Human health risks from low-level environmental exposures: No apparent safety thresholds

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 1232-1234

  Wigle, Donald T ^a   Lanphear, Bruce P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGEN; LEAD; METHYLMERCURY; NEUROTOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; TERATOGENIC AGENT;

AIR POLLUTION; BRAIN INJURY; DISEASE CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH HAZARD; HOUSE DUST; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; NONHUMAN; PROPHYLAXIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SHORT SURVEY; SOIL POLLUTION; TOXICOLOGY; WATER POLLUTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLLUTANT; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; SAFETY;

CARCINOGENS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; HUMANS; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY;

EID: 29644432173     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020350     Document Type: Short Survey

References (23)

1. National Academy of Sciences (1983) Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. Available: http://www.nap.edu/openbook/POD115/ html/. Accessed 3 September 2005.
2. National Academy of Sciences (2000) Scientific frontiers in developmental toxicology and risk assessment. Washington (District of Columbia): National Academy Press. 354 p.
3. Rice DC, Evangelista de Duffard AM, Duffard R, Iregren A, Satoh H, et al. (1996) Lessons for neurotoxicology from selected model compounds: SGOMSEC joint report. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 2): S205-S215.
4. Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, Reed R, Peresie H, et al. (1979) Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. N Engl J Med 300: 689-695.
5. Mushak P (1993) New directions in the toxicokinetics of human lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 14: 29-42.
6. Schwartz J (1994) Low-level lead exposure and children's IQ: A meta-analysis and search for a threshold. Environ Res 65: 42-55.
7. Lanphear BP, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C (2000) Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep 115: 521-529.
8. Wasserman GA, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Todd AC, Kline JK, et al. (2003) The relationship between blood lead, bone lead and child intelligence. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn C Child Neuropsychol 9: 22-34.
9. Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, et al. (2003) Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 348: 1517-1526.
10. Bellinger DC, Needleman HL (2003) Intellectual impairment and blood lead levels. N Engl J Med 349: 500-502.
11. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, et al. (2005) Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: An international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 113: 894-899.
12. England LJ, Kendrick JS, Gargiullo PM, Zahniser SC, Hannon WH (2001) Measures of maternal tobacco exposure and infant birth weight at term. Am J Epidemiol 153: 954-960.
13. Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola N, Zahlsen K (2001) Fetal growth and length of gestation in relation to prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke assessed by hair nicotine concentration. Environ Health Perspect 109: 557-561.
14. Hong YC, Lee KH, Son BK, Ha EH, Moon HS, et al. (2003) Effects of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on the relationship between maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and neonatal birth weight. J Occup Environ Med 45: 492-498.
15. Yolton K, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Lanphear BP, Hornung R (2005) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents. Environ Health Perspect 113: 98-103.
16. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (2001) Evaluation of the linearnonthreshold dose-response model for ionizing radiation. Bethesda (Maryland): National Council on Radiation Protection and Medicine. Report nr 136. 263 p.
17. Lubin JH, Boice JD, Edling C, Hornung RW, Howe GR, et al. (1995) Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 817-827.
18. Hornung RW ( 2001) Health effects in underground uranium miners. Occup Med 16: 331-344.
19. Pavia M, Bianco A, Pileggi C, Angelillo IF (2003) Meta-analysis of residential exposure to radon gas and lung cancer. Bull World Health Organ 81: 732-738.
20. National Academy of Sciences (1999) Health effects of exposure to radon. BEIR VI. Washington (District of Columbia): National Academy Press. 516 p.
21. Health Canada (1996) Guidelines for Canadian drinking water. Ottawa (Canada): Minister of Supply and Services Canada. Available: http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/rcharney/water%20quality.pdf. Accessed 3 September 2005.
22. Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Cordier S, Jaakkola JJ, King WD, et al. (2004) Disinfection by products and bladder cancer: A pooled analysis. Epidemiology 15: 357-367.
23. Lanphear BP, Vorhees CV, Bellinger DC (2005) Protecting children from environmental toxins. PLoS Med 2: e61. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020061