E-Topia as Cosmopolis or Citadel: On the Democratizing and De-Democratizing Logics of the Internet, or, toward a Critique of the New Technological Fetishism

Theory, Culture & Society

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 197-225

  Hand, Martin ^a   Sandywell, Barry ^a  

^a Department of Sociology at York ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

citadellian; cosmopolitan; de democratizing; democratizing; fetishism; technopoiesis

Indexed keywords

EID: 18544386362     PISSN: 02632764     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026327640201900110     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Abbate, J. (1999) Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2. Albrow, M. (1996) The Global Age: State and Society beyond Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3. Aronowitz, S., B. Martinsons, M. Menser and B. Rich (eds) (1996) Technoscience and Cyberculture. New York and London: Routledge.
4. Axford, P. (1995) The Global System. London: Pluto Press.
5. Bakhtin, M.M. (1986) Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
6. Barber, B. (1984) Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7. Barlow, J.P. (1996) ‘Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace’, Cyberights Electronic List, 8 February.
8. Barrett, N. (1997) Digital Crime: Policing the Cybernation. London: Kogan Page.
9. Bauman, Z. (1998) Globalisation: The Human Consequences. Cambridge: Polity Press.
10. Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
11. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards Another Modernity. London: Sage.
12. Beck, U. (1999) World Risk Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
13. Beck, U., A. Giddens and S. Lash (1994) Reflexive Modernization. Cambridge: Polity Press.
14. Becker, T. (1998) ‘Governance and Electronic Innovation: A Clash of Paradigms’, Information, Communication & Society, 1(3): 339–343.
15. Bell, D. (1973) The Coming of Postindustrial Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
16. Benedikt, M. (ed.) (1992) Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
17. Benjamin, W. (1968) ‘Paris – Capital of the Nineteenth Century’, New Left Review, 48, March–April: 77–88.
18. Benjamin, W. (1999) The Arcades Project, trans. H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
19. Bijker, W.E. and J. Law (eds) (1992) Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
20. Bijker, W.E., T.P. Hughes and T.J. Pinch (eds) (1987) The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
21. Blakely, E.J. and M.G. Snyder (1997) Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
22. Bolter, J.D. (1991) Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext and the History of Writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. Borja, J. and M. Castells (with M. Belil and C. Benner) (1996) Local and Global: The Management of Cities in the Information Age. London: Earthscan.
24. Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
25. Cadava, E. (1997) Words of Light: Theses on the Photography of History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26. Capra, F. (1997) The Web of Life. London: HarperCollins.
27. Castells, M. (1997) The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
28. Castoriadis, C. (1987) The Imaginary Institution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
29. Cerf, V. (1997) All about the Internet: History. Available at www.isoc.org
30. Ceruzzi, P.E. (1998) A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Coyne, R. (1999) Technoromanticism: Digital Narrative, Holism, and the Romance of the Real. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Dahrendorf, R. (1990) The Modern Social Conflict: An Essay on the Politics of Liberty. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
33. Davies, S. (1996) Big Brother: Britain's Web of Surveillance and the New Technological Order. London: Pan Books.
34. Dawson, M. and J.B. Foster (1998) ‘Virtual Capitalism: Monopoly Capital, Marketing, and the Information Highway’, in R. McChesney, E. Meiksens Wood and J.B. Foster (eds) Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press.
35. Dean, M. (1999) Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage.
36. Derrida, J. (1976) Of Grammatology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
37. Doheny-Farina, S. (1996) The Wired Neighborhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
38. Dyson, E. (1998) Release 2.1: A Design for Living in the Digital Age. London: Penguin.
39. Elam, M. (1999) ‘Living Dangerously with Bruno Latour in a Hybrid World’, Theory, Culture & Society, 16(4): 1–24.
40. Featherstone, M. (ed.) (1990) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalisation and Modernity. London: Sage.
41. Featherstone, M. (1995) Undoing Culture: Globalisation, Postmodernism and Identity. London: Sage.
42. Featherstone, M. and R. Burrows (eds) (1995) Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk. London: Sage.
43. Featherstone, M., S. Lash and R. Robertson (eds) (1995) Global Modernities. London: Sage.
44. Feenberg, A. (1999) Questioning Technology. London: Routledge.
45. Foucault, M. (1984) The Foucault Reader, edited by P. Rabinow. New York: Pantheon.
46. Foucault, M. (1997) Ethics: The Essential Works 1. London: Penguin.
47. Fukuyama, F. (1992) The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press.
48. Galston, W.A. (1999) ‘Does the Internet Strengthen Community?’, Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland, 19(4): 1–8.
49. Gates, B. (1996) The Road Ahead, 2nd edn. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
50. Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
51. Giddens, A. (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
52. Giddens, A. (1998) Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity (Anthony Giddens and Christopher Pierson). Cambridge: Polity Press.
53. Gilloch, G. (1996) Myth and Metropolis: Walter Benjamin and the City. Cambridge: Polity Press.
54. Grint, K. and S. Woolgar (1991) ‘Computers and the Transformation of Social Analysis’, Science, Technology and Human Values, 16(3): 20–50.
55. Grint, K. and S. Woolgar (1997) The Machine at Work. Cambridge: Polity Press.
56. Habermas, J. (1973) Legitimationsprobleme im Sp‰tkapitalismus. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
57. Hague, B.N. and B.D. Loader (eds) (1999) Digital Democracy: Discourse and Decision Making in the Information Age. London: Routledge.
58. Hamelink, C. (1996) World Communication: Disempowerment and Self Empowerment. London: Zed Books.
59. Haraway, D. (1985) ‘A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology and Social Feminism in the 1980's’, Socialist Review, 80: 65–107.
60. Haraway, D.J. (1996) Modest Witness @ Second Millennium: Female Man Meets Oncomouse – Feminism and Technoscience. London: Routledge.
61. Harcourt, W. (ed.) (1999) Women@Internet: Creating New Cultures in Cyberspace. London: Zed Books.
62. Hard, M. and A. Jamison (1998) The Intellectual Appropriation of Technology: Discourses on Modernity, 1900–1939. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
63. Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
64. Heidegger, M. (1977) The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper and Row.
65. Heim, M. (1997) Virtual Realism. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. Heim, M. (1999) ‘The Cyberspace Dialectic’, in P. Lunenfeld (ed.) The Digital Dialectic: New Essays on New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
67. Held, D. (1993) ‘Democracy: From City States to a Cosmopolitan Order’, in D. Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
68. Held, D. (1996) Models of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
69. Herman, E.S. and N. Chomsky (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books.
70. Heywood, I. and B. Sandywell (1999a) ‘The Original Project’, in I. Heywood and B. Sandywell (eds) Interpreting Visual Culture: Explorations in the Hermeneutics of the Visual. London: Routledge.
71. Heywood, I. and B. Sandywell (eds) (1999b) Interpreting Visual Culture: Explorations in the Hermeneutics of the Visual. London: Routledge.
72. Hine, C. (2000) Virtual Ethnography. London: Sage.
73. Hirschman, A.O. (1981) Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
74. Hirst, P. and G. Thompson (1996) Globalisation in Question. Cambridge: Polity Press.
75. Hubert, A. and B. Caremier (2000) Democracy and the Information Society in Europe. London: Kogan Page.
76. Ihde, D. (1979) Technics and Praxis. Dordrecht: Reidel.
77. Ihde, D. (1990) Technology and the Lifeworld: From Garden to Earth. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
78. Jameson, F. (1991) Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso.
79. Jones, S.G. (ed.) (1997) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage.
80. Kamarck, E.C. and J.S. Nye Jr (eds) (1999) democracy.com? Governance in a Networked World. Hollis, NH: Hollis.
81. Kittler, F.A. (1990) Discourse Networks 1800–1900,trans. M. Metteer. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
82. Kittler, F.A. (1994) Materialities of Communication, trans. W. Whobrey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
83. Lakoff, G. and G. Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
84. Landow, G.P. (1997) Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology, 2nd edn. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
85. Lash, S. (1999) Another Modernity: A Different Rationality. Oxford: Blackwell.
86. Latour, B. (1991) ‘Technology is Society Made Durable’, in J. Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters. London: Routledge.
87. Latour, B. (1993) We Have Never Been Modern. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
88. Latour, B. (1999) Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. London: Harvard University Press.
89. Latour, B. and S. Woolgar (1986) Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
90. Law, J. (1991) ‘Monsters, Machines, and Sociotechnical Relations’, in J. Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters. London: Routledge.
91. Law, J. and J. Hassard (eds) (1999) Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
92. Leadbeater, C. (1999) Living on Thin Air: The New Economy. London: Viking.
93. Levine, P. (2000) ‘Getting Practical About Deliberative Democracy’, Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland, 19(4): 9–15.
94. Lunenfeld, P. (ed.) (1999) The Digital Dialectic: New Essays on New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
95. Lyon, D. (1988) The Information Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
96. Lyon, D. (1994) The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
97. McChesney, R. (1997) Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy. New York: Seven Stories Press.
98. MacKenzie, D. and J. Wajcman (eds) (1999) The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Oxford University Press.
99. Masten, J., P. Stallybrass and N. Vickers (eds) (1997) Language Machines: Technologies of Literary and Cultural Production. New York: Routledge.
100. Melucci, A. (1999) ‘Difference and Otherness in a Global Society’, pp. 412–425 in M. Bulmer and J. Solomos (eds) Racism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
101. Miller, D. and D. Slater (2000) The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach. Oxford: Berg.
102. Nardi, B.A. and V. O’Day (1999) Information Ecologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
103. Naughton, J. (1999) A Brief History of the Future. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
104. Negroponte, N. (1995) Being Digital. New York: Knopf.
105. Offe, C. (1972) Strukturprobleme des kapitalistischen Staates. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
106. Ohmae, K. (1994) The Borderless World. London: HarperCollins.
107. Porter, D. (ed.) (1996) Internet Culture. London: Routledge.
108. Poster, M. (1984) Foucault, Marxism and History: Mode of Production Versus Mode of Information. Cambridge: Blackwell.
109. Poster, M. (1990) The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context. Cambridge: Polity Press.
110. Poster, M. (1995) The Second Media Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
111. Poster, M. (1999) ‘Undetermination’, New Media and Society, 1(1): 12–17.
112. Postman, N. (1993) Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Vintage.
113. Ravetz, J. (ed.) (1996) Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway. London: Pluto Press.
114. Rheingold, H. (1994) The Virtual Community. London: Minerva.
115. Ritzer, G. (1993) The McDonaldization of Society. London: Sage.
116. Robertson, R. (1992) Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
117. Robins, K. (1994) ‘Global Local Times’, pp. 204–213 in J. Anderson and M. Ricci (eds) Society and Social Science: A Reader, 2nd edn. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
118. Robins, K. (1996) Into the Image: Culture and Politics in the Field of Vision. London and New York: Routledge.
119. Robins, K. and F. Webster (1999) Times of the Technoculture. London: Routledge.
120. Rochlin, G.I. (1997) Trapped in the Net. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
121. Rostow, W.W. (1978) The World Economy: History and Prospect. Austin: Univesity of Texas Press.
122. Sandywell, B. (1996) Reflexivity and the Crisis of Western Reason: Logological Investigations, Vol. 1 London: Routledge.
123. Sandywell, B. (1998) ‘The Shock of the Old: Mikhail Bakhtin's Contributions to the Theory of Time and Alterity’, in M.M. Bell and M. Gardiner (eds) Bakhtin and the Human Sciences. London: Sage.
124. Sandywell, B. (1999) ‘Specular Grammar: The Visual Rhetoric of Modernity’, in I. Heywood and B. Sandywell (eds) Interpreting Visual Culture: Explorations in the Hermeneutics of the Visual. London: Routledge.
125. Sardar, Z. (1996) ‘alt.civilisation.faq: Cyberspace as the Darker Side of the West’, in Z. Sardar and J. Ravetz (eds) Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway. London: Pluto Press.
126. Schiller, D. (1999) Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
127. Sclove, R.E. (1995) Democracy and Technology. New York: Guilford Press.
128. Shields, R. (ed.) (1996) Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies. London: Sage.
129. Sklair, L. (1993) ‘Going Global: Competing Models of Globalisation’, Sociology Review November.
130. Sklair, L. (1995) Sociology of the Global System, 2nd edn. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf/Prentice Hall.
131. Slevin, J. (2000) The Internet and Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
132. Soja, E. (2000) Postmetropolis. Oxford: Blackwell.
133. Soros, G. (1998) The Crisis of Global Capitalism. New York: Little Brown.
134. Squires, J. (1996) ‘Fabulous Feminist Futures and the Lure of Cyberculture’, in J. Dovey (ed.) Fractal Dreams: New Media in Social Context. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
135. Staples, W.G. (1997) The Culture of Surveillance: Discipline and Social Control in the United States. New York: St Martin's Press.
136. Star, S.L. (ed.) (1995) The Cultures of Computing. Oxford: Blackwell.
137. Stefik, M. (1999) The Internet Edge: Social, Technical, and Legal Challenges for a Networked World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
138. Stone, A.R. (1996) The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
139. Taylor, H.J., C. Kramarae and M. Ebben (1993) Women, Information Technology and Scholarship. Urbana, IL: Center for Advanced Study.
140. Thomas, D. and B. Loader (eds) (2000) Cybercrime: Law Enforcement, Security and Surveillance in the Information Age. London: Macmillan.
141. Thomas, G. and S. Wyatt (1999) ‘Shaping Cyberspace – Interpreting and Transforming the Internet’, Research Policy, 28 (6): 681–698.
142. Toulmin, S. (1990) Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. New York: Free Press.
143. Tuchman, G. (1978) Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
144. Turkle, S. (1984) The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster.
145. Turner, B.S. and P. Hamilton (eds) (1989) Citizenship: Critical Concepts, 2 vols. London: Routledge.
146. Vattimo, G. (1992) The Transparent Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
147. Vattimo, G. (1998) The End of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
148. Virilio, P. (1991) Lost Dimension. New York: Semiotext(e).
149. Virilio, P. (1997) Open Sky. London: Verso.
150. Wajcman, J. (1991) Feminism Confronts Technology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
151. Walch, J. (1999) In the Net: A Guide for Activists. London: Zed Books.
152. Wall, D.S. (1997) ‘Policing the Virtual Community: The Internet, Cyberspace, and Cybercrime’, in P. Francis, P. Davis and V. Jupp (eds) Policing Futures: The Police, Law Enforcement and the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
153. Wallerstein, I. (1974) The Modern World System, Volume 1, Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy. New York: Academic Press.
154. Waters, M. (1995) Globalisation. London: Routledge.
155. Willett, C. (ed.) (1998) Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.