Vascular development: The long and winding road

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 48-54

  Sieburth, Leslie E ^a   Deyholos, Michael K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHYTOHORMONE; WATER;

CYTOLOGY; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTOLOGY; METABOLISM; PLANT; REVIEW; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS; PLANTS; WATER;

EID: 29544442186     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2005.11.008     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. H. Fukuda Signals that control plant vascular cell differentiation Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5 2004 379 391
2. E. Scarpella, and A.H. Meijer Pattern formation in the vascular system of monocot and dicot plant species New Phytol 164 2004 209 242
3. A. Carlsbecker, and Y. Helariutta Phloem and xylem specification: pieces of the puzzle emerge Curr Opin Plant Biol 8 2005 512 517
4. W.P. Jacobs The role of auxin in differentiation of xylem around a wound Am J Bot 39 1952 327 337
5. T. Sachs The control of the patterned differentiation of vascular tissues Ad Bot Res 9 1981 151 262
6. T. Sachs Cell polarity and tissue patterning in plants Dev Suppl 91 1991 83 93
7. J.J. Blakeslee, W.A. Peer, and A.S. Murphy Auxin transport Curr Opin Plant Biol 8 2005 494 500
8. I.A. Paponov, W.D. Teale, M. Trebar, I. Blilou, and K. Palme The PIN auxin efflux facilitators: evolutionary and functional perspectives Trends Plant Sci 10 2005 170 177
9. T. Berleth, J. Mattsson, and C.S. Hardtke Vascular continuity and auxin signals Trends Plant Sci 5 2000 387 393
10. J. Schrader, H. Nilsson, E. Mellerowicz, A. Berglund, P. Nilsson, M. Hertzberg, and G. Sandberg A high-resolution transcript profile across the wood-forming meristem of poplar identifies potential regulators of cambial stem cell identity Plant Cell 16 2004 2278 2292 Expression profiling of carefully dissected cambial cell layers showed transcriptionally distinct cell populations. In addition, cambium was found to express homologs of meristem control genes, supporting the hypothesis that vascular cambium regulation occurs via mechanisms similar to those that regulate SAM.
11. C. Zhao, J.C. Craig, H.E. Petzold, A.W. Dickerman, and E.P. Beers The xylem and phloem transcriptomes from secondary tissues of the Arabidopsis root-hypocotyl Plant Physiol 138 2005 803 818
12. Y. Hanzawa, T. Takahashi, and Y. Komeda ACL5: an Arabidopsis gene required for internodal elongation after flowering Plant J 12 1997 863 874
13. Y. Hanzawa, T. Takahashi, A.J. Michael, D. Burtin, D. Long, M. Pineiro, G. Coupland, and Y. Komeda ACAULIS5, an Arabidopsis gene required for stem elongation, encodes a spermine synthase EMBO J 19 2000 4248 4256
14. N.K. Clay, and T. Nelson Arabidopsis thickvein mutation affects vein thickness and organ vascularization, and resides in a provascular cell-specific spermine synthase involved in vein definition and in polar auxin transport Plant Physiol 138 2005 767 777
15. G. Parker, R. Schofield, B. Sundberg, and S. Turner Isolation of COV1, a gene involved in the regulation of vascular patterning in the stem of Arabidopsis Development 130 2003 2139 2148
16. M.K. Deyholos, G. Cordner, D. Beebe, and L.E. Sieburth The SCARFACE gene is required for cotyledon and leaf vein patterning Development 127 2000 3205 3213
17. K. Koizumi, M. Sugiyama, and H. Fukuda A series of novel mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that are defective in the formation of continuous vascular networks: calling the auxin signal flow canalization hypothesis into question Development 127 2000 3197 3204
18. K. Koizumi, S. Naramoto, S. Sawa, N. Yahara, T. Ueda, A. Nakano, M. Sugiyama, and H. Fukuda VAN3 ARF-GAP-mediated vesicle transport is involved in leaf vascular network formation Development 132 2005 1699 1711 Molecular cloning of VAN3 shows that it encodes an ARF-GAP, and hence, that vesicle trafficking is required for normal vein patterning. Experiments using DR5:GUS suggest that van3 mutants might have reduced auxin responses.
19. S. Sawa, K. Koizumi, S. Naramoto, T. Demura, T. Ueda, A. Nakano, and H. Fukuda DRP1A is responsible for vascular continuity synergistically working with VAN3 in Arabidopsis Plant Physiol 138 2005 819 826 Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, the authors identify Dynamin-Related Protein 1A (DRP1A) as a VAN3-binding partner. Single drp1a mutants have modest vein pattern defects, but van3 drp1a double mutants have strongly enhanced vascular connectivity defects.
20. H. Motose, M. Sugiyama, and H. Fukuda A proteoglycan mediates inductive interaction during plant vascular development Nature 429 2004 873 878 This paper is a biochemical tour de force. The authors biochemically characterized xylogen, which was identified as an active component of conditioned medium using TE differentiation as a bioassay. Xylogen was shown to be localized at one end of differentiating TEs. In addition, mutants that lacked any functional xylogen were shown to have discontinuous veins.
21. H. Motose, H. Fukuda, and M. Sugiyama Involvement of local intercellular communication in the differentiation of zinnia mesophyll cells into tracheary elements Planta 213 2001 121 131
22. H. Motose, M. Sugiyama, and H. Fukuda An arabinogalactan protein(s) is a key component of a fraction that mediates local intercellular communication involved in tracheary element differentiation of zinnia mesophyll cells Plant Cell Physiol 42 2001 129 137
23. F.M. Carland, S. Fujioka, S. Takatsuto, S. Yoshida, and T. Nelson The identification of CVP1 reveals a role for sterols in vascular patterning Plant Cell 14 2002 2045 2058
24. 3 levels were shown to be elevated in cvp2 mutants. Expression analysis showed CVP2 to be expressed in vascular tissues, and a careful phenotypic analysis showed that vascular defects in cvp2 mutants arise at an early stage in provascular development.
25. Q.J. Steynen, and E.A. Schultz The FORKED genes are essential for distal vein meeting in Arabidopsis Development 130 2003 4695 4708 A comprehensive developmental and genetic analysis of fkd1, an Arabidopsis mutant with a vein-joining defect, suggests that FKD1 is required for auxin responses.
26. V. Willemsen, J. Friml, M. Greebe, A. van den Toorn, K. Palme, and B. Scheres Cell polarity and PIN protein positioning in Arabidopsis require STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE1 function Plant Cell 15 2003 612 625
27. E. Scarpella, P. Francis, and T. Berleth Stage-specific markers define early steps of procambium development in Arabidopsis leaves and correlate termination of vein formation with mesophyll differentiation Development 131 2004 3445 3455 In this study, the expression patterns of marker genes for procambial development were compared. Manipulation of growth conditions suggested that the potential for vein formation terminates when cells differentiate as mesophyll.
28. J. Kang, and N. Dengler Vein pattern development in adult leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana Int J Plant Sci 165 2004 231 242 A careful analysis using an ATHB8 reporter gene reveals a protracted period of vein formation, progressive formation of secondary veins, and that ATHB8:GUS is not expressed in late-arising veins.
29. K.R. Siegfried, Y. Eshed, S.F. Baum, D. Otsuga, G.N. Drews, and J.L. Bowman Members of the YABBY gene family specify abaxial cell fate in Arabidopsis Development 126 1999 4117 4128
30. L. Yu, X. Yu, R. Shen, and Y. He HYL1 gene maintains venation and polarity of leaves Planta 221 2005 231 242
31. L.I.A. Calderon-Villalobos, C. Kuhnle, E.M.N. Dohmann, H. Li, M. Bevan, and C. Schweichheimer The evolutionarily conserved TOUGH protein is required for proper development of Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Cell 17 2005 2473 2485
32. N.K. Clay, and T. Nelson The recessive epigenetic swellmap mutation affects the expression of two step II splicing factors required for the transcription of the cell proliferation gene STRUWWELPETER and for the timing of cell cycle arrest in the Arabidopsis leaf Plant Cell 17 2005 1994 2008 This paper defines an epigenetic allele that causes defects in the coordination of cell cycle and cell expansion, and results in abnormally patterned leaves (including leaves that have vein pattern defects).
33. C. Navarro, N. Efremova, J.F. Golz, R. Rubiera, M. Kuckenberg, R. Castillo, O. Tietz, H. Saedler, and Z. Schwarz-Sommer Molecular and genetic interactions between STYLOSA and GRAMINIFOLIA in the control of Antirrhinum vegetative and reproductive development Development 131 2004 3649 3659 This study demonstrated that STYLOSA, the Antirrhinum ortholog of LEUNIG, is required for vegetative development. Using yeast two-hybrid assays, STY was shown to bind to GRAMINIFOLIA, a YABBY gene. Sty gram double mutants showed severe vegetative phenotypes that include defects in polarity and vein patterning.
34. K. Bohmert, I. Camus, C. Bellini, D. Bouchez, M. Caboche, and C. Bennin AGO1 defines a novel locus of Arabidopsis controlling leaf development EMBO J 17 1998 170 180
35. J.R. McConnell, and M.K. Barton Effect of mutations in the PINHEAD gene of Arabidopsis on the formation of shoot apical meristems Dev Genet 16 1995 358 366
36. M.E. Byrne, R. Barley, M. Curtis, J.M. Arroyo, M. Dunham, A. Hudson, and R.A. Martienssen ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 mediates leaf patterning and stem cell function in Arabidopsis Nature 408 2000 967 971
37. E. Semiarti, Y. Ueno, H. Tsukaya, H. Iwakawa, C. Machida, and Y. Machida The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana regulates formation of a symmetric lamina, establishment of venation and repression of meristem-related homeobox genes in leaves Development 128 2001 1771 1783
38. H. Li, L. Xu, H. Wang, Z. Yuan, X. Cao, Z. Yang, D. Zhang, Y. Xu, and H. Huang The putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RDR6 acts synergistically with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 and 2 to repress BREVIPEDICELLUS and microRNA165/166 in Arabidopsis leaf development Plant Cell 17 2005 2157 2171 This study identified rdr6 as an enhancer of AS1 and AS2. The severe double mutant phenotypes were associated with ectopic expression of miR165/miR166, with a strong reduction of HD-ZIPIII gene expression, and with leaf polarity defects.
39. M.K. Deyholos, G.F. Cavaness, B. Hall, E. King, J. Punwani, J. Van Norman, and L.E. Sieburth VARICOSE, a WD-domain protein, is required for leaf blade development Development 130 2003 6577 6588
40. J.M. Van Norman, R.L. Frederick, and L.E. Sieburth BYPASS1 negatively regulates a root-derived signal that controls plant architecture Curr Biol 14 2004 1739 1746 In this study, a graft-transmissible signal that is emitted from the root of bypass1 mutants was shown to be sufficient to alter normal leaf development. These mutants also showed a loss of DR5 inducibility, suggesting that the root-derived signal might affect apical architecture by interfering with auxin signaling.
41. J.M. Zgurski, R. Sharma, D.A. Bolokoski, and E.A. Schultz Asymmetric auxin response precedes asymmetric growth and differentiation of asymmetric leaf1 and asymmetric leaf2 Arabidopsis leaves Plant Cell 17 2005 77 91 In this study, as1 and as2 alleles were identified in a screen for mutants that mis-express the auxin-inducible marker DR5::GUS during early leaf development. Gaps in leaf margin cells, a part of the as1 and as2 phenotypes, were identified as sites of high DR5::GUS expression. The results suggest that defects in leaf patterning in as1 and as2 are secondary consequences of their initial abnormal auxin distribution.
42. P. Dahiya, D. Milioni, B. Wells, N. Stacey, K. Roberts, and M.C. McCann A RING domain gene is expressed in different cell type of leaf trace, stem, and juvenile bundles in the stem vascular system of Zinnia Plant Physiol 138 2005 1383 1395 Careful analysis shows three anatomically and transcriptionally distinct vascular bundles in Zinnia stems.
43. J.F. Emery, S.K. Floyd, J. Alvarez, Y. Eshed, N.P. Hawker, A. Izhaki, S. Baum, and J.L. Bowman Radial patterning of Arabidopsis shoots by Class III HD-ZIP and KANADI genes Curr Biol 13 2003 1768 1774
44. S. Baima, M. Possenti, A. Matteucci, E. Wisman, M.M. Altamura, I. Ruberti, and G. Morelli The Arabidopsis ATHB-8 HD-Zip protein acts as a differentiation-promoting transcription factor of the vascular meristems Plant Physiol 126 2001 643 655
45. M.J. Prigge, D. Otsga, J.M. Alonso, J.R. Ecker, G.N. Drews, and S.E. Clark Class III homeodomain-leucine zipper gene family members have overlapping, antagonistic, and distinct roles in Arabidopsis development Plant Cell 17 2005 61 76 The authors describe an important study that complements gain-of-function class III HD-ZIP and activation-tag miRNA studies. This comprehensive look at loss-of-function mutants and multiple-mutant plants assists in the assignment of specific functions to each of the five class III HD-ZIP genes.
46. J. Kim, J.H. Jung, J.L. Reyes, Y.S. Kim, S.Y. Kim, K.S. Chung, J.A. Kim, M. Lee, Y. Lee, and V.N. Kim microRNA-directed cleavage of ATHB15 mRNA regulates vascular development in Arabidopsis inflorescence stems Plant J 42 2005 84 94
47. L. Williams, S.P. Grigg, M. Xie, S. Christensen, and J.C. Fletcher Regulation of Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem and lateral organ formation by microRNA miR166g and its AtHD-ZIP target genes Development 132 2005 3657 3668 Activation-tagged mIR166g (jba-1D) was found to cause increased REV and decreased PHB, CAN/ATHB15, and PHV expression. A careful analysis of vascular anatomy showed that ectopic xylem was associated with both VBs in normal positions and ectopic bundles. This study also raises the question of whether ectopic VBs are related to leaves that arise in abnormal positions.
48. K.A. Green, M.J. Prigge, R.B. Katzman, and S.E. Clark CORONA, a member of the class III homeodomain leucine zipper gene family in Arabidopsis, regulates stem cell specification and organogenesis Plant Cell 17 2005 691 704
49. R. Zhong, and Z.H. Ye Amphivasal vascular bundle 1, a gain-of-function mutation of the IFL/REV gene, is associated with alterations in the polarity of leaves, stems and carpels Plant Cell Physiol 45 2004 369 385
50. J.R. McConnell, J. Emery, Y. Eshed, N. Bao, J. Bowman, and M.K. Barton Role of PHABULOSA and PHAVOLUTA in determining radial patterning in shoots Nature 411 2001 709 713
51. J.R. McConnell, and M.K. Barton Leaf polarity and meristem formation in Arabidopsis Development 125 1998 2935 2941
52. N.A. McHale, and R.E. Koning MicroRNA-directed cleavage of Nicotiana sylvestris PHAVOLUTA mRNA regulates the vascular cambium and structure of apical meristems Plant Cell 16 2004 1730 1740 This study of mutants in which phv is expressed ectopically led to the suggestion that leaf-blade outgrowth is regulated by the delivery of miRNAs via the vascular tissue. This study also synthesized many observations about HD-ZIPIII phenotypes and led the authors to propose that the major function of HD-ZIPIII mutants might be to confer indeterminacy.
53. M. Bonke, S. Thitamadee, A.P. Mähönen, M.T. Hauser, and Y. Helariutta APL regulates vascular tissue identity in Arabidopsis Nature 426 2003 181 186
54. M. Kubo, M. Udagawa, N. Nishikubo, G. Horiguchi, M. Yamaguchi, J. Ito, T. Mimura, H. Fukuda, and T. Demura Transcription switches for protoxylem and metaxylem vessel formation Genes Dev 19 2005 1855 1860 This study identified two Arabidopsis NAC-domain transcription factors that are key regulators of tracheary element cell identity. The ectopic expression of either gene is sufficient to induce xylem formation in diverse tissues of plants.
55. A. Caño-Delgado, Y. Yin, C. Yu, D. Vafeados, S. Mora-García, J.-C. Cheng, K.H. Nam, J. Li, and J. Chory BRL1 and BRL3 are novel brassinosteroid receptors that function in vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis Development 131 2004 5341 5351 This study investigated the functional roles of three BRI1-like proteins. BRL1 and BRL3 were shown to bind BL, whereas BRL2/VH1 did not. The BRL genes that encode these proteins showed vascular-specific expression, and genetic analysis suggests that they work together to promote xylem and suppress phloem development.
56. N.K. Clay, and T. Nelson VH1, a provascular cell-specific receptor kinase that influences leaf cell patterns in Arabidopsis Plant Cell 14 2002 2707 2722