Mediation in Internationalized Ethnic Conflicts: Assessing the Determinants of a Successful Process

Armed Forces & Society

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 147-170

  Bercovitch, Jacob ^a   Derouen, Karl ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942666230     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0403000202     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. See M. Sollenberg and P. Wallensteen, “Major Armed Conflicts,” Journal of Peace Research 38, 4 (2001): 629–644.
2. For this approach, see A. Smith, “The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism,” in M. Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
3. This is reported in T. Quinn, The Nature and Management of Ethnic Conflict (master's thesis, University of Canterbury, 1999).
4. See D. Lake and D. Rothchild, “Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflicts,” International Security 21, 1 (1999): 41–75.
5. On this line of thought, see K. Rupesinghe, “The Disappearing Boundaries between Internal and External Conflicts,” in K. Rupesinghe (ed.), Internal Conflict and Governance (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).
6. On some of these processes, see R. Ganguly and R. Taras, Understanding Ethnic Conflict. (New York: Longman, 1988).
7. Also T.R. Gurr, People versus States (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2000).
8. D. Carment, “The International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflicts: Concepts, Indicators and Theory,” Journal of Peace Research 30, 2 (1993): 137–150.
9. See H. Miall, The Peacemakers (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).
10. R.L. Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditure 1996, 6th ed. (Washington, DC: World Priorities, 1996).
11. See I.S. Zartman, Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Conflicts (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995).
12. C. Kaufman, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars,” International Security 20, 1 (1996): 136–175.
13. P. Pillar, Negotiating Peace: War Termination as a Bargaining Process (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983).
14. See S.J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
15. See B. Walter, “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement,” International Organization 51, 3 (1997): 335–364.
16. See T.R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1993)
17. and T.R. Gurr, People versus States.
18. For a broader discussion of third-party roles, see S. Touval, The Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948–1979 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982)
19. and J. Bercovitch, Serial Conflicts and Third Parties (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984).
20. See R.J. Fisher and L. Keashly, “The Potential Complementarity of Mediation and Consultation within a Contingency Model of Third Party Intervention,” Journal of Peace Research 28, 1 (1991): 29–42.
21. For a useful review, see R.J. Fisher, “Pacific, Impartial Third-Party Intervention in International Conflict: A Review and an Analysis,” in J.A. Vasquez et al., eds., Beyond Confrontation: Learning Conflict Resolution in the Post-Cold War Era (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
22. J. Bercovitch, J.T. Anagnoson, and D.L. Willie, “Some Contextual Issues and Empirical Trends in the Study of Successful Mediation in International Relations,” Journal of Peace Research 28, 1 (1991): 7.
23. Some of these are discussed in J. Bercovitch and A. Houston, “The Study of International Mediation” in J. Bercovitch (ed.), Resolving International Conflicts (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
24. For example, see C.M. Ott, “Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Cases,” International Organization 26, 4 (1972): 595–618.
25. See D. Kolb, The Mediators (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983).
26. See J. Bercovitch, “International Mediation: A Study of Incidence, Strategies and Conditions for Successful Outcomes,” Co-operation and Conflict 21, 2 (1986): 155–169.
27. J.A. Wall, J.B. Stark, and R.L. Standifer, “Mediation: Current Review and Theory Development,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, 3 (2001): 370–391.
28. For a discussion of these, see William Zartman, “The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemate and Ripe Moments,” The Global Reviews of Ethnopolitics 1, 1 (2001): 8–18.
29. For example, F. Edmead, Analysis and Prediction in International Mediation (London: UNITAR, 1971)
30. and D.G. Pruitt, Negotiation Behaviour (New York: Academic Press, 1981).
31. F.S. Northedge and M.D. Donelan, International Disputes (New York: St Martin's Press, 1971).
32. Jacob Bercovitch, “Assessing the Success of Israeli-Palestinian Peacemaking,” International Negotiation 2, 2 (1997): 217–235.
33. S. Touval, The Peace Brokers.
34. See F. Edmead, Analysis and Prediction.
35. See William I. Zartman, “Explaining Oslo,” in International Negotiation 2, 2 (1997): 57–71.
36. See Northedge and Donelan, International Disputes, page 146.
37. See L. Kriesberg and S. Thorson, eds. Timing the Deescalation of International Conflicts (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991).
38. e.g., C.M. Ott, Mediation as a Method
39. J.Z. Rubin, ed., Dynamics of Third Party Intervention: Kissinger in the Middle East (New York: Praeger, 1981)
40. C.W. Moore, The Mediation Process (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1986)
41. and D.G. Pruitt, Negotiation Behaviour.
42. J. Bercovitch and P. Diehl, “Conflict Management of Enduring Rivalries,” International Interaction 22, 3 (1997): 299–320.
43. J. Bercovitch and J. Langley, “The Nature of the Dispute and the Effectiveness of International Mediation,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 37, 4 (1993): 670–691.
44. For a discussion of strategies, see J. Bercovitch, “The Structure and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations,” in J. Bercovitch and J. Rubin, eds., Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).
45. D. Kolb, The Mediators, p. 249.
46. See J. Bercovitch, The Structure and Diversity of Mediation.
47. See B. Sheppard, “Third Party Conflict Intervention,” in B.M. Staw and L. Cummings, eds., Research in Organizational Behavior (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1984).
48. See S. Touval and I. W. Zartman, “Mediation in Theory,” in S. Touval and I. W. Zartman, eds., International Mediation in Theory and Practice (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1985).
49. See J. Bercovitch, The Structure and Diversity of Mediation, pgs. 17–18.
50. See also J. Bercovitch and A. Houston, “Influence of Mediator Characteristics and Behavior on the Success of Mediation in International Relations,” International Journal of Conflict Management 4, 3 (1993): 297–321.
51. See O. Young, The Intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crises (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967).
52. See, for example, J. Burton, Deviance, Terrorism, and War: The Process of Solving Unsolved Social and Political Problems (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979).
53. See Brian Muldoon, The Heart of Conflict (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1996).
54. S. Touval and I. W. Zartman, “Mediation in Theory.”
55. See the results in J. Bercovitch and A. Houston, “Influence of Mediator Characteristics.”
56. J. Bercovitch, “International Mediation: A Study of Incidence, Strategies and Conditions for Successful Outcomes,” Co-operation and Conflict 21, 2 (1986): 155–169.
57. See P. Carnevale and R. Pegnetter, “The Selection of Mediation Tactics in Public Sector Disputes: A Contingency Analysis,” Journal of Social Issues 41, 1 (1985): 65–81.
58. See T.A. Kochan and T. Jick, “A Theory of Public Sector Mediation Process,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 22, 2 (1978): 209–240.
59. J. Pearson, N. Thoennes, and L. Vanderkooi, “The Decision to Mediate: Profiles of Individuals Who Accept and Reject the Opportunity to Mediate Contested Child Custody and Visitation Issues,” Journal of Divorce 6, 1 (1982): 17–34.
60. J. Burton and F. Dukes, Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990).
61. See S. Grebe, “Building on Structured Mediation: An Integrated Model for Global Mediation of Separation and Divorce,” Mediation Quarterly 12, 1 (1990): 15–35.
62. See L. G. Stenelo, Mediation in International Negotiations (Malmo, Sweden: Studentlitteratur, 1972).
63. For support of this, see J. Pearson and N. Thoennes, “A Preliminary Portrait of Client Reactions to Three Court Mediation Programs,” Mediation Quarterly 1, 1 (1984): 21–40
64. J.A. Roehl and R.F. Cook, Issues in Mediation: Rhetoric and Reality Revisited,” Journal of Social Issues 41, 2 (1985): 161–178;
65. N.A. Thoennes and J. Pearson, Predicting Outcomes in Divorce Mediation: The Influence of People and Processes,” Journal of Social Issues 41, 1 (1985): 115–126.
66. See E.B. Haas, Why We Still Need the United Nations. Policy paper no. 26 (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1986).
67. See F. Edmead, Analysis and Prediction.
68. See M. Doyle and N. Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis,” American Political Science Review 94, 4 (2000): 779–802.