Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in young stroke patients: A case-control study

European Journal of Neurology

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 321-327

  Anzini, A ^a   Cassone, A ^b   Rasura, M ^a   Ciervo, A ^b   Beccia, M ^a   Di Lisi, F ^a   Fieschi, C ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chlamydia pneumoniae; Infection; Ischemic stroke; Young adults

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 60; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; CHAPERONIN;

ADULT; ANTIBODY TITER; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BRAIN ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ADOLESCENT; AGE; BLOOD; CHLAMYDIASIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; IMMUNOLOGY; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHAPERONIN 60; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; COHORT STUDIES; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES;

EID: 2942709756     PISSN: 13515101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00775.x     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappeelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL (1993). Classification of subtype of acute stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Stroke 24:35-41.
2. Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Carlquist J et al. (1999). Randomized secondary prevention trial of azythromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: the azithromycin in coronary artery disease: elimination of myocardial infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC study). Circulation 999:1540-1547.
3. Boman J, Soderberg S, Forsberg J et al. (1998). High prevalence of C. pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with cardiovascular disease and in middle-aged blood donors. J Infect Dis 178:274-277.
4. Ciervo A, Visca P, Petrucca A, Biasucci LM, Maseri A, Cassone A (2002). Antibodies to 60-kilodalton heat shock protein and outer membrane protein 2 of Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with coronary heart disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9:66-74.
5. Cook PJ, Honeybourne D, Lip GY, Beevers DG, Wise R, Davies P (1998). Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titers are significantly associated with acute stroke and transient cerebral ischemia: the West Birmingham Stroke Project. Stroke 29:404-410.
6. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R (1997). Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet 350:430-436.
7. Elkind MSV, Lin IF, Grayston JT, Sacco RL (2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae and the risk of first ischemic stroke. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 31:1521-1525.
8. Fagerberg B, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Agewall S, Wilkstrand J (1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae but not cytomegalovirus antibodies are associated with future risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study in middle-aged to elderly men with treated hypertension. Stroke 29:299-305.
9. Ferrari M, Poli A, Olivieri M et al. European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) Verona (2000). Seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in a young adult population sample living in Verona, Italy. Infection 28:38-41.
10. Fieschi C, Rasura M, Anzini A et al. (1996). A diagnostic approach to ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged adults. European Journal of Neurology 3:324-330.
11. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Ziegler C et al. (1997). Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 28:1724-1729.
12. Grayston JT (1999). Antibiotic treatment for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease events. Circulation 99:1538-1539.
13. Grayston JT, Kuo CC, Coulson AS et al. (1995). Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery. Circulation 92:3397-3400.
14. La Biche R, Koziol D, Quinn TC et al. (2001). Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in human symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Stroke 32:855-860.
15. Melnick JL, Adam E, Debakey ME (1990). Possible role of cytomegalovirus in atherogenesis. JAMA 263:2204-2207.
16. Patel P, Mendall MA, Carrington D et al. (1995). Association of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary hearth disease and cardiovascular risk factors. British Medical Journal 311:711-714.
17. Paterson DL, Hall J, Rasmussen SJ, Timms P (1998). Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques of Australian patients. Pathology 4:475-487.
18. Ridker PM, Kundsin RB, Stampfer MJ, Poulin S, Hennekens CH (1999). Prospective study of C pneumoniae IgG seropositivity and risks of future myocardial infarction. Circulation 99:1161-1164.
19. Roivanen M, Viik-Kajander M, Palosuo T et al. (2000). Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101:252-257.
20. Ross R (1986). the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis - an update. N Engl J Med 314:488-500.
21. Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K et al. (1988). Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2:983-986.
22. Sander D, Winbeck K, Klingelhofer J, Etgen T, Conrad B (2001). Enhanced progression of early carotid atherosclerosis is related to Chlamydia pneumoniae (Taiwan acute respiratory) seropositivity. Circulation 103:1390-1395.
23. Siscovich DS, Schwartz SM, Corey L et al. (2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus type 1 and cytomegalo-virus and incident myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 102:2335-2340.
24. Syrjanen J, Valtonen VV, livanainen M, Kaste M, Huttunen JK (1988). Preceding infection as an important risk factor for ischemic brain infarction in young and middle aged patients. British Medical Journal 296:1156-1160.
25. Thom DH, Grayston JT, Siscovick DS, Wang SP, Weiss NS, Daling JR (1992). Association of prior infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. JAMA 268:68-72.
26. Weiss SM, Roblin PM, Gaydos CA et al. (1996). Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary atheromas of patients undergoing atherectomy. Journal Infectious Diseases 173:957-963.
27. Wimmer MLJ, Sandmann-Strupp Ruth, Saikku P, Haberl RL (1996). Association of chlamydial infection with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 27:2207-2210.
28. Yarnell JWG, Baker JA, Sweetman PM et al. (1991). Fibrinogen, viscosity and white blood cell count are major risk factors for ischemic heart disease. Circulation 83:836-844.