Regionalism, Iran and Central Asia

International Affairs

Volumn 80, Issue 3, 2004, Pages

  Herzig, Edmund ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b Committee for Central and Inner Asia ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942655168     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00395.x     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Charles Tripp, 'Regional organizations in the Arab Middle East', in Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in world politics: regional organization and international order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 283-308; Paul Aarts, 'The Middle East: a region without regionalism or the end of exceptionalism?', Third World Quarterly 20: 5, 1999, pp. 911-25; Marianne Laanatza, Helena Lindholm Schulz and Michael Schulz, 'Regionalization in the Middle East?', in Joakim Öjendal, Fredrik Söderbaum and Michael Schulz, eds, Regionalization in a globalizing world: a comparative perspective on forms, actors and processes (London: Zed, 2001), pp. 42-60.
2. Charles Tripp, 'Regional organizations in the Arab Middle East', in Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in world politics: regional organization and international order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 283-308; Paul Aarts, 'The Middle East: a region without regionalism or the end of exceptionalism?', Third World Quarterly 20: 5, 1999, pp. 911-25; Marianne Laanatza, Helena Lindholm Schulz and Michael Schulz, 'Regionalization in the Middle East?', in Joakim Öjendal, Fredrik Söderbaum and Michael Schulz, eds, Regionalization in a globalizing world: a comparative perspective on forms, actors and processes (London: Zed, 2001), pp. 42-60.
3. Charles Tripp, 'Regional organizations in the Arab Middle East', in Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in world politics: regional organization and international order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 283-308; Paul Aarts, 'The Middle East: a region without regionalism or the end of exceptionalism?', Third World Quarterly 20: 5, 1999, pp. 911-25; Marianne Laanatza, Helena Lindholm Schulz and Michael Schulz, 'Regionalization in the Middle East?', in Joakim Öjendal, Fredrik Söderbaum and Michael Schulz, eds, Regionalization in a globalizing world: a comparative perspective on forms, actors and processes (London: Zed, 2001), pp. 42-60.
4. See the articles by Roy Allison and Annette Bohr in this issue.
5. On Iranian foreign policy in this period see Anoushiravan Ehteshami, After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic (London and New York: Routledge, 1995); John Calabrese, Revolutionary horizons: regional foreign policy in post-Khomeini Iran (Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St Martin's, 1994); Kaveh Afrasiabi, After Khomeini: new directions in Iran's foreign policy (Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview, 1994).
6. On Iranian foreign policy in this period see Anoushiravan Ehteshami, After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic (London and New York: Routledge, 1995); John Calabrese, Revolutionary horizons: regional foreign policy in post-Khomeini Iran (Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St Martin's, 1994); Kaveh Afrasiabi, After Khomeini: new directions in Iran's foreign policy (Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview, 1994).
7. On Iranian foreign policy in this period see Anoushiravan Ehteshami, After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic (London and New York: Routledge, 1995); John Calabrese, Revolutionary horizons: regional foreign policy in post-Khomeini Iran (Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St Martin's, 1994); Kaveh Afrasiabi, After Khomeini: new directions in Iran's foreign policy (Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview, 1994).
8. This corresponds to Rafsanjani's self-perception: 'I principally disagree with extremism . . . I never had a good relation with either rightist or leftist extremists', interview in Discourse: An Iranian Quarterly 3: 2, Fall 2001, p. 21.
9. Manshour Varasteh, 'The Soviet Union and Iran. 1979-89', in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Manshour Varasteh, eds, Iran and the international community (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 53-9.
10. Houman Sadri, 'An Islamic perspective on non-alignment: Iranian foreign policy in theory and practice', Journal of Third World Studies 16: 2, 1999, pp. 29-46.
11. A typical example is Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati's statement on a regional security and cooperation system in the Persian Gulf in his speech at the 46th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1991: 'Every regional security and cooperation system must be formed on the basis of the countries of the region and without the presence of aliens' (emphasis added). See Global perspectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran: a collection of the speeches at international fora of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publications, 1373, AH, 1994-5), pp. 427-8 (in Persian). Iranian proposals for a Caspian Sea regional organization have similarly emphasized the exclusion of extraregional powers.
12. Kazem Sajjadpour, speaking in a round-table meeting on 'Iran and the regional economic system', Discourse: An Iranian Quarterly 1: 4, Spring 2000, p. 2.
13. Andrew Hurrell, 'Regionalism in theoretical perspective', in Fawcett and Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in world politics, p. 49.
14. See Our foreign policy: a collection of the speeches of Seyyed Kamal Kharrazi (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1380, 2001-02, AHs).
15. Tripp, 'Regional organizations in the Arab Middle East', p. 293.
16. On the BSEC, see http://www.bsec.gov.tr/. On the Turkic Summits, see Gareth Winrow, Turkey in post-Soviet Central Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 16-21.
17. For a slight variation on this list, see Ali Khorram, 'Afghanistan and the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran', Amu Darya 1:2, Summer and Fall 1996, p. 228.
18. See Foreign Minister Velayati's speech at the 47th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1992, in Global perspectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 457 (in Persian); Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi's speech at the International Relations Institute of the Pantheon University of Social and Political Science, Athens, 24 Dec. 1997, in Our foreign policy, p. 84 (in Persian). The US role in facilitating the negotiations is generally ignored.
19. See Foreign Minister Velayati's speech at the 47th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1992, in Global perspectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 457 (in Persian); Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi's speech at the International Relations Institute of the Pantheon University of Social and Political Science, Athens, 24 Dec. 1997, in Our foreign policy, p. 84 (in Persian). The US role in facilitating the negotiations is generally ignored.
20. In this respect the emphasis on functional interdependence in Iran's regional relations differs from the classical neo-functionalist model, which predicts a self-sustaining process of integration demanding incrementally increasing levels of regionalism. See Hurrell, 'Regionalism in theoretical perspective', p. 59.
21. On development integration see Michael Schulz, Fredrik Söderbaum and Joakim Öjendal, 'Introduction: a framework for understanding regionalization', in Öjendal et al., eds, Regionalization in a globalizing world, p. 11.
22. Edmund Herzig, Iran and the former Soviet south (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996), pp. 35-6.
23. Foreign Minister Velayati's speech at the 48th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1993, in Global perspectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 471 (in Persian); Foreign Minister Kharrazi's speech at a gathering of businesspeople and industrialists in Istanbul, 18 Jan. 2000, in Our foreign policy, p. 369 (in Persian).
24. Foreign Minister Velayati's speech at the 48th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1993, in Global perspectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 471 (in Persian); Foreign Minister Kharrazi's speech at a gathering of businesspeople and industrialists in Istanbul, 18 Jan. 2000, in Our foreign policy, p. 369 (in Persian).
25. On the relation between globalization and regionalism, see Bjørn Hettne, 'Globalization and the new regionalism: the second great transformation', in Bjøm Hettne, András Inotai and Osvaldo Sunkel, eds, Globalism and the new regionalism (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999), pp. 1-24; Schulz et al., 'Introduction', PP- 3-5.
26. On the relation between globalization and regionalism, see Bjørn Hettne, 'Globalization and the new regionalism: the second great transformation', in Bjøm Hettne, András Inotai and Osvaldo Sunkel, eds, Globalism and the new regionalism (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999), pp. 1-24; Schulz et al., 'Introduction', PP- 3-5.
27. See the article by Louise Fawcett in this issue. For the D8 group, see http://www.d8net.org/.
28. On culture, identity and cognitive regions, see Hurrell, 'Regionalism in theoretical perspective', p. 41; James Mayall, 'Regionalism and national identity', in Fawcett and Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in world politics, pp. 169-98.
29. On culture, identity and cognitive regions, see Hurrell, 'Regionalism in theoretical perspective', p. 41; James Mayall, 'Regionalism and national identity', in Fawcett and Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in world politics, pp. 169-98.
30. Speech at the 46th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1991, in Global perspectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 423 (in Persian).
31. David Menashri, 'Iran and Central Asia', in David Menashri, ed., Central Asia meets the Middle East (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p. 85.
32. Hussein Seifzadeh, 'Cooperation within global civilizations and coexistence of diverse cultures', Discourse 3: 1, Summer 2001, pp. 43-60.
33. See http://www.unu.edu/dialogue/.
34. http://www.apersian.org/; http://www.dialoguecentre.org/.
35. For a reiteration of this point, see the interview with Rafsanjani in Dialogue 3: 2, Fall 2001, p. 3.
36. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
37. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
38. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
39. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
40. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
41. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
42. On the ECO see http://www.ecosecretariat.org/; Richard Pomfret, Central Asia turns south? Trade relations in transition (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 24-5; Bruno de Cordier, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: towards a new Silk Road on the ruins of the Cold War', Central Asian Survey 15: 1, March 1990, p. 47-57; Richard Pomfret, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: current status and future prospects', Europe-Asia Studies 49: 4, 1997, pp. 657-67; K. L. Afrasiabi, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization aims to bolster regional trade opportunities', parts 1 and 2, EurasiaNet, available from http://www.eurasianet.org/; Kambiz Shaykh Hasani, ECO: a regional outlook (Tehran: Foreign Ministry Publications, 1375 AH, 1996-7) (in Persian); Elaheh Koolaie, ECO and regionalism (Tehran: Centre for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, 1379 AH, 2000-1) (in Persian).
43. These republics are Muslim only in the sense that their titular nationalities are historically Muslim. Constitutionally and ideologically all are secular states.
44. 'Summary record of discussions of the 8th consultative meeting among executive heads of sub-regional organizations and UNESCAP', available from http://www.ecosecretariat.org/.
45. On the obstacles to regional cooperation among the Central Asian states see the article by Annette Bohr in this issue.
46. In addition to the works cited in note 30, see Elaheh Koolaie, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: obstacles on the way of integration', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 16, Winter 1997, PP. 45-61 (in Persian); Masud Haqiqi, 'Obstacles to integration in Economic Cooperation Organization', Middle East Quarterly 2: 4, Winter 1996, pp. 1039-60.
47. In addition to the works cited in note 30, see Elaheh Koolaie, 'The Economic Cooperation Organization: obstacles on the way of integration', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 16, Winter 1997, PP. 45-61 (in Persian); Masud Haqiqi, 'Obstacles to integration in Economic Cooperation Organization', Middle East Quarterly 2: 4, Winter 1996, pp. 1039-60.
48. BBC Monitoring, Inside Central Asia, 11-17 May 1998, p. 6.
49. Pomfret, Central Asia turns South?, p. 24.
50. Ibid., p. 26.
51. Kamal Kharrazi, 'Role of regional powers in conflict resolution and economic development', Amu Darya 4: 1, Spring 1999, p. 11.
52. BBC Monitoring, Inside Central Asia, no. 121, 13-19 May 1996, p. 1.
53. See http://www.irimet.net/irimo/caspas.htm.
54. BBC Monitoring, Inside Central Asia, 9 Nov. 2003; FSU Oil and Gas Monitor, no. 258, 12 Nov. 2003, p. 14.; no. 259, 19 Nov. 2003, p. 10.
55. BBC Monitoring, Inside Central Asia, 9 Nov. 2003; FSU Oil and Gas Monitor, no. 258, 12 Nov. 2003, p. 14.; no. 259, 19 Nov. 2003, p. 10.
56. BBC Monitoring, Inside Central Asia, 9 Nov. 2003; FSU Oil and Gas Monitor, no. 258, 12 Nov. 2003, p. 14.; no. 259, 19 Nov. 2003, p. 10.
57. Herzig, Iran and the former Soviet south, p. 38-9; Elaheh Koolaie, 'Active involvement of the Caspian littoral states' (lit.: 'Realizing a Council of the Caspian littoral states: a step on the way to reinforcing regional peace and security'), Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 14, Summer 1996, pp. 283-93 (in Persian).
58. Herzig, Iran and the former Soviet south, p. 38-9; Elaheh Koolaie, 'Active involvement of the Caspian littoral states' (lit.: 'Realizing a Council of the Caspian littoral states: a step on the way to reinforcing regional peace and security'), Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 14, Summer 1996, pp. 283-93 (in Persian).
59. Caspian issues figured prominently in debate on Iranian policy, in specialist and public circles alike in the 19908. Amu Darya 4: 1, Spring 1999, includes five articles setting out the perspectives of senior Iranian officials and analysts. On the risk of militarization, see Jalil Roshandel, 'Demilitarization of the Caspian', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 14, Summer 1996, pp. 247-03 (in Persian), and 'Militarism in the Caspian Sea: an approach arising from the lack of legal regime', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 22, Summer 1998, pp. 21-33 (in Persian).
60. Caspian issues figured prominently in debate on Iranian policy, in specialist and public circles alike in the 19908. Amu Darya 4: 1, Spring 1999, includes five articles setting out the perspectives of senior Iranian officials and analysts. On the risk of militarization, see Jalil Roshandel, 'Demilitarization of the Caspian', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 14, Summer 1996, pp. 247-03 (in Persian), and 'Militarism in the Caspian Sea: an approach arising from the lack of legal regime', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 22, Summer 1998, pp. 21-33 (in Persian).
61. Caspian issues figured prominently in debate on Iranian policy, in specialist and public circles alike in the 19908. Amu Darya 4: 1, Spring 1999, includes five articles setting out the perspectives of senior Iranian officials and analysts. On the risk of militarization, see Jalil Roshandel, 'Demilitarization of the Caspian', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 14, Summer 1996, pp. 247-03 (in Persian), and 'Militarism in the Caspian Sea: an approach arising from the lack of legal regime', Central Asia and the Caucasus Review, no. 22, Summer 1998, pp. 21-33 (in Persian).
62. Kharrazi, 'Role of regional powers', p. 11.