Optical and mechanical effects of frozen-in stresses and strains in optical fibers

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 300-311

  Yablon, Andrew D ^a  

^a OFS LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Optical fiber materials; Optical fiber measurements; Optical fiber mechanical factors; Optical fibers; Stress

Indexed keywords

CRACK INITIATION; DIFFRACTION GRATINGS; ELASTICITY; OPTICAL COMMUNICATION; PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES; STRESSES;

MODAL BIREFRINGENCE; OPTICAL FIBER MATERIALS; OPTICAL FIBER MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL FIBER MECHANICAL FACTORS;

OPTICAL FIBERS;

EID: 2942702217     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2004.826570     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. K. Brugger, "Effect of thermal stress on refractive index in clad fibers," Appl. Opt., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 437-438, Feb. 1971.
2. G. W. Scherer, "Stress-induced index profile distortion in optical waveguides," Appl. Opt., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2000-2006, June 1980.
3. Y. Hibino, F. Hanawa, T. Abe, and S. Shibata, "Residual stress effects on refractive indices in undoped silica-core single-mode fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 50, no. 22, pp. 1565-1566, June 1987.
4. Y. Hibino, F. Hanawa, and M. Horiguchi, "Drawing-induced residual stress effects on optical characteristics in pure-silica-core single-mode fibers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 30-34, Jan. 1989.
5. W. Hermann, M. Hutjens, and D. U. Wiechert, "Stress in optical waveguides. 3: Stress induced index change," Appl. Opt., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1980-1983, June 1989.
6. Y. Park, K. Oh, U. C. Paek, D. Y. Kim, and C. R. Kurkjian, "Residual stresses in a double clad fiber with depressed inner cladding (DIG)," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, pp. 1823-1834, Oct. 1999.
7. C.-S. Kim, Y. Han, B. H. Lee, W.-T. Han, U.-C. Paek, and Y. Chung, "Induction of the refractive index change in B-doped optical fibers through relaxation of the mechanical stress," Opt. Commun., vol. 185, pp. 337-342, Nov. 2000.
8. A. D. Yablon, M. F. Yan, P. Wisk, F. V. DiMarcello, J. W. Fleming, W. A. Reed, E. M. Monberg, D. J. DiGiovanni, J. Jasapara, and M. E. Lines, "Anomolous refractive index changes in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelastic strain," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conf. (OFC 2003), Atlanta, GA, 2003, postdeadline paper PD6.
9. Y. Park, U.-C. Paek, and D. Y. Kim, "Complete determination of the stress tensor of a polarization-maintaining fiber by photoelastic tomography," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, no. 14, pp. 1217-1219, July 2002.
10. _, "Characterization of a stress-applied polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber through photoelastic tomography," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 21, pp. 997-1004, Apr. 2003.
11. T. Abe, Y. Mitsunaga, and H. Koga, "Photoelastic computer tomography: a novel measurement method for axial residual stress profile in optical fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 133-138, Jan. 1986.
12. A. E. Puro and K.-J. E. Kell, "Complete determination of stress in fiber preforms of arbitrary cross section," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 10, pp. 1010-1014, Aug. 1992.
13. J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, "Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-4, pp. 1071-1098, Aug. 1986.
14. W. Eickhoff, "Stress-induced single-polarization single-mode fiber," Opt. Lett., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 629-631, Dec. 1982.
15. K. Okamoto, Y. Sasaki, and N. Shibata, "Mode coupling effects in stress-applied single polarization fibers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-18, pp. 1890-1899, Nov. 1982.
16. D. Chowdhury and D. Wilcox, "Comparison between optical fiber birefringence induced by stress anisotropy and geometric deformation," J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 6, pp. 227-232, Mar. 2000.
17. Y. Park, U.-C. Paek, and D. Y. Kim, "Determination of stress-induced intrinsic birefringence in a single-mode fiber by measurement of the two-dimensional stress profile," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 1291-1293, Aug. 2002.
18. K. L. Walker, "Fibers and cables for ultralow PMD," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conf. (OFC 2003), 2003, paper WJ4, pp. 369-370.
19. M.-J. Li, X. Chen, and D. A. Nolan, "Effects of residual stress on PMD of spun fibers," in Proc. 29th Eur. Conf. Optical Communications (ECOC 2003), Rimini, Italy, 2003, paper Th.1.7.2.
20. S. Yamasaki, M. Akiyama, K. Nishide, A. Wada, and R. Yamauchi, "Characteristics of long-period fiber grating utilizing periodic stress relaxation," IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E83-C, no. 3, pp. 440-443, Mar. 2000.
21. M. Akiyama, K. Nishide, K. Shima, A. Wada, and R. Yamauchi, "A novel long-period fiber grating using periodically released residual stress of pure-silica core fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conf. (OFC 1998), San Jose, CA, 1998, pp. 276-277.
22. T. Enomoto, M. Shigehara, S. Ishikawa, T. Danzuka, and H. Kanamori, "Long-period fiber grating in a pure-silica-core fiber written by residual stress relaxation," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conf. (OFC 1998), San Jose, CA, 1998, pp. 277-278.
23. 2 laser pulses," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 202-302, Feb. 1998.
24. 2 laser-induced long-period fiber gratings: Spectral characteristics, cladding modes and polarization independence," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 1416-1417, July 1998.
25. 2 -laser-induced long-period fiber gratings," Electron. Lett., vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 740-741, Apr. 1999.
26. G. Rego, O. Okhotmikov, E. Dianov, and V. Sulknov, "High-temperature stability of long-period fiber gratings produced using an electric arc," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 1570-1574, Oct. 2001.
27. 2 laser-written long-period fiber grating," Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 155-157, Feb. 2003.
28. A. D. Yablon, M. F. Yan, D. J. DiGiovanni, M. E. Lines, S. L. Jones, D. N. Ridgway, G. A. Sandels, I. A. White, P. Wisk, F. V. DiMarcello, E. M. Monberg, and J. Jasapara, "Frozen-in viscoelasticity for novel beam expanders and high-power connectors," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 16-23, 2004.
29. A. D. Yablon, M. F. Yan, D. J. DiGiovanni, S. L. Jones, D. N. Ridgway, G. A. Sandels, and I. A. White, "Novel beam expanders and high power connectors," in Proc. National Fiber Optic Engineers Conf. (NFOEC 2003), Orlando, FL, 2003, pp. 1287-1292.
30. S. Ishikawa, H. Kanamori, T. Kohgo, M. Nishimura, and H. Yokota, "New mode-field conversion technique in optical fiber using thermal relaxation of residual stress," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conf. (OFC 1993), 1993, pp. 5-6.
31. K. W. Raine, R. Feced, S. E. Kanellopolous, and V. A. Handerek, "Measurement of axial stress at high spatial resolution in ultraviolet-exposed fibers," Appl. Opt., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1086-1095, Mar. 1999.
32. H. G. Limberger, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, R. P. Salathe, and F. Cochet, "Compaction and photoelastic-induced index changes in fiber Bragg gratings," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 68, no. 22, pp. 3069-3071, 1995.
33. P. Y. Fonjallaz, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathe, F. Cochet, and B. Leuen-berger, "Tension increase correlated to refractive-index change in fibers containing UV-written Bragg gratings," Opt. Lett., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1346-1348, June 1995.
34. 2 preforms: Additional CW experiments and the macroscopic origin of the change in index," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 1842-1856, 1996.
35. A. I. Gusarov and D. B. Boyle, "Contribution of photoinduced densification to refractive-index modulation in Bragg gratings written in Ge-doped silica fibers," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 872-874, June 2000.
36. M. Douay, W. X. Xie, P. Bernage, P. Niay, P. Cordier, B. Poumellec, L. Dong, J. F. Bayon, H. Poignant, and E. Delevaque, "Densification involved in the UV-based photosensitivity of silica glasses and optical fibers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, Aug. 1997.
37. J. P. Bernardin and N. M. Lawandy, "Dynamics of the formation of Bragg gratings in germanosilicate optical fibers," Opt. Commun., vol. 79, no. 3-4, pp. 194-199, Oct. 1990.
38. M. G. Sceats, G. R. Atkins, and S. B. Poole, "Photolytic index changes in optical fibers," Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., vol. 23, pp. 381-410, 1993.
39. N. H. Ky, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathe, F. Cochet, and L. Dong, "Effects of drawing tension on the photosensidvity of Sn-Ge and B-Ge-cop-doped core fibers," Opt. Lett., vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 1402-1404, Sept. 1998.
40. M. Duay et al., "Progress in silica optical fiber photosensitivity," Ann. Telecommun., vol. 52, no. 11-12, pp. 543-556, 1997.
41. A. I. Gusarov, D. B. Doyle, F. Berghmans, and O. Deparis, "Analysis of photoinduced stress distribution in fiber Bragg gratings," Opt. Lett., vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 1334-1336, Oct. 1999.
42. F. Kherbouche and B. Poumellec, "UV-induced stress field during Bragg grating inscription in optical fibers," J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., vol. 3, pp. 429-439, 2001.
43. A. R. Cooper, "Residual stress development in ceramics," in Residual Stress and Stress Relaxation, E. Kula and V. Weiss, Eds. New York: Plenum, 1982, pp. 439-465.
44. D. A. Krohn and A. R. Cooper, "Strengthening of glass fibers: I, cladding," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 661-664, Dec. 1969.
45. P. L. Chu and T. Whitbread, "Stress transformation due to fusion splicing in optical fiber," Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 599-600, July 1984.
46. Y. Ohuchi, A. Wada, R. Yamauchi, N.. Sato, and K. Inada, "Abrasion resistant optical fibers with mechanically induced surface stress," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communications Conf. (OFC 1990), 1990, p. 172.
47. 2 bulk glasses and fibers," in Optical Waveguide Materials, Proc. Materials Research Symp., vol. 244, M. M. Broer, G. H. Sigel Jr., R. T. Kersten, and H. Kawazoe, Eds., 1992, pp. 67-84.
48. P. L. Chu and T. Whitbread, "Stress modification in optical fiber," Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 448-449, May 1984.
49. L. Rongved, "Stress in glass fibers induced by the draw force," J. Appl. Mechanics, vol. 45, pp. 765-772, Dec. 1978.
50. R. K. Mohr, O. H. El-Bayoumi, N. Lakagos, H. Hojaji, and D. S. Ma, "Compressive strengthening of optical fibers by a porous glass process," Ceramics Bull., vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1127-1130, 1980.
51. J. F. Stirling, "Frozen strains in glass fibers," J. Soc. Glass Technol., vol. 39, pp. 134T-144T, 1955.
52. W. H. Otto, "Compaction effects in glass fibers," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 68-72, 1961.
53. A. D. Yablon, M. F. Yan, F. V. DiMarcello, J. W. Fleming, W. A. Reed, E. M. Monberg, D. J. DiGiovanni, J. Jasapara, and M. E. Lines, "Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity,", vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 19-21, 2004.
54. 2 laser irradiation," Opt. Lett., vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 1657-1659, Nov. 2001.
55. Y. Park, T.-J. Ahn, Y. H. Kim, W.-T. Han, U.-C. Paek, and D. Y. Kim, "Measurement method for profiling the residual stress and the strain-optic coefficient of an optical fiber," Appl. Opt., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 21-26, Jan. 2002.
56. B. H. Kim, Y. Park, D. Y. Kim, U. C. Paek, and W.-T. Han, "Observation and analysis of residual stress development resulting from OH impurity in optical fibers," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 806-808, May 2002.
57. 2 laser irradiation on the refractive-index change in optical fibers," Appl. Opt., vol. 41, no. 19, pp. 3809-3815, July 2002.
58. Y. Park, S. Choi, U.-C. Paek, K. Oh, and D. Y. Kim, "Measurement method for profiling the residual stress of an optical fiber Detailed analysis of off-focusing and beam deflection effects," Opt. Lett., vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1182-1190, Mar. 2003.
59. A. D. Yablon, "Stresses and strains frozen into optical fibers," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference on CD-ROM (presentation TuB1), Washington, DC, 2004.
60. B. Poumellec and P. Niay, "Direct measurement of 248- and 193-nm excimer-induced densification in silica-germania waveguide blanks: Comment," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2039-2041, Sept. 2002.
61. N. F. Borrelli and D. C. Allan, "Direct measurement of 248- and 193-nm excimer-induced densification in silica-germania waveguide blanks: Reply to comment," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2042-2043, Sept. 2002.
62. G. Humbert and A. Malki, "Annealing time dependence at very high temperature of electric arc-induced long-period fiber gratings," Electron. Lett., vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 449-450, May 2002.
63. _, "Characterizations at very high temperature of electric arc-induced long-period fiber gratings," Opt. Commun., vol. 208, pp. 329-335, July 2002.
64. A. Malki, G. Humbert, Y. Ouerdane, A. Boukhenter, and A. Boudrioua, "Investigation of the writing mechanism of electric-arc-induced long-period fiber gratings," Appl. Opt., vol. 42, no. 19, pp. 3776-3779, July 2003.
65. Fose Co. Ltd.. [Online]www.fose.co.kr
66. 2," in Defects in Glasses, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc., vol. 61, F. L. Galeener, D. L. Griscom, and M. J. Weber, Eds., 1986, pp. 187-195.
67. P. L. Chu and T. Whitbread, "Measurement of stresses in optical fiber and preform," Appl. Opt., vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 4241-4245, Dec. 1982.
68. S. Steinblatt, "Anisotropy profiles of optical fibers and preforms," Opt. Commun., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 391-394, Oct. 1983.
69. P. Ledoux, J. Auge, L. Y. Boniort, P. Dupont, J. Goudeau, J. M. Saugrain, J. C. Rousseau, and Y. Mohanna, "Stress measurements on fibers and preforms," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 7, pp. 1270-1274, Aug. 1989.
70. W. Urbanczyk, K. Pietraszkiewicz, and W. A. Wozniak, "Novel bifunctional systems for measuring the refractive index profile and residual stress birefringence in optical fibers and preforms," Opt. Eng., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 491-499, Mar. 1992.
71. H. Aben and C. Guillemet, Photoelasticity of Glass. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
72. N. F. Borelli, D. C. Allan, and R. A. Mondavis, "Direct measurement of 248- and 193-nm excimer-induced densification in silica-germania waveguide blanks," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1672-1679, Oct. 1999.
73. S. P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970, ch. 12.
74. H. F. Pollard, Sound Waves in Solids. London: Pion, 1977.
75. G. W. Scherer and A. R. Cooper, "Stress in optical waveguide fibers," in Advances in Ceramics, Vol. II: Physics of Fiber Optics, E. Bendow and S. Mitra, Eds. Columbus, OH: American Ceramic Society, 1981, pp. 193-203.
76. G. W. Scherer, "Thermal stresses in optical fibers: Fluid core assumption," J. Non-Crystal. Sol., vol. 51, pp. 323-332, 1982.
77. U. C. Paek and C. R. Kurkjian, "Calculation of cooling rate and induced stresses in drawing of optical fibers," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 58, no. 7-8, pp. 330-335, July 1975.
78. L. Rongved, C. R. Kurkjian, and F. T. Geyling, "Mechanical tempering of optical fibers," J. Non-Cryst. Sol., vol. 42, pp. 579-584, 1980.
79. A. K. Varshneya, D. Varshneya, and V. Jain, "On 'mechanical tempering of optical fibers'," J. Non-Crystal. Sol., vol. 93, pp. 215-216, 1987.
80. D. Krohn, "Determination of axial stress in clad glass fibers," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 505-507, 1970.
81. G. W. Scherer and A. R. Cooper, "Thermal stresses in clad-glass fibers," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 63, no. 5-6, pp.346-347, 1980.
82. G. W. Scherer, "Thermal stresses in a cylinder: application to optical waveguide blanks," J. Non-Crystal. Sol., vol. 34, pp. 223-238, 1979.
83. M. E. Lines, "Interaction of light with matter: A theoretical overview," in Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials, P. Klocek, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1991, ch. 2.
84. M. Gottlieb, "Elastooptic materials," in CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology Vol. IV: Optical Materials, Part 2, M. Weber, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1986, pp. 319-341.
85. W. Primak and D. Post, "Photoelastic constants of vitreous silica and its elastic coefficient of refractive index," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 779-788, 1959.
86. A. J. Barlow and D. N. Payne, "The stress-optic effect in optical fibers," J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-19, no. 5, pp. 834-839, 1983.
87. M. J. Saunders, "Determination of the stress in optical fibers by means of a polarscope," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 496-500, Apr. 1976.
88. H. Poritzky, "Analysis of thermal stresses in sealed cylinders and the effect of viscous flow during anneal," Physics, vol. 5, pp. 406-411, Dec. 1934.
89. M. P. Varnham, S. B. Poole, and D. B. Payne, "Thermal stress measurements in optical-fiber preforms using preform-profiling techniques," Electon. Lett., vol. 20, no. 25/26, pp. 1034-1035, Dec. 1984.
90. T. Abe, Y. Mitsunaga, and H. Koga, "Novel measurement method for axial residual stress in optical fiber," Electron. Lett., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 4-5, Jan. 1985.
91. T.Th. Rose, D. Spriegel, and J.-R. Kropp, "Fast photoelectric stress determination: Application to monomode fibers and splices," Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 4, pp. 431-434, 1993.
92. R. Gardon, "Variation of densities and refractive indicies in tempered glass," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 61, no. 3-4, pp. 143-146, 1978.
93. _, "Evolution of theories of annealing and tempering: Historical perspective," Ceramic Bull., vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 1594-1599, Nov. 1987.
94. J. Murach and R. Bruckner, "Preparation and structure-sensitive investigations on silica glass fibers," J. Non.-Cryst. Sol., vol. 211, pp. 250-261, 1997.
95. S. Brawer, Relaxation In Viscous Liquids and Glasses. Columbus, OH: The American Ceramic Society, 1985.
96. G. W. Scherer, Relaxation in Glass and Composites. Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1992.
97. R. Bruckner, "Properties and structure of glasses and melts versus preparation," in Glass Science and Technology, Vol. 4A: Structure, Microstructure, and Properties, D. R. Uhlman and N. J. Kreidl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1990, pp. 33-118.
98. D. M. Krol, K. B. Lyons, S. A. Brawer, and C. R. Kurkjian, "High-temperature light scattering and the glass transition in vitreous silica," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 4196-4202, March 1986.
99. D. Marcuse, Principles of Optical Fiber Measurements. Orlando, FL: Academic, 1981, ch. 4.
100. S. M. Oh, P. H. Predieux, and X. G. Glavas, "Increased durability of optical fiber through the use of a compressive cladding," Opt. Lett., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 241-243, May 1982.
101. P. L. Chu and R. A. Sammut, "Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-2, pp. 650-662, Oct. 1984.
102. H. Kogelnik, R. M. Jopson, and L. E. Nelson, "Polarization-mode dispersion," in Optical Fiber Telecommunications, I. P. Kaminow and T. Li, Eds. San Diego, CA: Academic, 2002, vol. IVB, pp. 725-861.
103. N. H. Ky, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathe, F. Cochet, and L. Dong, "Hydrogen-induced reduction of axial stress in optical fiber cores," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 516-518, Jan. 1999.
104. K. Morishita and Y. Miyake, "Long-period gratings written in a pure silica holey fiber by the glass structure change," in Proc. 29th Eur. Conf. Optical Communication (ECOC 2003), Rimini, Italy, 2003, paper Mo3.3.2.
105. Y. Mohanna, J.-M. Saugrain, J.-C. Rousseau, and P. Ledoux, "Relaxation of internal stresses in optical fibers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 8, pp. 1799-1802, Dec. 1990.