated Press, "Woman's Suicide 'Like Her Wedding,'" Calgary Sun, 5 October 2003, p. 4.
101. Bennet, "Arab Woman's Path."
102. Tim Johnson, "Identity of Suicide Bomber a Surprise: Friends, Family Saw No Inklings of First Aid Volunteer's Secret Life with Fatah," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 3 February 2002, sec. A, p. 5.
103. Molly Ladd-Taylor and Lauri Umansky, "Bad" Mothers: The Politics of Blame in Twentieth Century America (NY. New York University 1998).
104. Lule, Daily News.
105. Peter Brookes, "Suicide Psyche," Heritage Foundation, 21 January 2004,
106. Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson, "Palestinian mother kills 4 Israelis in Gaza Strip suicide attack," Knight Ridder/Tribune News Services, 15 January 2004.
107. Margaret Coker, "In a Startling Tactic, Hamas Uses a Mother as Suicide Bomber," 14 January 2004, Cox News Service.
108. Jane Usher, Fantasies of Femininity (New Jersey: Rutgers University, 1997).
109. Nidal al-Mughrabi, "Gaza Bomber and Mother Wanted to "Become Shrapnel," Reuters, 14 January 2004, .
110. Reuters photograph GAZ01aD, .
111. "Suicide Bomb Mother 'Was Being Punished for Adultery," Daily Mail, 20 January 2004, sec. A, p. 35.
112. Michael Schudson, The Sociology of News (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 59.
113. S. Holly Stocking and Paget H. Gross, How Do Journalists Think? A Proposal for the Study of Cognitive Bias in Newsmaking (Bloomington, IN: ERIC Clearinghouse, 1989).
114. Lule, Daily News, 201.