Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid microstructured reactors: Contacting principles and applications

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Volumn 44, Issue 25, 2005, Pages 9750-9769

  Hessel, Volker ^a,b   Angeli, Panagiota ^c   Gavriilidis, Asterios ^c   Löwe, Holger ^a,d  

^a INSTITUT FÜR MIKROTECHNIK MAINZ GMBH   (Germany)

^b EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUORINATIONS; GAS-LIQUID MICROSTRUCTURAL REACTORS; MICROCHANNELS; RESIDENCE-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS;

BUBBLES (IN FLUIDS); CHLORINATION; FLOW PATTERNS; FOAMS; HEAT TRANSFER; MASS TRANSFER; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

CHEMICAL REACTORS;

GAS-LIQUID-SOLID MIXING; MICROSTRUCTURE; REACTOR;

EID: 29544441318     PISSN: 08885885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ie0503139     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. Mills, P. L.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Chaudhari, R. V. Multiphase reaction engineering for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Rev. Chem. Eng. 1992, 8, 5-176.
2. Lee, S.-Y.; Tsui, Y. P. Succeed at gas-liquid contacting. Chem. Eng. Prog. 1999, 95, 23-49.
3. Dabir, B.; Riazi, M. R.; Davoudirad, H. R. Modelling of falling film reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996, 51, 2553-2558.
4. Karimi, G.; Kawaji, M.; An experimental study of freely falling films in a vertical tube. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1998, 53, 3501-3512.
5. Oron, A.; Davis, S. H.; Bankoff, S. G. Long-scale evolution of thin liquid films. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1997, 69, 931-980.
6. Hessel, V.; Ehrfeld, W.; Herweck, T.; Haverkamp, V.; Löwe, H.; Schiewe, J.; Wille, C.; Kern; T., Lutz, N. Gas-liquid microreactors: hydrodynamics and mass transfer. In IMRET 4, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, Atlanta, GA, March 5-9, 2000; AIChE: New York, 2000; pp 174-186.
7. Jähnisch, K.; Baerns, M.; Hessel, V.; Ehrfeld, W.; Haverkamp, V.; Löwe, H.; Wille, C.; Guber, A. Direct fluorination of toluene using elemental fluorine in gas-liquid microreactors. J. Fluorine Chem. 2000, 105, 117-128.
8. Jähnisch, K. Photochemical generation and [4+2]-cyclo-addition of singlet oxygen in a falling film microreactor. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2004, 76, 630-632.
9. Yeong, K. K.; Gavriilidis, A.; Zapf, R.; Hessel, V. Catalyst preparation and deactivation issues for nitrobenzene hydrogenation in a microstructured falling film reactor. Catal. Today 2003, 81, 641-651.
10. Bibby, I. P.; Harper; M. J.; Shaw, J. Design and optimisation of micro-fluidic reactors through CFD and analytical modelling. In IMRET 2, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Microreaction Technology, New Orleans, 1998; AIChE: New York, 1998; pp 335-339.
11. Wenn, D. A.; Shaw, J. E. A.; Mackenzie, B. A mesh microreactor for 2-phase reactions. Lab Chip 2003, 3, 180-186.
12. Kreutzer, M. T. Hydrodynamics of Taylor flow in capillaries and monolith reactors, Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands, 2003.
13. Irandoust, S.; Andersson, B. Mass transfer and liquid-phase reactions in a segmented two-phase flow monolithic catalyst reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1988, 43, 1983-1988.
14. Hsieh, C.-C.; Yao, S.-C. Development of a microscale passive gas-liquid separation system. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, Yokohama, Japan 2004; Paper 566.
15. Günther, A.; Jhunjhunwala, M.; Thalmann, M.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. Micromixing of miscible liquids in segmented gas-liquid flow. Langmuir 2005, 21, 1547-1555.
16. Hessel, V.; Ehrfeld, W.; Golbig, K.; Haverkamp, V.; Löwe, H.; Storz, M.; Wille, C.; Guber, A.; Jähnisch, K.; Baerns, M. Gas-liquid micro reactors for direct fluorination of aromatic compounds using elemental fluorine. In IMRET 3, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Microreaction Technology, Frankfurt, Germany, 1999; AIChE: New York, 1999; pp 526-540.
17. de Mas, N.; Günther, A.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F.; Microfabricated multiphase reactors for the selective direct fluorination of aromatics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 698-710.
18. de Mas, N.; Gunther, A.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. Scalable microfabricated multiphase reactors for direct fluorination reactions. In Digest of Technical Papers, Boston Transducers'03, Boston, MA, June 8-12, 2003; IEEE: Washington, D.C., 2003; Vol. 1-2, pp 655-658.
19. Hardt, S.; Pennemann, H.; Jiang, F. CFD-based optimization of gas-liquid micro reactors with droplet and bubble transport. In Technical Proceedings of the 2003 Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, Computational Publications: Boston, 2003; pp 254-257.
20. Löb, P.; Pennemann, H.; Hessel, V. g/l-Dispersion in interdigital micro mixers with different mixing chamber geometries. Chem. Eng. J. 2004, 101, 75-85.
21. Hardt, S.; Dietrich, T.; Freitag, A.; Hessel, V.; Löwe, H.; Hofmann, C.; Oroskar, A.; Schönfeld, F.; Vanden Bussche, K. Radial and tangential injection of liquid/liquid and gas-liquid streams and focusing thereof in a special cyclone mixer. IMRET 6, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002; AIChE: New York, 2002; Publication 164, pp 329-344.
22. Schönfeld, F.; Hessel, V.; Hofmann, C. An optimised split-and-recombine micro mixer with uniform 'chaotic' mixing. Lab Chip 2004, 4, 65-69.
23. Hessel, V.; Löwe, H.; Müller, A.; Kolb, G. Chemical Micro Process Engineering-Processing and Plants; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2005.
24. Hessel, V.; Hardt, S.; Löwe, H. Chemical Micro Process Engineering-Fundamentals, Modelling and Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004.
25. Losey, M. W.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. Microfabricated multiphase packed-bed reactors: characterization of mass transfer and reactions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2001, 40, 2555-2562.
26. Losey, M. W.; Jackman, R. J.; Firebaugh, S. L.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. Design and fabrication of microfluidic devices for multiphase mixing reaction. J. Microelectromech. Systems 2002, 11, 709-717.
27. Födisch, R.; Hönicke, D.; Xu, Y.; Platzer, B. Liquid phase hydrogénation of p-nitrotoluene in micro channel reactors. In Microreaction Technology-IMRET 5, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Microreaction Technology; Matlosz, M., Ehrfeld, W., Baselt, J. P., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2001; pp 470-478.
28. Platzer, B.; Xu, Y.; Rossmann, T.; Födisch, R.; Hönicke, D. Consideration of the effect of irregular catalytic active component distributions in mesopores-extension of a model for wall-catalyzed reactions in micro channel reactors. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2003, 26, 765-773.
29. Yeong, K. K.; Gavriilidis, A.; Zapf, R.; Kost, H. J.; Hessel, V.; Boyde, A. Characterisation of liquid film in a microstructured falling film reactor using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2005, accepted for publication.
30. Levenspiel, O. Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd edition; Wiley: New York, 1999.
31. Hardt, S.; Doffing, F.; Pennemann, H. Simulation of hydrodynamic dispersion in gas-liquid micro reactors. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Modeling and Simulation, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 22-25 April 2002; Computional Publications: Boston, 2002; pp 54-57.
32. Hardt, S.; Schönfeld, F. Simulation of hydrodynamics in multiphase microreactors. In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Computional Mechanics, Vienna, Austria, 7-12 July, 2002; Mang, H., Rammersdorfer, F., Ebersteiner, J., Eds; WCCM: Vienna, Austria, 2002; http://wccm.tuwien.ac.at.
33. Zanfir, M.; Gavriilidis, A.; Wille, Ch.; Hessel, V. Carbon Dioxide Absorption in a Falling Film Microstructured Reactor: Experiments and Modelling. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 1742-1751.
34. Wille, C.; Ehrfeld, W.; Herweck, T.; Haverkamp, V.; Hessel, V.; Löwe, H.; Lutz, N.; Möllmann; K.-P.; Pinno, F. Dynamic monitoring of fluid equipartition and heat release in a falling film micro reactor using real-time thermography. In Proceedings of the VDE World Microtechnologies Congress, MICRO.tec 2000, EXPO Hannover, Germany, 25-27 September 2000; VDE Verlag: Berlin, 2000; pp 349-354.
35. Yeong, K. K.; Gavriilidis, A.; Zapf, R.; Hessel, V. Experimental studies of nitrobenzene hydrogenation in a microstructured falling film reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59, 3491-3494.
36. Amador, C.; Angeli, P.; Gavriilidis, A.; Shaw, J.; Wenn, D. Meniscus shape, position and stability in straight pores. In Proceedings of the AICHE Meeting, San Francisco, 16-21 November, 2003; AIChE: New York, 2003; Paper 277a.
37. Abdallah, R.; Meille, V.; Shaw, J.; Wenn, D.; de Bellefon, C. Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid catalysis in a mesh microreactor. Chem. Commun. 2004, 372-373.
38. Triplett, K. A.; Ghiaasiaan, S. M.; Abdel-Khalik, S. I.; Sadowski, D. L. Gas/liquid two-phase flow in micro channels. Part I: two-phase flow patterns. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1999, 25, 377-394.
39. Serizawa, A.; Feng, Z.; Kawara, Z. Two-phase flow in micro channels. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2002, 26, 703-714.
40. Chen, W. L.; Twu, M. C.; Pan, C. Gas/liquid two-phase flow in microchannels. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2002, 28, 1235-1247.
41. Triplett, K. A.; Ghiaasiaan, S. M.; Abdel-Khalik, S. I.; LeMouel, A.; McCord, B. N. Gas/liquid two-phase flow in micro channels. Part II: void fraction and pressure drop. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1999, 25, 395-410.
42. Akbar, M. K.; Plummer, D. A.; Ghiaasiaan, S. M. On gas-liquid two-phase flow regimes in micro channels. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2003, 29, 855-865.
43. Thulasidas, T. C.; Abraham, M. A.; Cerro, R. L. Flow patterns in liquid slugs during bubble-train flow inside capillaries. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52, 2947-2962.
44. Irandoust, S.; Andersson, B. Simulation of flow and mass transfer in Taylor flow through a capillary. Computers Chem. Eng. 1989, 13, 519-526.
45. Berčič, G.; Pintar, A. The role of gas bubbles and liquid slug lengths on mass transport in the Taylor flow through capillaries. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52, 3709-3719.
46. Günther, A.; Khan, S. A.; Thalmann, M.; Trachsel, F.; Jensen, K. F. Transport and reaction in microscale segmented gas-liquid flow. Lab Chip 2004, 4, 278-286.
47. Bretherton, F. P. The motion of long bubbles in tubes. J. Fluid Mechanics 1961, 10, 166-188.
48. Ratulowski, J.; Chang, H. C. Marangoni effects of trace impurities on the motion of long gas bubbles in capillaries. J. Fluid Mechanics 1990, 210, 303-328.
49. Edvinsson, R. K.; Irandoust, S. Finite-element analysis of Taylor flow. AIChE J. 1996, 42, 2, 1815-1823.
50. Taha, T.; Cui Z. F. Hydrodynamics of slug flow inside capillaries. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59, 1181-1190.
51. Aussilous, P.; Quére, D. Quick deposition of a fluid on the wall of a tube. Phys. Fluids 2000, 12, 10, 2367-2371.
52. Amador, C.; Salman, W.; Sanguanpiyapan, S.; Gavriilidis, A.; Angeli, P. Effect of gas inlet conditions on the mechanism of Taylor flow formation. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, Yokohama, Japan, 2004; Paper 515.
53. Thiers, R. E.; Reed, A. H.; Delander, K. Origin of the lag phase of continuous flow analysis curves. Clin. Chem. 1971, 17, 1, 42-48.
54. Salman, W.; Gavriilidis, A.; Angeli, P. A model for predicting axial mixing during gas-liquid Taylor flow in micro channels at low Bodenstein numbers. Chem. Eng. J. 2004, 101, 391-396.
55. Pedersen, H.; Hovarth, C. Axial dispersion in a segmented gas-liquid flow. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1981, 20, 181-186.
56. Thulasidas, T. C.; Abraham, M. A.; Cerro, R. L. Dispersion during bubble-train flow in capillaries. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54, 61-76.
57. Salman, W.; Angeli, P.; Gavriilidis, A.; Sample pulse broadening in Taylor flow micro channels for screening applications. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2005, 28, 509-514.
58. Berčič G. Influence of operating conditions on the observed reaction rate in the single channel monolith reactor. Catal. Today, 2001, 69, 147-152.
59. Irandoust, S.; Ertlé, S.; Andersson, B. Gas/liquid mass transfer in Taylor flow through a capillary. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1992, 70, 115-119.
60. van Baten, J. M.; Krishna, R. CFD simulations of mass transfer from Taylor bubbles rising in circular capillaries. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59, 2535-2545.
61. Gruber, R.; Melin, T. Radial mass transfer enhancement in bubble-train flow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2003, 46, 2799-2808.
62. Haverkamp, V. Charakterisierung einer Mikroblasensäule zur Durchführung stofftransportlimitierter und/oder hochexothermer Gas/Flüssig-Reaktionen. Dissertation, Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, 2002 (in Fortschritt-Bericht VDI, Reihe 3, Nr. 771).
63. Cybulski, A.; Edvinsson, R.; Irandoust, S.; Andersson, B. Liquid-phase methanol synthesis: modelling of a monolithic reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1993, 48, 3463-3478.
64. Hessel, V.; Ehrfeld, W.; Golbig, K.; Haverkamp, V.; Löwe, H.; Richter, T. Gas-liquid dispersion processes in micro mixers: the hexagon flow. In Process Miniaturization. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Microreaction Technology, IMRET 2, Topical Conf. Preprints, New Orleans, 1998; Ehrfeld, W., Rinard, I. H., Wegeng, R. S., Eds.; AIChE, New York, 1998; pp 259-266.
65. Pennemann, H.; Hessel, V.; Kost, H.-J.; Löwe, H.; de Bellefon, C. Investigations on pulse broadening for transient catalyst screening in gas/liquid systems. AIChE. J. 2004, 50, 1814-1823.
66. Ramachandran, P. A.; Chaudhari, R. V. Three-Phase Catalytic Reactors; Gordon and Breach: New York, 1983.
67. Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Larachi, F.; Dudukovic, M. P.; Laurent, À. High-pressure trickle-bed reactors: a review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1997, 36, 3292-3314.
68. Adamson A.; Gast, A. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 6th edition; Wiley: New York, 1997.
69. Chambers, R. D.; Fox, M. A.; Holling, D.; Nakano, T.; Okazoe T.; Sandford, G. Elemental fluorine Part 16. Versatile thin-film gas-liquid multichannel microreactors for effective scale-out. Lab Chip 2005, 5, 191-198.
70. Amador, C.; Gavriilidis, A.; Angeli, P. Flow distribution in different microreactor scale-out geometries and the effect of manufacturing tolerances and channel blockage. Chem. Eng. J. 2004, 101, 379-390.
71. Schiemann, G.; Cornils, B. Chemie und Technologie Cyclischer Fluorverbindungen; Ferdinand Enke Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany 1969; pp 188-193.
72. Balz, G.; Schiemann, G. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1927, 60, 1186.
73. Grakauskas, V. Direct liquid-phase fluorination of halogenated aromatic compounds. J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 2835-2839.
74. Purrington, S. T.; Kagen, B. S. The application of elemental fluorine in organic chemistry. Chem. Rev. 1986, 86, 997-1018.
75. Grakauskas, V. Direct liquid-phase fluorination of aromatic compounds. J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 723-728.
76. Cacace, F.; Giacomello, P.; Wolf, A. P. Substrate selectivity and orientation in aromatic substitution by molecular fluorine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 3511-3515.
77. Cacace, F.; Wolf, A. P. Substrate selectivity and orientation in aromatic substitution by molecular fluorine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 3639-3641.
78. Conte, L.; Gambaretto, G. P.; Napoli, M.; Fraccaro, C.; Legnaro, E. Liquid-phase fluorination of aromatic compounds by elemental fluorine. J. Fluorine Chem. 1995, 70, 175-179.
79. Löb, P.; Löwe, H.; Hessel, V. Fluorinations, chlorinations and brominations of organic compounds in microstructured reactors. J. Fluorine Chem. 2004, 125, 1677-1694.
80. Hessel, V.; Löb, P.; Löwe, H. Direct fluorination of aromatics with elemental fluorine in microstructured reactors. Chem. Today 2004, No. 5, 10-15.
81. Chambers, R. D.; Sandford, G. Durham microreactors for direct fluorination. Chem. Today 2004, No. 6, 6-8.
82. Chambers, R. D.; Spink, R. C. H. Microreactors for elemental fluorine. Chem. Comm. 1999, No. 10, 883-884.
83. Chambers, R. D.; Holling, D.; Spink, R. C. H.; Sandford, G. Elemental fluorine Part 13. Gas/liquid thin film reactors for selective direct fluorination. Lab Chip 2001, 1, 132-137.
84. IMM Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, unpublished.
85. Autorenkollektiv. Organikum, 16th ed.; VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie: Berlin, 1986; pp 530-563.
86. Chambers, R. D.; Holling, D.; Sandford, G.; Batsanov, A. S.; Howard, J. A. K. Elemental fluorine Part 15. Selective direct fluorination of quinoline derivatives. J. Fluorine Chem. 2004, 125, 661-671.
87. Chambers, R. D.; Holling, D.; Sandford, G.; Puschmann, H.; Howard, J. A. K. Selective direct fluorination of quinoline derivatives. J.Fluorine Chem. 2002, 117, 99-101.
88. Chambers, R. D.; Holling, D.; Rees, A. J.; Sandford, G. Microreactors for oxidations using fluorine. J. Fluorine Chem. 2003, 119, 81-82.
89. Ehrich, H.; Linke, D.; Morgenschweis, K.; Baerns, M.; Jähnisch, K. Application of microstructured reactor technology for the photochemical chlorination of alkylaromatics. Chimia 2002, 56, 647-653.
90. Wehle, D.; Dejmek, M.; Rosenthal, J.; Ernst, H.; Kampmann, D.; Trautschold, S.; Pechatschek, R. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Monochloressigsäure in Mikroreaktoren. 27.07.2000, 2000.
91. Müller, A.; Cominos, V.; Horn, B.; Ziogas, A.; Jähnisch, K.; Grosser, V.; Hillmann, V.; Jam, K. A.; Bazzanella, A.; Rinke, G.; Kraut, M. Fluidic bus system for chemical micro process engineering in the laboratory and for small-scale production. Chem. Eng. J. 2005, 107 (1-3), 205-214.
92. Müller, A.; Cominos, V.; Hessel, V.; Horn, B.; Schürer, J.; Ziogas, A.; Jähnisch, K.; Hillmann, V.; Grosser, V.; Jam, K. A.; Bazanella, A.; Rinke, G.; Kraut, M. Fluidisches Bussystem für die chemische Verfahrenstechnik und für die Produktion von Feinchemikalien. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2004, 76, 641-651.
93. Jähnisch, K.; Hessel, V.; Löwe, H.; Baerns, M. Chemistry in Microstructured Reactors. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2004, 43, 406-446.
94. Jähnisch, K.; Baerns, M. Verfahren zur Photooxygenierung von Olefinen. 04.12.2002, 2002.
95. Wootton, R. C. R.; Fortt, R.; de Mello, A. J. A Microfabricated nanoreactor for safe, continuous generation and use of singlet oxygen. Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 2002, 60, 187-189.
96. Losey, M. W.; Isogai, S.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. In Microfabricated devices for multiphase catalytic process, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, IMRET 4, Atlanta, USA, 5-9 March, 2000; AIChE: New York, 2000; pp 416-424.
97. Födisch, R.; Reschetilowski, W.; Hönicke, D. Heterogeneously catalyzed liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitro-aromatics using micro channel reactors. In The Future Role of Aromatics in Refining and Petrochemistry, Proceedings of the DGMK-Conference, Erlangen, Germany, 1999; German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology: Hamburg, Germany, 1999; pp 231-238.
98. Losey, M. W.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. A micro packed-bed reactor for chemical synthesis. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2000; pp 277-286.
99. de Bellefon; Tanchoux, N.; Caravieilhes, S.; Grenouillet, P.; Hessel, V. Microreactors for dynamic high throughput screening of fluid-liquid molecular catalysis. Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3584-3587.
100. de Bellefon, C.; Pestre, N.; Lamouille, T.; Grenouillet, P. High-throughput kinetic investigations of asymmetric hydrogenations with microdevices. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2003, 345, 190-193.
101. de Bellefon, C.; Caravieilhes, S.; Grenouillet, P. Application of a micro mixer for the high throughput screening of fluid-liquid molecular catalysts. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2001; pp 408-413.
102. de Bellefon, C.; Abdallah, R.; Lamouille, T.; Pestre, N.; Caravieilhes, S.; Grenouillet, P. High-throughput screening of molecular catalysts using automated liquid handling, injection and microdevices. Chimia 2002, 56, 621-626.
103. Khan, S. A.; Günther, A.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. Microfluidic synthesis of colloidal silica. Langmuir 2004, 20, 8604-8611.
104. Klemm, E.; Albrecht, J.; Lange de Oliveira, A.; Markowz, G.; Gross, S.; Schütte, R.; Ehrlich, J.; Schirrmeister, S.; von Morstein, O. Method for obtaining a gaseous phase from a liquid medium and device for carrying out the same, WO2004/036137, 29.04.2004.