Re-visiting the valuing and pricing of digital geographic information

Journal of Digital Information

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Longhorn, Roger ^a   Blakemore, Michael ^b  

^a GI Projects Office   (United Kingdom)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Charging for information; Digital geographic information; Information access policy; Information exploitation; Public sector information; Value of geographic information

Indexed keywords

DATA REDUCTION; DATABASE SYSTEMS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; PUBLIC POLICY; RISK MANAGEMENT; WORLD WIDE WEB;

DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION; INFORMATION EXPLOITATION; POLICY CONTEXT; PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION;

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT;

EID: 2942748311     PISSN: 13687506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Agre, P. E. (2001) "Supporting the intellectual life of a democratic society". Ethics and Information Technology, 3, 289-298.
2. anon. (2003a) "Fading". Economist, March 6, cited March 6 2003, http://www.economist.com/World/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1622217
3. anon. (2003b) "Kavindele Explains Withdrawn Freedom of Information Bill". Times of Zambia (Ndola), January 3, cited January 11 2003, http://allafrica.com/stories/200301030120.html
4. ANZLIC. (1995) "ANZLIC Benefits Study". ANZLIC, cited September 26 2000, http://www.anzlic.org.au/archive/benefits.htm
5. Australia. (2000) "Pricing and Transfer Policy for Land and Geographic Information held by Western Australian State Government Agencies". Western Australia Government Cabinet Office, April 17, cited January 10 2003, http://www.walis.wa.gov.au/walis/Base?_processid= 2001010&_n1=10&_n2=2&_docname=Data%20Transfer%20for%20Custodianshi
6. Benner, J. (2002) "Bush Plan 'Digital Distortion'". Wired.com, February 7, cited February 7 2002, http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283, 50279,00.html
7. Bishop, I. D., F. J. Escobar, S. Karuppannan, K. Suwamarat, I. P. Williamson, P. M. Yates, and H. W. Yaqub. (2000) "Spatial data infrastructures for cities in developing countries; Lessons from the Bangkok experience". Cities, 17 (2), 85-96.
8. Blakemore, M., and R. Longhorn. (2001) "Communicating Information about the World Trade Center Disaster: Ripples, Reverberations, and Repercussions". First Monday, volume 6, number 12, December, cited December 10 2001, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_12/blakemore/index.html
9. Blakemore, M., and L. McKeever. (2001) "Users of official European statistical data - investigating information needs". Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 33 (2), 59-67.
10. Booth, C., and S. Buluswar. (2002) "The Return of Artificial Intelligence". McKinsey Quarterly, 2002, No. 2, cited February 21 2003, http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/article_page.asp?ar=1201&L2=13
11. Borger, J. (2001) "Mapmaking martyr". Guardian (London), April 12, cited April 14 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273, 4169290,00.html
12. Brown, K. (2002) "Mapping the Future". Science Magazine, 298 (December 6), 1874-1875.
13. Cabinet. (2001) "Managing Risk in Government Departments". Cabinet Office and HM Treasury, January, PAC 00-01/30, cited October 9 2001, http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmpubacc/ 180/1012402.htm
14. Cabinet. (1999) Modernising Government. (HMSO: London). March, Report CM 4310, 66 p. http://www.official-documents.co.uk/docum.ent/cm43/4310/4310.htm
15. Cassy, J. (2003) "BBC to give away school syllabus online". Guardian (London), January 10, cited January 11 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ online/news/0,12597,871960,00.html
16. Clark, A. (2001) "Copying maps costs AA £20m". Guardian (London), March 6, cited March 6 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/ 0,3604,447171,00.html
17. CMG. (2001) Quinquennial Review of Ordnance Survey: Stage 1 Report. (CMG Admiral: Camberley, Surrey, UK). December, Report, 82 p.
18. COL. (2003) "Congress Online: Turning the Corner on the Information Age". Congress Online, cited March 4 2003,
19. COL. (2002) Congress Online: Assessing and Improving Capitol Hill Web Sites. (Congress Online Project: Washington DC). February, Report, v+82 p.
20. Commerce. (2002) "A Nation Online: How Americans Are Expanding Their Use of the Internet". Department of Commerce, February, cited April 8 2002, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/index.html
21. Commerce. (2000) Falling Through the Net: Towards Digital Inclusion. A Report on Americans' Access to Technology Tools. (US Department of Commerce: Washington DC). October, Report, xviii+122 p.
22. Commerce. (1999) Towards Digital eQuality. 2nd Annual Report. (US Department of Commerce. The U.S. Government Working Group on Electronic Commerce: Washington DC), Report, 68 p.
23. Commerce, and NTIA. (1999) Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide. A Report on the Telecommunications and Information Technology Gap in America. (US Department of Commerce: Washington DC). July, Report, 125 p.
24. Commons. (2002a) "Debate on e-democracy". House of Commons (Hansard), March 12, cited March 13 2002, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/ pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/cm020312/debtext/20312-36.htm#20312-36_head1
25. Commons. (2002b) Transport, Local Government and the Regions - Tenth Report. (House of Commons: London). June 13, Report.
26. COMUNICA. (2001) "Communication as a Human Right in the Information Society: Issues for the World Summit on the Information Society". Comunica.org, November 19-20, cited May 21 2002, http://www.comunica.org/cris/ geneva_nov01.htm
27. Cook, L. (2000) "Len on... Free Data For All". Horizons (UKNational Statistics), 15 (September), 5.
28. Davidsdottir, S. (2002) "Smoke screen". Guardian (London), June 5, cited June 5 2002, http://society.guardian.co.uk/societyguardian/story/0, 7843,727315,00.html
29. Dedeke, A. (2002) "Self-Selection Strategies for Information Goods". First Monday, volume 7, number 3, cited March 15 2002, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_3/dedeke/index.html
30. Delio, M. (2003) "What Symantec Knew But Didn't Say". Wired Magazine, February 14, cited February 14 2003, http://www.wired.com/news/ infostructure/0,1377,57676,00.html
31. DeLong, D. F. (2001) "Critics: Internet Headed for Information Monopoly". NewsFactor Network, June 25, cited July 3 2001, http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/11503.html
32. DiSabatino, J. (2001) "Consumer groups urge government to block Orbitz". Computerworld.com, April 11, cited April 11 2001, http://www.computerworld.com/cwi/stories/0,1199,NAV47-68-84-88_STO59499,00.html
33. DTI. (1990) Government held tradeable information: guidelines for government departments in dealing with the private sector. (Department of Trade and Industry: London), Report.
34. EDINA. (2001) "DIGIMAP". January 11, cited January 11 2001, http://www.edina.ac.uk/digimap/
35. Environment. (2002) "Indicative Floodplain Maps". Environment Agency, December, cited December 6 2002, http://216.31.193.171/asp/1_about_if. asp?language=English
36. Europe. (2002a) Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive). (European Commission: Brussels). April 24, Report L 108/51, 27 p.
37. Europe. (2002b) Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive on the Re-use and Commercial Exploitation of Public Sector Documents. (European Commission: Brussels). June 5, Report COM(2002) 207 provisional version, 20 p.
38. Europe. (1998) Public Sector Information: a Key Resource for Europe. (European Commission: Brussels). January 20, Report COM(98) 585 Final. http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/docs/policy/docs/COM(98)585/
39. Europe. (1996a) Access to Public Sector Information: Discussion Paper prepared by Schoordijk Institute, Tilburg University. (European Commission: Luxembourg), Report DG XIII LEGASSIST95B, 105 p.
40. Europe. (1996b) Draft Green Paper on Access to and Commercial Exploitation of Public Sector Information in the Information Society: Proposal for a European Union policy. (European Commission: Luxembourg). February 7, Report, 65 p.
41. Europe. (1995) Workshop on commercial and citizens' access to government information. (European Commission: Luxembourg). 26-27 June, Report, 86 p.
42. Europe. (1990) "Council Directive 90/313/EC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the environment". European Commission, June 7, cited November 6 2002, http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/128091. htm
43. Europe. (1989) Guidelines for improving the synergy between the public and private sectors in the information market. (European Commission: Brussels), Report, 9 p. ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/econtent'docs/ 1989_public_sector_guidelines_en.pdf
44. Evans, P., and T. S. Wurster. (2000) Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transform Strategy. (Harvard Business School Press: Boston, Mass).
45. FEMA. (2002) "Disaster Management e-Government Initiative". Federal Emergency Management Agency, December, cited December 6 2002, https://disasterhelp.gov/portal/jhtml/index.jhtml
46. Flynn, N. (1999) "Modernising British Government". Parliamentary Affairs, 52 (4), 582-597.
47. Foss, B. (2001) "Airlines compete with travel Web sites". Associated Press, April 12, cited April 13 2001, http://www.nandotimes.com/ technology/story/0,1643,500472780-500724674-504075069-0,00.html
48. Frank, A. (2002) The Surveying Activities At the Austrian Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying: An Economic Analysis (Vokswirtschaftliche Studie Zu Den Leistungen Des Bundesamtes Für Eich Und Vermessungswesen Im Vermessungswesen). (Austrian Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour: Vienna), Report Project No. 96000/11-IV/13/01, 74 p. http://www.ec-gis.org:8080/wecgis/ docs/F3712/AUSTRIAN_REPORT_FRANK.DOC
49. GAO. (2002) Information Management; Update on Implementation of the 1996 Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments. (General Accounting Office: Washington DC). August, Report GAO-02-493, v+100 p. http://www.gao.gov/new. items/d02493.pdf
50. GAO. (2000) Reinventing Government: Status of NPR Recommendations at 10 Federal Agencies. (General Accounting Office: Washington DC). September, Report GAO/GGD-00-145, ii+86 p.
51. Gartner, C. (1995). New Zealand Mapping. Paper read at Cambridge Conference for National Mapping Organisations, 31 July, at Cambridge, UK.
52. Geissler, G. L. (2001) "Building customer relationships online: the Web site designers' perspective". Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18 (6), 488-502.
53. Getmapping. (2003) "Getmapping win contract with Ordnance Survey to create aerial map of Scotland". Getmapping pic, January 27, cited March 10 2003, http://www1.getmapping.com/about/pr/r-getmoscontract.doc
54. Getmapping. (2002a) "Getmapping pic Takes Legal Action Against Ordnance Survey". Getmapping plc, February 25, cited March 27 2002, http://www2.getmapping.com/aboutus/os.doc
55. Getmapping. (2002b) "LATEST: Getmapping vs Ordnance Survey". Getmapping pic, June, cited March 10 2003, http://www1.getmapping.com/about/pr/ r-injuntion.doc
56. Gibson, O. (2002) "BBC angers rivals by launching online search engine". Guardian (London), May 3, cited May 3 2002, http://media.guardian. co.uk/newmedia/story/0,7496,709251,00.html
57. Gifford, A. (2003) "Surveyors find holes in Landonline 2". New Zealand Herald, March 4, cited March 10 2003, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ storydisplay.cfm?storyID:=3198791&thesection:=technology&thesubs ection=general
58. Gore, A. (1993) From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government that Works Better and Costs Less. Report of the National Performance Review. (US Government Printing Office: Washington DC), Report, http://govinfo.library.unt. edu/npr/library/nprrpt/annrpt/redtpe93/index.html
59. Halchina, L. E. (2002) "Electronic government in the age of terrorism". Government Information Quarterly, 19 (3), 243-254.
60. Hammersley, B. (2003) "Common knowledge". Guardian (London), January 30, cited January 30 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0, 3605,884666,00.html
61. Hand, M., and B. Sandywell. (2002) "E-topia as Cosmopolis or Citadel: On the Democratizing and De-democratizing Logics of the Internet, or, Toward a Critique of the New Technological Fetishism". Theory, Culture & Society, 19 (1-2), 197-225.
62. Harris, R. (2002) "Earth observation data pricing policies". In 'Earth Observation Data Policy and Europe', edited by R. Harris. (A.A. Balkema: Lisse), pp. 115-125.
63. Harris, R. (1997) "Data Pricing Policy". In 'Earth Observation Data Policy', edited by R. Harris. (John Wiley: Chichester), pp.100-125.
64. HMSO. (1981) White Paper: Government Statistical Services. (HMSO: London), Report Command Paper 823b.
65. Hughes, A. (2001) "Content costs and pricing models in the Internet age". Business Information Review, 18 (4), 5-10.
66. Hunt, S., L. J. Frewer, and R. Shepherd. (1999) "Public trust in sources of information about radiation risks in the UK". Journal of Risk Research, 2 (2), 167-180.
67. Kevill, S. (2002) "Engaging the citizen". e-Envoy, Cabinet Office, November 19, cited December 19 2002, http://www.e-envoy.gov.uk/oee/oee. nsf/sections/esximmit-info/$file/kevill-transcript.htm
68. Kovacich, G. L., and A. Jones. (2001) "What InfoSec professionals should know about information warfare tactics by terrorists". Computers & Security, 21 (1), 35-41.
69. Landry, J. (2002) "Patents, long the tech world's currency, come under attack". Red Herring, April 19, cited April 26 2002, http://www.redherring.com/insider/2002/0419/patents.html
70. Lanvin, B. (2003) "Leaders and Facilitators: The New Roles of Governments in Digital Economies". Global Information Technology Report 2002-2003 - Readiness for the Networked World, cited February 27 2003, http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/ GITR_2002_2003/Lead ers_and_Facilitators.pdf
71. Liikanen, E. (2001) "Towards the knowledge-based economy and society". European Commission, December 3, cited January 30 2002, http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc= SPEECH/01/603|0|RAPID
72. LINZ. (2003) "New Fees and Charges in the Pipeline". Land Information New Zealand, April 17, cited May 28 2003, http://www.linz.govt.nz/ rcs/lmz/pub/web/root/supportinginfo/News/NewsIndex/newfeesandcharges/index.jsp
73. LINZ. (2002a) "Briefing for the Incoming Minister 2002 - Section 1:Policy Issues". Land Information New Zealand, cited March 20 2003, http://www.linz.govt.nz/rcs/linz/25955/ briefing_incoming_minister_policy_issues_20020826_final.pdf
74. LINZ. (2002b) "Report of Land Information New Zealand for the year ended 30 June 2002". Land Information New Zealand, cited March 20 2003, http://www.linz.govt.nz/staticpages/pdfs/linzpublications/0203annualreport.pdf
75. LINZ. (2001) "Report of Land Information New Zealand for the year ended 30 June 2001". Land Information New Zealand, cited March 20 2003, http://www.linz.govt.nz/rcs/liriz/5342/annual_report.pdf
76. LINZ. (1999) "Huge Fee Drop Announced for Topographic Data". Land Information New Zealand, September 21, cited September 26 2000, http://www.linz.govt.nz/publications/media/index.html
77. Litman, J. (2000) "Information Privacy/Information Property". Stanford Law Review, Vol. 52 pp. 1283-1313, cited http://www.law.wayne.edu/ litman/papers/infoprivacy.pdf
78. Litman, J. (1994) "Rights in Government-generated Data". Proceedings of the Conference on Law and Information Policy for Spatial Databases, October 28-29, cited April 13 2000, http://www.spatial.maine.edu/ tempe/litman.html
79. Lynn Jr, L. E. (2001) "Globalization and Administrative Reform: What is happening in theory?" Public Management Review, 3 (2), 191-208.
80. Matthews, W. (2002) "Removal of Web info concerns Democrats". Federal Computer Week, November 4, cited November 16 2002, http://www.fcw.com/ fcw/articles/2002/1104/pol-dems11-04-02.asp
81. Miller, D. (2002) "Group Rights, Human Rights and Citizenship". European Journal of Philosophy, 10 (2), 178-195.
82. Multimap. (2001a) "Multimap.com Awarded Internet Patent". Multimap.com, April 26, cited March 23 2002, http://www.multimap.com/indexes/ pressindex.htm
83. Multimap. (2001b) "Multimap.com Awarded US Internet Patent". Multimap.com, October 1, cited March 23 2002, http://www.multimap.com/indexes/ pressindex.htm
84. Nelson, L. (2003) "Protecting the Common Good: Technology, Objectivity, and Privacy". Public Administration Review, 62 (September), 69-73.
85. NRC. (2003) Weaving a National Map: Review of the U.S. Geological Survey Concept of The National Map. (National Research Council, National Academies Press: Washington DC).
86. NRC. (1999) "A Question of Balance: Private Rights and the Public Interest in Scientific and Technical Databases". National Research Council, cited May 25 2001, http://books.nap.edu/html/question_balance/
87. Onsrud, H. J. (1998) "The Tragedy of the Information Commons". In 'Policy Issues in Modern Cartography', edited by D. R. F. Taylor. (Pergamon: Oxford), pp. 141-158.
88. Orwell, G. (1945) "Animal Farm". Seeker & Warburg, cited March 20 2003, http://www.online-literature.com/orwell/animalfarm/
89. Osborne, D., and T. Gaebler. (1992) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. (Addison Wesley: New York).
90. OXERA. (1999) "The economic contribution of Ordnance Survey GB". Oxford Economic Research Associates Ltd, cited April 30 2002, http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/literatu/external/oxera99/contents.htm
91. Peterson, M. A. (2001) "The Fate of "Big Government" in the United States: Not Over, But Undermined?" Governance, 13 (2), 251-264.
92. Pigg, K. E. (2001) "Applications of Community Informatics for Building Community and Enhancing Civic Society". Information, Communication & Society, 4 (4), 507-527.
93. PIU. (2002a) "Project-based Policy Making in Government". Performance and Innovation Unit, March 1, cited May 13 2002, http://www.piu.gov.uk/2002/seminars/projectbased.shtml
94. PIU. (2002b) Social Capital: A Discussion Paper. (Performance and Innovation Unit: London). April, Report, 81 p.
95. Plowden, W. (1994) Ministers and Mandarins. (Institute for Public Policy Research: London).
96. Polidano, C. (2001) "Why Civil Service Reforms Fail". Public Management Review, 3 (3), 345-361.
97. Porter, B. (2002) "The digital divide deepens". New Media Age Group, February 22, cited February 22 2002, http://www.nma.co.uk/lo-fi/story. asp?id=232614
98. Pradesh. (2001) "State of the Art As Art of the State: Public Feed Back on E-governance". Persimin.nic.in, cited April 10 2001, http://persmin.nic.in/arpg/egov.htm
99. PRC. (2002) "China Issues 'Human Rights Record of the United States in 2001'". People's Republic of China/ Xinhuanet, April 11, cited April 23 2002, http://news.xinhuanet.eom/english/2002-03/11/content_310843.htm
100. Raco, M. (2002) "Risk, Fear and Control: Deconstructing the Discourses of New Labour's Economic Policy". Space & Polity, 6 (1), 25-47.
101. Rhind, D. W. (1992) "Data access, charging and copyright and their implications for GIS". International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6 (1), 13-30.
102. Robertson, W. A. (1995). New Zealand Mapping. Paper read at Cambridge Conference for National Mapping Organisations, 31 Jul, at Cambridge, UK.
103. RoperASW. (2002) National Geographic - Roper 2002 Global Geographic Literacy Survey. (National Geographic Education Foundation: Washington DC). November, Report C510007671, iii+78 p.
104. Runett, R. (2001) "'You Want Us to Pay for What?!'". NAA, September, cited October 3 2002, http://www.naa.org/TheDigitalEdge/DigArtPage. cfm?AID=2639
105. Salkever, A. (2002) "The Battle of the Online Content Models". Business Week, May 13, cited June 5 2002, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/ content/02_19/b3782608.htm
106. Scott, G. (2001) "Peru's Government goes Hi-tech". UNDP, cited April 10 2001, http://www.sdnp.undp.org/it4dev/stories/peru.html
107. Shapiro, C., and H. R. Varian. (1999) Information Rules; A Strategic Guide to the Networked Economy. (Harvard Business School Press: Boston, Mass.).
108. Slevin, J. (2000) The Internet and Society. (Polity Press: London).
109. Söderberg, J. (2002) "Copyleft vs. Copyright: A Marxist critique". First Monday, volume 7, number 3, cited March 15 2002, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_3/soderberg/index.html
110. Stallabrass, J. (2002) "Digital Commons". New Left Review, 15, May-June 2002, cited November 8 2002, http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR24907. shtml
111. Statistics. (2002a) "Neighbourhood Statistics: Development Timetable". National Statistics, May 8, cited May 14 2002, http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/develop.asp
112. Statistics. (2002b) "Neighbourhood Statistics: Ward Profile for: Newton Hall". National Statistics, May 14, cited May 14 2002, http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/ward_profile.asp?gor=A&la= 20UE&ward=FS&ord=AN
113. Stiglitz, J. E., P. R. Orszag, and J. M. Orszag. (2000) The Role of Government in a Digital Age. (Computer and Communications Industry Association: Washington DC). October, Report, i+151 p.
114. Survey. (2002) "Ordnance Survey Statement on interim application by Getmapping". Ordnance Survey, May 31, cited March 10 2003, http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/
115. Survey. (2001a) "Joint Statement by Centrica and Ordnance Survey". Ordnance Survey, March 5, cited March 6 2001, http://www.ordsvy. gov.uk/
116. Survey. (2001b) "Mapping agency 'should have more freedoms and responsibilities': Government-owned company status proposed for Ordnance Survey". Ordnance Survey, December 20, cited December 20 2001, http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk
117. Survey. (2001c) "National 'jigsaw' completed in 400 million pieces". Ordnance Survey, November 30, cited December 4 2001, http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/
118. Taubman, G. L. (2002) "Keeping the Internet Out? Non-Democratic Legitimacy and Access to the Web". First Monday, volume 7, number 9 (September), cited September 13 2002, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_9/ taubman/index.html
119. Thompson, R. J. (2003) "Satellite Resources, Present and Future". Eros Data Center, US Geological Survey, May 30, cited March 20 2003, http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/cgiar/thur/USGS_Land_Remote_Sensing_ Program_-_RJ_Thompson.pdf
120. TNSOFRES. (2002) "Web Sites Still Fail to Recognise the Importance of User Satisfaction". Taylor Nelson Sofres, May 9, cited May 10 2002, http://www.tnsofres.com/emailer/news_item.cfm?news_ID=100
121. Treasury. (2000) "Cross Cutting Review of the Knowledge Economy Review of Government Information. Final Report. Summary". HM Treasury, December, cited January 17 2001, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/sr2000/ associated/knowledge/surnmary.html
122. Upmystreet. (2002) "Profile for DH1 5QX". Upmystreet.co.uk, May 20, cited May 20 2002, http://www.upmystreet.co.uk/overview/?location1=dh1+5qx
123. USPTO. (2001) "United States Patent 6,240,360. Phelan May 29, 2001. Computer system for indentifying local resources (Definitions)". US Patent Office, May 29, cited March 23 2002, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser? Sect1=PT01&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum. htm&r=1&f=G&1=50&s1=%276240360%27.WKU.&OS=PN/6240360&RS= PN/6240360
124. Van Velzen, W. (2003) Report on the proposal for a European Parliament and Council directive on the re-use and commercial exploitation of public sector documents. (European Commission: Brussels). January 29, Report COM(2002) 207 - C5-0292/2002 - 2002/0123(COD), 37 p.
125. Warschauer, M. (2002) "Reconceptualizing the Digital Divide". First Monday, volume 7, number 7, July, cited July 22 2002, http://www. firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_7/warschauer/index.html
126. Whelan, K. (2000) "Computers, Obsolescence, and Productivity". Federal Reserve, February, cited December 15 2000, http://www.federalreserve. gov/Pubs/FEDS/2000/200006/200006pap.pdf
127. Wikipedia. (2003) "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia.org, March, cited March 10 2003, http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Main_Page
128. Zealand. (2002) "Guidelines for Setting Charges in the Public Sector". Treasury Office New Zealand, December, cited March 10 2003, http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publicsector/charges/setcharges.pdf