Women and crime: An evolutionary approach

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 481-497

  Campbell, Anne ^a   Muncer, Steven ^a   Bibel, Daniel ^b  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b State Police Crime Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

Crime; Evolution; Sex differences; Women

Indexed keywords

CRIME; CRIMINOLOGY; DRUG ABUSE; EVOLUTION; FAMILY VIOLENCE; FEAR; HUMAN; OFFENDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 29444449531     PISSN: 13591789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00019-7     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in Crime. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2. Adler, P. (1993). Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnology of Upper Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community (2nd edn.). New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Ahmad, Y., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Bullying in schools and the issue of sex differences. In J. Archer (Ed.), Male Violence (pp. 70-83). London: Routledge.
4. Allman, J., Rosin, A., Kumar, R., & Hasenstaub, A. (1998). Parenting and survival in anthropoid primates: caretakers live longer. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95, 6866-6869.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
6. Archer, J. (1997). Sex differences in aggression and their origins. Psychology Department, University of Central Lancashire. (Unpublished manuscript).
7. Arneklev, B. J., Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., & Bursik, R. J. (1993). Low self-control and imprudent behavior. J Quant Criminol 9, 225-247.
8. Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). How to build a baby that can read minds: cognitive mechanisms in mindreading. In S. Baron-Cohen (Ed.), The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology. Hove: Psychology Press.
9. Beattie, J. (1975). The criminality of women in eighteenth century England. J Soc Hist 9, 80-116.
10. Bellis, M. A., & Baker, R. R. (1990). Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans. Anim Behav 40, 997-999.
11. Bem, S. L. (1993). The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. London: Yale University Press.
12. Bettencourt, B. A., & Miller, N. (1996). Gender differences in aggression as a function of provocation: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 119, 422-447.
13. Bjorkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal and indirect aggression: a review of recent research. Sex Roles 30, 177-188.
14. Bortitch, H., & Hagan, J. (1990). A century of crime in Toronto: gender, class and patterns of social control 1859-1955. Criminology 28, 601-626.
15. Braithwaite, J. (1981). The myth of social class and criminality reconsidered. Am Soc Rev 46, 36-57.
16. Brown, D. E. (1991). Human Universals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
17. Browne, K. R. (1995). Sex and temperament in modern society: a Darwinian view of the glass ceiling and the gender gap. Ariz Law Rev 37, 971-1106.
18. Brownfield, D. (1986). Social class and violent behaviour. Criminology 24, 421-439.
19. Burbank, V. K. (1987). Female aggression in cross-cultural perspective. Behav Sci Res 21, 70-100.
20. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1996). Female Victims of Violent Crime. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
21. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997). Sex Differences in Violent Victimisation 1994. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
22. Buss, D. (1994). The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating. New York: Basic Books.
23. Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 125, 367-383.
24. Campbell, A. (1982). Female aggression. In P. Marsh & A. Campbell (Eds.), Aggression and Violence (pp. 137-150). Oxford: Blackwell.
25. Campbell, A. (1986). Self-report of fighting by females. Br J Criminol 26, 28-46.
26. Campbell, A. (1995). A few good men: evolutionary psychology and female adolescent aggression. Ethol Sociobiol 16, 99-123.
27. Campbell, A. (1999). Staying alive: an evolutionary approach to women's intra-sexual aggression. Behav Brain Sci 22, 203-252.
28. Campbell, A., Muncer, S., & Bibel, D. (1998). Female-female criminal assault: an evolutionary perspective. J Res Crime Delinquency 35, 413-428.
29. Canter, R. (1982). Sex differences in self-report delinquency. Criminology 20, 373-393.
30. Cashdan, E. (1996). Women's mating strategies. Evol Anthropol 5, 134-143.
31. Chesney-Lind, M. (1989). Girls' crime and woman's place: toward a feminist model of female delinquency. Crime Delinquency 35, 5-29.
32. Chesney-Lind, M. (1997). The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime. London: Sage.
33. Christopherson, E. R. (1989). Injury control. Am Psychol 44, 237-241.
34. Collier, J. (1974). Women in politics. In M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, Culture and Society (pp. 89-96). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
35. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In L. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The Adapted Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO-PI-R Professional Manual. Orlando, FL: PAR.
37. Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender and social - psychological adjustment. Child Dev 66, 710-722.
38. Dabelko, D., & Sheak, R. (1992). Employment, subemployment and feminization of poverty. Soc Viewpoints 8, 31-66.
39. Daly, K. (1989). Gender and varieties of white collar crime. Criminology 27, 769-794.
40. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
41. Dickeman, M. (1981). Paternal confidence and dowry competition: a biocultural analysis of purdah. In R. D. Alexander & D. W. Tinkle (Eds.), Natural Selection and Social Behavior (pp. 417-438). New York: Chiron Press.
42. Eagly, A., & Steffen, V. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull 100, 309-330.
43. Elder, G., Nguyen, T., & Caspi, A. (1985). Linking family hardship to children's lives. Child Dev 56, 361-375.
44. Elliott, D. S., & Huizinga, D. (1983). Social class and delinquent behavior in a National Youth Panel. Criminology 21, 149-177.
45. Ellis, L. (1988). The victimful - victimless crime distinction and seven universal correlates of victimful criminal behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences 9, 525-548.
46. Ember, C. (1981). A cross cultural perspective on sex differences. In R. H. Monroe, R. L. Monroe, & B. Whiting (Eds.), Handbook of Cross Cultural Human Development (pp. 531-579). New York: Garland.
47. English, K. (1993). Self-reported crime rates of women prisoners. J Quant Criminol 9, 357-382.
48. Farnworth, M., Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., & Lizotte, A. J. (1994). Measurement in the study of class and delinquency: integrating theory and research. J Res Crime Delinquency 31, 32-61.
49. Fausto-Sterling, A. (1992). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Men and Women. New York: Basic Books.
50. Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). Age, sex and race of persons arrested 1994. Special Report UCR91701. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC.
51. Folstad, I., & Karter, A. J. (1992). Parasites, bright males and the immunocompetence handicap. Am Nat 139, 603-622.
52. George, M. (1999). A victimization survey of female-perpetrated assaults in the United Kingdom. Aggressive Behav 25, 67-79.
53. Ginsburg, H. J., & Miller, S. M. (1982). Sex differences in children's risk-taking behavior. Child Dev 53, 426-428.
54. Goetting, A. (1988). Patterns of homicide among women. J Interpers Violence 3, 3-20.
55. Goetting, A. (1988). When females kill one another. Crim Justice Behav 15, 179-189.
56. Gottfredson, M.R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
57. Guttentag, M., & Secord, P. (1983). Too Many Women? Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
58. Hagan, J., Gillis, A. R., & Simpson, J. (1987). Class in the household: a power-control theory of gender and delinquency. Am J Soc 92, 788-816.
59. Hanawalt, B. (1979). Crime and Conflict in English Communities 1300-1348. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
60. Harris, D., & Guten, S. (1979). Health protective behaviour: an exploratory study. J Health Soc Behav 20, 17-29.
61. Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
62. Home Office (1980). Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 1979. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
63. Home Office Research and Planning Unit (1993). The 1992 British Crime Survey. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
64. Home Office Research and Planning Unit (1995). Young People, Victimisation and the Police: British Crime Survey Findings on Experiences and Attitudes of 12 to 15 Year Olds. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
65. Home Office Statistical Bulletin (1996). The 1996 British Crime Survey England and Wales. London: Government Statistical Service.
66. Hrdy, S. B. (1979). Infanticide among mammals: a review, classification and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategy of females. Ethol Sociobiol 1, 13-40.
67. Hrdy, S. B. (1981). The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. Hrdy, S. B. (1997). Raising Darwin's consciousness: female sexuality and the prehominid origins of patriarchy. Hum Nat 8, 1-50.
69. Hyde, J. S. (1986). Gender differences in aggression. In J. S. Hyde & C. Linn (Eds.), The Psychology of Gender: Advances Through Meta-Analysis (pp. 51-66). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
70. International Criminal Police Organisation (1994). International Crime Statistics. Lyons, France: ICPO Interpol General Secretariat.
71. Kitson, G., & Morgan, L. (1990). The multiple consequences of divorce: a decade review. J Marriage Fam 52, 913-924.
72. Knight, G. P., Fabes, R. A., & Higgins, D. A. (1996). Concerns about drawing causal inferences from metaanalyses: an example in the study of gender differences in aggression. Psychol Bull 119, 410-421.
73. Kruttschnitt, C. (1993). Violence by and against women: a comparative and cross-national analysis. Violence Victims 8, 253-270.
74. Kruttschnitt, C. (1994). Gender and interpersonal violence. In A. Reiss & J. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and Preventing Violence (Vol. 3, pp. 295-378). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
75. LaGrange, R. L., & Ferraro, K. F. (1989). Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime. Criminology 27, 697-717.
76. LaGrange, T. C., & Silverman, R. A. (1999). Low self-control and opportunity: testing the general theory of crime as an explanation for gender differences in delinquency. Criminology 37, 41-72.
77. Lamb, M. E., Frodi, A. M., Hwang, C.-P., & Frodi, M. (1982). Varying degrees of paternal involvement in infant care: attitudinal and behavioural correlates. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), Nontraditional Families: Parenting and Child Development ( pp. 117-137 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
78. Lancaster, C. S., & Lancaster, J. B. (1983). Parental investment: the hominid adaptation. In D. Ortner (Ed.), How Humans Adapt (pp. 33-65). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
79. Lancaster, J. (1991). A feminist and evolutionary biologist looks at women. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34, 1-11.
80. Lees, S. (1993). Sugar and Spice: Sexuality And Adolescent Girls. London: Penguin.
81. Longshore, D., Turner, S., & Stein, J. A. (1996). Self-control in a criminal sample: an examination of construct validity. Criminology 34, 209-228.
82. Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 109, 267-296.
83. Mace, R., & Sear, R. (1999). Life history evolution in a rural Gambian population. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Salt Lake City.
84. Maher, L., & Curtis, R. (1992). Women on the edge of crime: crack cocaine and the changing contexts of street-level sex work in New York City. Crime, Law Soc Change 18, 221-258.
85. Mann, C. R. (1993). Sister against sister: female intrasexual homicide. In C. C. Culliver (Ed.), Female Criminality: The State of the Art (pp. 195-223). New York: Garland.
86. Marks, L. (1987). Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety and their Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
87. Marsh, P., & Paton, R. (1986). Gender, social class and conceptual schemas of aggression. In A. Campbell & J. Gibbs (Eds.), Violent Transactions: The Limits of Personality (pp. 59-85). Oxford: Blackwell.
88. McLoyd, V. (1990). The declining fortunes of black children: psychological distress, parenting and socio-emotional development in the context of economic hardship. Child Dev 61, 311-346.
89. Miller, E.M. (1986). Street Woman. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
90. Miller, J. (1998). Up it up: gender and the accomplishment of street robbery. Criminology 36, 37-65.
91. Osterman, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Kaukiainen, A., Huesman, L. R., & Fraczek, A. (1994). Peer and self-estimated aggression and victimisation in 8-year-old children from five ethnic groups. Aggressive Behav 20, 411-428.
92. Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. New York: William Morrow.
93. Piquero, A. R., & Rosay, A. B. (1998). The reliability and validity of Grasmick et al.'s self-control scale: a comment on Longshore et al. Criminology 36, 157-173.
94. Rosenblum, L., & Paully, G. (1984). The effects of varying environmental demands on maternal and infant behavior. Child Dev 55, 305-314.
95. Ruble, D. N., & Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional and Personality Development (Vol. 3, pp. 933-1016). New York: Wiley.
96. Sagi, A., Lamb, M., Shoham, R., Duir, R., & Lewkowicz, K. (1985). Parent - infant interaction in families on Israeli Kibbutzim. Int J Behav Dev 8, 273-284.
97. Schuster, I. (1985). Female aggression and resource scarcity: a cross-cultural perspective. In M. Haug, D. Brain, P. Brain, B. Oliver, & J. Mos (Eds.), The Aggressive Female (pp. 185-208). Netherlands: CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Biblioteheek.
98. Simon, R. (1975). The Contemporary Woman and Crime. Washington, DC: National Institute for Mental Health.
99. Simon, R. J., & Baxter, S. (1989). Gender and violent crime. In N. A. Weiner & M. E. Wolfgang (Eds.), Violent Crime, Violent Criminals (pp. 171-197). London: Sage.
100. Smuts, B. B. (1995). The evolutionary origins of patriarchy. Hum Nat 6, 1-32.
101. Stack, C. (1974). All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper and Row.
102. Steffensmeier, D. (1980). Sex differences in patterns of adult crime, 1965-77: a review and assessment. Soc Forces 58, 1080-1108.
103. Steffensmeier, D. (1993). National trends in female arrests 1960-1990: assessment and recommendations for research. J Quant Criminol 9, 411-441.
104. Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. (1996). Gender and crime: toward a gendered theory of female offending. Annu Rev Soc 22, 459-487.
105. Steffensmeier, D., Allan, E., & Streifel, C. (1980). Development and female crime: a cross-national test of alternative explanations. Soc Forces 58, 1080-1108.
106. Steffensmeier, D., & Streifel, C. (1992). Time series analysis of female-to-male arrests for property crimes, 1960-1985: a test of alternative explanations. Justice Q 9, 78-103.
107. Taylor, C. (1993). Girls, Gangs, Women and Drugs. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
108. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The Adapted Mind (pp. 19-136). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
109. Triplett, R., & Jarjoura, G. R. (1997). Specifying the gender-class-delinquency relationship: exploring the effects of educational expectations. Soc Perspect 40, 287-316.
110. US Department of Justice (1998). Crime in the United States, 1997. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
111. van Hooff, J. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (1992). Cooperation in competition: the ecology of primate bonds. In A. Harcourt & F. B. M. de Waal (Eds.), Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals (pp. 357-389). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
112. Voland, E. (1988). Differential infant and child mortality in evolutionary perspective: data from the late 17th to 19th century Osfriesland (Germany). In L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, & P. Turke (Eds.), Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective (pp. 253-261). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
113. Waldron, I. (1988). Gender and health-related behavior. In D. S. Gochman (Ed.), Health Behavior: Emerging Research Perspectives (pp. 193-208). New York: Plenum.
114. West, M. M., & Konner, M. J. (1976). The role of father: an anthropological perspective. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The Role of the Father in Child Development. New York: Wiley.
115. Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of Different Worlds: The Formation of Social Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
116. Whiting, B. B., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975). Children of Six Cultures: A Psycho-Cultural Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
117. Wilson, D. (1978). Sexual codes and conduct: a study of teenage girls. In C. Smart & B. Smart (Eds.), Women, Sexuality and Social Control (pp. 65-73). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
118. Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster.
119. Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1985). Competitiveness, risk-taking and violence: the young male syndrome. Ethol Sociobiol 6, 59-73.
120. Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1992). The man who mistook his wife for a chattel. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The Adapted Mind (pp. 289-322). New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioural Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.