Transmission, group delay, and dispersion in single-ring optical resonators and add/drop filters - A tutorial overview

Journal of Lightwave Technology

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1380-1394

  Schwelb, Otto ^a  

^a Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTENUATION; DISPERSION (WAVES); INSERTION LOSSES; INTERFEROMETERS; LIGHT TRANSMISSION; NOTCH FILTERS; OPTICAL RESONATORS; OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION; OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES; RESONANCE;

GROUP DELAY; OPTICAL RING RESONATOR; QUADRATIC DISPERSION; RING RESONATOR LOSSES; WAVEGUIDE ATTENUATION;

OPTICAL FILTERS;

EID: 2942704053     PISSN: 07338724     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2004.827666     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. E. Udd, Ed., Fiber Optic Sensors. New York: Wiley, 1991.
2. F. Farahi, N. Takahashi, J. D. C. Jones, and D. A. Jackson, "Multiplexed fiber-optic sensors using ring interferometers," J. Modern Opt., vol. 36, no.3, pp. 337-348, 1989.
3. B. Moslehi, M. Tur, J. W. Goodman, and H. J. Shaw, "Fiber optic lattice signal processing," Proc. IEEE, vol. 72, pp. 909-930, July 1984.
4. K. P. Jackson, S. A. Newton, B. Moslehi, M. Tur, C. C. Cutler, J. W. Goodman, and H. J. Shaw, "Optical fiber delay-line signal processing," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 33, pp. 193-210, Mar. 1985.
5. E. M. Dowling and D. L. MacFarlane, "Lightwave lattice filters for optically multiplexed communication systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, pp. 471-486, Mar. 1994.
6. J. Capmany and J. Cascón, "Discrete time fiber-optic signal processors using optical amplifiers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, pp. 106-117, Jan. 1994.
7. C. K. Madsen and J. H. Zhao, Optical Filter Design and Analysis: A Signal Processing Approach. New York: Wiley, 1999.
8. N. Hodgson and H. Weber, Optical Resonators. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1997, ch. 20.
9. D. C. Hutchings, F. A. P. Tooley, and D. A. Russell, "Unidirectional operation of a ring laser using an absorbing Fabry-Pérot filter," Opt. Lett., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 322-324, 1987.
10. B. Liu, A. Shakouri, and J. E. Bowers, "Passive microring resonator coupled lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79, no. 22, pp. 3561-3563, 2001.
11. B. Liu, A. Shakouri, and J. E. Bowers, "Wide tunable ring resonator coupled lasers," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 600-602, May 2002.
12. S. Tai, K. Kyuma, K. Hamanaka, and T. Nakayama, "Applications of fiber optic ring resonators using laser diodes," Optica. Acta., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1539-1551, 1986.
13. P. Hariharan, Optical Interferometry, 2nd ed. New York: Academic, 2003.
14. A. Küng, J. Budin, L. Thévenaz, and Ph. A. Robert, "Optical fiber ring resonator characterization by optical time-domain reflectometry," Opt. Lett., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 90-92, 1997.
15. G. Hernandez, Fabry-Pérot Interferometers. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986.
16. J. M. Vaughan, The Fabry Pérot Interferometer: History, Theory, Practice, and Applications. Bristol, U.K.: Adam Hilger, 1989.
17. J. Capmany and M. A. Muriel, "Double-cavity fiber structures as all optical timing extraction circuits for gigabit networks," Fiber Integrated Opt., vol. 12, pp. 247-255, 1993.
18. A. Melloni, "Synthesis of a parallel-coupled ring-resonator filter," Opt. Lett., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 917-919, 2001.
19. A. Melloni and M. Martinelli, "Synthesis of direct-coupled-resonators bandpass filters for WDM systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 20, pp. 296-303, Feb. 2002.
20. S. Kim and B. Lee, "Recirculating fiber delay-line filter with a fiber Bragg grating," Appl. Opt., vol. 37, no. 23, pp. 5469-5471, 1998.
21. K. Jinguji, "Synthesis of coherent two-port optical delay-line circuit with ring waveguides," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 1882-1898, Aug. 1996.
22. G. Lenz, B. J. Eggleton, C. K. Madsen, and R. E. Slusher, "Optical delay lines based on optical filters," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 37, pp. 525-532, Apr. 2001.
23. J. Haavisto and G. A. Pajer, "Resonance effects in low-loss ring waveguides," Opt. Lett., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 510-512, 1980.
24. S. Suzuki, K. Shuto, and Y. Hibino, "Integrated-optic ring resonators with two stacked layers of silica waveguide on Si," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 1256-1258, Nov. 1992.
25. B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, H. A. Haus, J. Foresi, and J. P. Laine, "Microring resonator channel dropping filters," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 998-1005, June 1997.
26. 2 microring resonator optical channel dropping filters," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 549-551, Apr. 1998.
27. D. Rafizadeh, J. P. Zhang, S. C. Hagness, A. Taflove, K. A. Stair, and S. T. Ho, "Waveguide-coupled AlGaAs/GaAs microcavity ring and disk resonators with high finesse and 21.6 nm free spectral range," Opt. Lett., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 1244-1246, 1997.
28. C. K. Madsen, G. Lenz, A. J. Bruce, M. A. Capuzzo, L. T. Gomez, T. N. Nielsen, and I. Brener, "Multistage dispersion compensator using ring resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 24, no. 22, pp. 1555-1557, 1999.
29. C. K. Madsen, G. Lenz, A. J. Bruce, M. A. Capuzzo, L. T. Gomez, and R. E. Scotti, "Integrated all-pass filters for tunable dispersion and dispersion slope compensation," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 1623-1625, Dec. 1999.
30. C. K. Madsen and G. Lenz, "Optical all-pass filters for phase response design with applications for dispersion compensation," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 994-996, July 1998.
31. G. Lenz and C. K. Madsen, "General optical all-pass filter structures for dispersion control in WDM systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, pp. 1248-1254, July 1999.
32. The Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing Handbook, J. P. Dakin, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1990.
33. I.-L. Gheorma and R. M. Osgood Jr., "Fundamental limitations of optical resonator based high-speed EO modulators," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 795-797, June 2002.
34. P. P. Absil, J. V. Hryniewicz, B. E. Little, P. S. Cho, R. A. Wilson, L. G. Joneckis, and P.-T. Ho, "Wavelength conversion in GaAs micro-ring resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 554-556, 2000.
35. F. C. Blom, D. R. van Dijk, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, A. Driessen, and Th. J. A. Popma, "Experimental study of integrated-optics microcavity resonators: Toward an all-optical switching device," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 747-749, 1997.
36. J. E. Heebner and R. W. Boyd, "Enhanced all-optical switching by use of a nonlinear fiber ring resonator," Opt. Lett., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 847-849, 1999.
37. G. F. Levy, "Analysis of the steady-state and switch-on characteristics of a nonlinear fiber optic ring resonator," J. Modern Opt., vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1803-1811, 1994.
38. K. Ogusu, H. Shigekuni, and Y. Yokoya, "Dynamic transmission properties of a nonlinear fiber ring resonator," Opt. Lett., vol. 20, no. 22, pp. 2288-2290, 1995.
39. K. Ogusu, "Dynamic behavior of reflection optical bistability in a non-linear fiber ring resonator," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 32, pp. 1537-1543, Sept. 1996.
40. C. Vassallo, Optical Waveguide Concepts. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1991.
41. D. L. Lee, Electromagnetic Principles of Integrated Optics. New York: Wiley, 1986, ch. 8.
42. D. R. Rowland and J. D. Love, "Evanescent wave coupling of whispering gallery modes of a dielectric cylinder," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. J, vol. 140, no.3, pp. 177-188, 1993.
43. H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
44. D. B. Mortimore, "Fiber loop reflectors," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 6, pp. 1217-1224, July 1988.
45. H. van de Stadt, "Ring interferometers with unit transmittance," Appl. Opt., vol. 24, no. 15, pp. 2290-2292, 1985.
46. C. K. Madsen, "Optical all-pass filters for polarization mode dispersion compensation," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 878-880, 2000.
47. C. K. Madsen and J. H. Zhao, Optical Filter Design and Analysis: A Signal Processing Approach. New York: Wiley, 1999, sec. 6.1.
48. C. K. Madsen, "Efficient architectures for exactly realizing optical filters with optimum bandpass designs," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 1136-1138, Aug. 1998.
49. S. T. Chu, B. E. Little, W. Pan, T. Kaneko, and Y. Kokubun, "Second-order filter response from parallel coupled glass microring resonators," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 1426-1428, Nov. 1999.
50. G. Griffel, "Synthesis of optical filters using ring resonator arrays," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 810-812, July 2000.
51. R. Grover, V. Van, T. A. Ibrahim, P. P. Absil, L. C. Calhoun, F. G. Johnson, J. V. Hryniewicz, and P.-T. Ho, "Parallel-cascaded semiconductor microring resonators for high-order and wide-FSR filters," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 20, pp, 900-905, May 2002.
52. B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, J. V. Hryniewicz, and P. P. Absil, "Filter synthesis for periodically coupled microring resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 344-346, 2000.
53. O. Schwelb and I. Frigyes, "A design for a high finesse parallel-coupled microring resonator filter," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 125-129, 2003.
54. J. V. Hryniewicz, P. P. Absil, B. E. Little, R. A. Wilson, and P.-T. Ho, "Higher order filter response in coupled microring resonators," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 320-322, Mar. 2000.
55. R. Orta, P. Savi, R. Tascone, and D. Trinchero, "Synthesis of multiple-ring-resonator filters for optical systems," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 1447-1449, Dec. 1995.
56. D. G. Rabus, M. Hamacher, and H. Heidrich, "Resonance frequency tuning of a double ring resonator in GaInAsP/InP: Experiment and simulation," Jap. J. Appl. Phys., pt. 1, vol. 41, no. 2B, pp. 1186-1189, 2002.
57. C. K. Madsen and J. H. Zhao, "A general planar waveguide autoregressive optical filter," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 437-447, Mar. 1996.
58. K. Oda, N. Takato, and H. Toba, "A wide-FSR waveguide double-ring resonator for optical FDM transmission systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 9, pp. 728-736, June 1991.
59. S. Suzuki, K. Oda, and Y. Hibino, "Integrated-optic double-ring resonators with a wide free spectral range of 100 GHz," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 13, pp. 1766-1771, Aug. 1995.
60. G. Griffel, "Vernier effect in asymmetrical ring resonator arrays," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 1642-1644, Dec. 2000.
61. G. Barbarossa, A. M. Matteo, and M. N. Armenise, "Theoretical analysis of triple-coupler ring-based optical guided-wave resonator," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 13, pp. 148-157, Feb. 1995.
62. O. Schwelb and I. Frigyes, "Vernier operation of series-coupled optical microring resonator filters," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 257-261, 2003.
63. R. Grover, T. A. Ibrahim, T. N. Ding, Y. Leng, L.-C. Kuo, S. Kanakaraju, K. Amarnath, L. C. Calhoun, and P.-T. Ho, "Laterally coupled InP-based single-mode microracetrack notch filter," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 1082-1084, Aug. 2003.
64. P. P. Absil, J. V. Hryniewicz, B. E. Little, R. A. Wilson, L. G. Joneckis, and P.-T. Ho, "Compact microring notch filters," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 398-400, Apr. 2000.
65. M. Cai and K. Vahala, "Highly efficient optical power transfer to whispering-gallery modes by use of a symmetrical dual-coupling configuration," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 260-262, 2000.
66. B. E. Little, H. A. Haus, J. S. Foresi, L. C. Kimerling, E. P. Ippen, and D. J. Ripin, "Wavelength switching and routing using absorption and resonance," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 816-818, June 1998.
67. 2 microring resonator optical channel dropping filters," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 549-551, Apr. 1998.
68. S. C. Hagness, D. Rafizadeh, S. T. Ho, and A. Taflove, "FDTD microcavity simulations: Design and experimental realization of waveguide-coupled single-mode ring and whispering-gallery-mode disk resonators," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 2154-2165, Nov. 1997.
69. D. G. Rabus, M. Hamacher, U. Troppenz, and H. Heidrich, "High-Q channel-dropping filters using ring resonators with integrated SOAs," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1442-1444, Oct. 2002.
70. F. Gires and P. Tournois, "Interféromètre utilisable d'impulsions lumineuses modulées en fréquence," C. R. Acad. Sc. (Paris), vol. 258, pp. 6112-6115, June 22, 1964. groupe 5.
71. K. D. Li, W. H. Knox, and N. M. Pearson, "Broadband cubic-phase compensation with resonant Gires-Tournois interferometers," Opt. Lett., vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 450-452, 1989.
72. B. E. Little and S. T. Chu, "Estimating surface-roughness loss and output coupling in microdisk resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 21, no. 17, pp. 1390-1392, 1996.
73. B. E. Little, J.-P. Laine, and S. T. Chu, "Surface-roughness-induced contradirectional coupling in ring and disk resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 4-6, 1997.
74. B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, and H. A. Haus, "Second-order filtering and sensing with partially coupled traveling waves in a single resonator," Opt. Lett., vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 1570-1572, 1998.
75. O. Schwelb and I. Frigyes, "All-optical tunable filters built with discontinuity-assisted ring resonators," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 380-386, Mar. 2001.
76. Y. H. Chew, T. T. Tjhung, and F. V. C. Mendis, "An optical filter of adjustable finesse using an amplified fiber ring resonator," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 364-370, Feb. 1997.
77. H. Okamura and K. Iwatsuki, "A finesse-enhanced Er-doped-fiber ring resonator," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 9, pp. 1554-1560, Nov. 1991.
78. C. Vázquez, B. Vizoso, M. López-Amo, and M. A. Muriel, "Single and double amplified recirculating delay lines as fiber-optic filters," Electron. Lett., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1017-1019, 1992.
79. B. Vizoso, C. Vázquez, R. Civera, M. López-Amo, and M. A. Muriel, "Amplified fiber-optic recirculating delay lines," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, pp. 294-305, Feb. 1994.
80. C. Vázquez, S. Vargas, and J. M. Sánchez Pena, "Design and tolerance analysis of a router with an amplified resonator and Bragg gratings," Appl. Opt., vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1934-1940, 2000.
81. D. G. Rabus and M. Hamacher, "MMI-coupled ring resonators in GaInAsP-InP," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 812-814, Aug. 2001.
82. B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, W. Pan, D. Ripin, T. Kaneko, Y. Kokubun, and E. Ippen, "Vertically coupled glass microring resonator channel dropping filters," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 215-217, Feb. 1999.
83. D. V. Tishinin, P. D. Dapkus, A. E. Bond, I. Kim, C. K. Lin, and J. O'Brien, "Vertical resonant couplers with precise coupling efficiency control fabricated by wafer bonding," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 1003-1005, Aug. 1999.
84. S. T. Chu, B. E. Little, W. Pan, T. Kaneko, S. Sato, and Y. Kokubun, "An eight-channel wavelength add-drop filter using vertically coupled micronng resonators over a cross grid," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 691-693, June 1999.
85. R. Grover et al., "Vertically coupled GaInAsP-InP microring resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 506-508, 2001.
86. P. P. Absil et al., "Vertically coupled microring resonators using polymer wafer bonding," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 49-51, Jan. 2001.
87. S. T. Chu, W. Pan, S. Sato, T. Kaneko, B. E. Little, and Y. Kokubun, "Wavelength trimming of a microring resonator filter by means of a UV sensitive polymer overlay," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 688-690, June 1999.
88. P. Rabiei, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Polymer micro-ring filters and modulators," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 20, pp. 1968-1975, Nov. 2002.
89. P. D. Dapkus, K. Djordjev, S.-J. Choi, and S.-J. Choi, "Active photonic integrated circuit components based on semiconductor microdisk resonators," IEEE LEOS Newsletter, pp. 10-11, Feb. 2003.
90. B. E. Little, J.-P. Laine, D. R. Lim, H. A. Haus, L. C. Kimerling, and S. T. Chu, "Pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides for robust coupling to microsphere resonators and for microphotonic circuits," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 73-75, 2000.
91. O. Schwelb, "Generalized analysis for a class of linear interferometric networks. Part I: Analysis," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 46, pp. 1399-1408, Oct. 1998.
92. J. Capmany, "Time domain analysis of a direct-coupled fiber ring resonator," Opt. Commun., vol. 92, pp. 283-290, 1992.
93. T. Kominato, Y. Hibino, and K. Onose, "Silica-based finesse-variable ring resonator," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 560-562, May 1993.
94. C. K. Madsen and J. H. Zhao, "Increasing the free spectral range of silica waveguide rings for filter applications," Opt. Lett., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 186-188, 1998.
95. A. Yariv, "Universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonators and dielectric waveguides," Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 321-322, 2000.
96. A. Yariv, "Critical coupling and its control in optical waveguide-ring resonator systems," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 483-485, Apr. 2002.
97. J. E. Bowers, S. A. Newton, W. V. Sorin, and H. J. Shaw, "Filter response of single-mode fiber recirculating delay lines," Electron. Lett., vol. 18, no.3, pp. 110-111, 1982.
98. Z. K. Ioarmidis, P. M. Radmore, and I. P. Giles, "Dynamic response of an all-fiber ring resonator," Opt. Lett., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 422-424, 1988.
99. G. S. Pandjian and F. E. Seraji, "Optical pulse response of a fiber ring resonator," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. J, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 235-239, 1991.
100. S. Dilwali and G. S. Pandian, "Pulse response of a fiber dispersion equalizing scheme based on an optical resonator," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 942-944, Aug. 1992.
101. L. F. Stokes, M. Chodorow, and H. J. Shaw, "All-single-mode fiber resonator," Opt. Lett., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 288-290, 1982.
102. G. Böck, "Fiber-optic ring resonator with highly wavelength-selective input reflection coefficient," Siemens Forsch. Enrwickl. Ber., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 150-156, 1986.
103. F. Zhang and J. W. Y. Lit, "Direct-coupling single-mode fiber ring resonator," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1347-1355, 1988.
104. P. Urquhart, "Transversely coupled fiber Fabry-Pérot resonator," Appl. Opt., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 456-463, 1987.
105. M. Beck, I. A. Walmsley, and J. D. Kafka, "Group delay measurements of optical components near 800 nm," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 27, pp. 2074-2081, Aug. 1991.
106. J. M. Choi, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, "Control of critical coupling in a ring resonator-fiber configuration: Application to wavelength-selective switching, modulation, amplification, and oscillation," Opt. Lett., vol. 26, no. 16, pp. 1236-1238, 2001.
107. M. Jablonski, Y. Takushima, and K. Kikuchi, "The realization of all-pass filters for third-order dispersion compensation in ultrafast optical fiber transmission systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 1194-1205, Aug. 2001.
108. H. van de Stadt and J. M. Muller, "Multimirror Fabry-Pérot interferometers," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 1363-1370, 1985.
109. C. K. Madsen, "General IIR optical filter design for WDM applications using all-pass filters," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 18, pp. 860-868, June 2000.
110. A. Yariv, Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 5th ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997.
111. P. A. Rizzi, Microwave Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1988. sec. 9-1.
112. G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964. sec. 14.07.
113. G. Lenz, B. J. Eggleton, C. R. Giles, C. K. Madsen, and R. E. Slusher, "Dispersive properties of optical filters for WDM systems," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 34, pp. 1390-1402, Aug. 1998.
114. C. K. Madsen and J. H. Zhao, Optical Filter Design and Analysis: A Signal Processing Approach. New York: Wiley, 1999, sec. 2.2.5.