New trends in the management of tetanus

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 73-84

  Attygalle, Deepthi ^a   Rodrigo, Nalini ^b  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL OF SRI LANKA   (Sri Lanka)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

Magnesium; Management; Reducing mortality; Tetanus

Indexed keywords

ALCURONIUM; AMOBARBITAL; ATRACURIUM BESILATE; BACLOFEN; CATECHOLAMINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLONIDINE; DANTROLENE; DIAZEPAM; ESMOLOL; LABETALOL; MAGNESIUM; METRONIDAZOLE; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; PANCURONIUM; PANCURONIUM BROMIDE; PENICILLIN G; PHENOBARBITAL; PIPECURONIUM; PROPOFOL; PROPRANOLOL; ROCURONIUM; TETANUS ANTIBODY; TETANUS TOXIN; TETANUS TOXOID; TETRACYCLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VECURONIUM;

AGGRESSION; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; COOPERATION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG COST; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERANCE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ELDERLY CARE; ERADICATION THERAPY; EXHAUSTION; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INFECTION COMPLICATION; INTENSIVE CARE; LIVER INJURY; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MORTALITY; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; MUSCLE SPASM; MYELITIS; MYOPATHY; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; NURSING; PARALYSIS; PARALYTIC ILEUS; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPATHETIC TONE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TETANUS; TETANUS PROPHYLAXIS; TRANSITIONAL BLINDNESS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT PLANNING; VEIN THROMBOSIS; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 2942627721     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.1.73     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Dietz V, Milstien JB, van Loon F et al. Performance and potency of tetanus toxoid: implications for eliminating neonatal tetanus. Bull. WHO 74, 619-628 (1996).
2. Galazka A, Gasse F The present state of tetanus and tetanus vaccination. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 195, 31-53 (1995).
3. Gergen PJ, McQuillan GM Kiely M, Ezzati-Rice. A population based serologic survey of immunity to tetanus in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 761-766 (1995).
4. Sutter RW, Cochi SL, Brink EW, Sirotkin BI. Assessment of vital statistics and surveillance data for monitoring tetanus mortality United States 1979-1984. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131, 132-142 (1990).
5. Rushdy AA, White JM, Ramsay ME, Crowcroft NS. Tetanus in England and Wales 1984-2000. Epidemiol. Infect. 130, 71-77 (2003).
6. Sharma N, Trubuhovich R, Thomas MG. Tetanus in Auckland: a preventable disease New Zealand Med. J. 107, 82-84 (1994).
7. Pascual FB, McGinley EL, Zanardi LR, Cortese MM, Murphy TV. Tetanus surveillance - United States 1998-2000. MMWR CDC Surveill. Summ. 52(3), 1-8 (2003).
8. Bardenheier B, Prevots DR, Khetsuriani N, Wharton M. Tetanus surveillance - United States 1995-1997. MMWR CDC Surveill. Summ. 47(2), 1-13 (1998).
9. Prospero E Appignanesi R, D'Enrico MM, Carle F. Epidemiology of tetanus in the Marshes Region of Italy 1992-1995. Bull WHO 76, 47-54 (1998).
10. Sun KO, Chan YW, Cheung RTF, Therefore, PC, Yu YL, Li PK. Management of tetanus: a review of 18 cases. J. R. Soc. Med. 87, 135-137 (1994).
11. Cherubin CE. The medical sequelae of narcotic addiction. Am. Intern. Med. 67, 23-33 (1967).
12. Ruben FL, Smith EA, Foster SO et al. Simultaneous administration of smallpox, measles, yellow fever and diphtheria-pertussis and tetanus. Bull. WHO 48, 175-181 (1975).
13. Simonsen O. Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria: evaluations of immunity in the Danish population, guidelines for vaccination and methods for control of vaccination programes. Dan. Med. J. 36, 24-47 (1989).
14. Ried PM Brown D, Coni N, Sama A, Waters M. Tetanus immunization in the elderly population. J. Acc. Emerg. Med. 13, 184-185 (1996).
15. Collingridge GL, Davies J. The in vitro inhibition of GABA release by tetanus toxin. Neuropharmacology 21, 851-855 (1982).
16. Curtis DR, De Groat WC. Tetanus toxin and spinal inhibition Brain Res. 10, 208-312 (1968).
17. Montecucco C, Schiavo G. Structure and function of tetanus and botulinum toxin. Quarterly Rev. Biophys. 28, 423-472 (1995).
18. Schiavo G, Benfenati F, Poulain B et al. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359, 832-835 (1992).
19. Bleck TP, Tetanus: dealing with the continuing clinical challenge. J. Crit. Ill. 2, 41-52 (1987).
20. Mellanby J, Green J. How does tetanus toxin work? Neuroscience 6, 281-300 (1981).
21. Dominghetti M, Savary G, Stricker H. Hyperadrenergic syndrome in severe tetanus: extreme rise in catecholamines responsive to labetalol. Br. Med. J. 288, 1483-1484 (1984).
22. Ackermann AD. Immunology and infections in the pediatric intensive care unit Part B: infectious diseases of particular importance to the pediatric intersivist. Rogers MD ed: Textbook of paediatric intensive care. Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, PA, USA 866-75 (1987).
23. Trujillo MH, Castillo A, Espana J, Manzo A, Zerpa R. Impact of intensive care management on the prognosis of tetanus; analysis of 641 cases. Chest 920(1), 63-65 (1987).
24. Sykes MK Intermittent positive pressure respiration in tetanus neonatorum. Anaesthesia 15, 401-410 (1960).
25. Reis E, Friere E, Alexadrina S. Tetanus in an ICU in Portugal. International J. Intensive Care 1 120-121 (1994).
26. Senanayake N, Karallidde L. Tetanus. National Education Series No.8 (1985).
27. Burgess JA, Wambaugh GW, Koczarski MJ. Report of case: reviewing cephalic tetanus. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 123, 67-70 (1992).
28. Apte NM, Karnad DR, Short report: spatula test: a simple bed side test to diagnose tetanus. Am. J. of Trop. Med. Hyg. 53, 386-387 (1995).
29. Stoll BJ. Tetanus. Paed. Clinics N. America 26, 415-431 (1979).
30. Opravil M, Fierz W, Matter L, Blaser J, Luthy R. Poor antibody response after tetanus and pneumococcal vaccination in immunocopromised HIV infected patients. Clin. Exper. Immunol. 84, 185-189 (1991).
31. Jagoda A, Riggio S, Burguieres T. Cephalic tetanus: a case repon and review of the literature. Am. J. Emerg. Med 6, 128-130 (1988).
32. Dutta TK, Padmanabhan S, Hamide A, Ramesh J. Localised tetanus mimicking incomplete transverse myelitis. Lancet 343, 983-984 (1994).
33. Sanders RKM, Joseph R, Martyn B, Peacock ML. Intrathecal antitetanus serum (horse) in the treatment of tetanus. Lancet I, 974-977 (1977).
34. Gupta PS, Kapoor R, Goyal S, Batra VK, Jain BK. Intrathecal human tetanus immunoglobulin in early tetanus. Lancet II, 439-440 (1980).
35. Abrutyn E, Berlin JA. Intrathecal therapy in tetanus: a meta analysis. JAMA 266(16), 2262-2267 (1991).
36. Vakil BJ, Armitage P, Clifford RE, Lawrence DR. Therapeutic trial of intracisternal human tetanus immunoglobulin in clinical tetanus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 579-583 (1979).
37. Neequaye J, Nkrumah FK, Failure of intrathecal antitetanus serum to improve survival in neonatal tetanus. Arch. Dis. Child. 58, 276-278 (1983).
38. Chugh K, Seghal H. Evaluation of intrathecal human tetanus immunoglobin in tetanus neonatorum. Indian Pediatr. 22, 153-158 (1985).
39. Thomas PP, Cromwell EB, Mathew M. Intathecal antitetanus serum (ATS) and parenteral betamethazone in the treatment of tetanus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76, 620-623 (1982).
40. Blake PA, Feldman RA, Buchanan TM. Brooks GF, Bennet JV. Serologic therapy of tetanus in the United States. JAMA 235, 42-44 (1976).
41. Clark G, Hill RG, Effects of a focal penicillin lesion on responses of rabbit cortical neurones to putative neurotransmitters. Br. J. Pharamacol. 44, 435-441 (1972).
42. Ahmadsyah I, Salim A, Treatment of tetanus: an open study to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin and metronidazole. Br. Med. J. 291, 648-650 (1985).
43. Ablett JJL, Analysis and main experiences in 82 patients treated in the Leeds Tetanus Unit Symposium on tetanus in Great Britain, Boston Spa, UK National Lending Library (1967).
44. Edmondson RS, Flowers MW, Intensive care in tetanus: management, complications and mortality in 100 cases. Br. Med. J. 1, 1401-1404 (1979).
45. Phillips LA. A classification of tetanus. Lancet 1, 1261 (1965).
46. Yen LM, Dao LM, Day NP et al. Role of quinine in the high mortality of intramuscular injection in tetanus. Lancet 344, 786-787 (1994).
47. Lipman J, James MFM, Erskine J, Pitt ML, Eidelman J, Autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus: magnesium sulfate as an adjunct to deep sedation. Crit. Care. Med. 15, 987-988 (1987).
48. Guzman JA, Guerro A, Lopez-Obispo M et al. Continuous perfusion with midazolam and atracurium in a patient with tetanus. Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim. 40(6), 375 (1993).
49. Gyasi HK, Fahr J, Kurian E, Mathew M. Midazolam for prolonged intravenous sedation in patients with tetanus. Mid. E. J. Anasth. 12, 135-141 (1993).
50. Peduto VA, Pinsau GM, Piga M, Midazolam, propofol and clonidine for sedation and control of autonomic dysfunction in severe generalized tetanus. Minerva Anestesiol. 59, 171-178 (1993).
51. Borgeat A, Dessigbourg C, Rochani M, Suter PM. Sedation by propofol in tetanus - is it a muscular relaxant? Intensive Care Med. 17, 427-429 (1991).
52. Borgeat A, Popovic V, Schwander D. Efficacy of a continuous infusion of propofol in a patient with tetanus. Crit. Care Med. 19, 295-297 (1991).
53. Dance M. Tetanus: an intensivist's view. Internat. J. Intensive Care 1, 56-60 (1994).
54. Powles AB, Ganta R. Use of vecuronium in the management of tetanus. Anaesthesia 40, 879-881 (1985).
55. Fischer JR, Baer RK, Acute myopathy associated with combined use of corticosteroids and neuromuscular blocking agents. Ann. Pharmacother. 30, 1437-1445 (1996).
56. Peat SJ, Potter DR, Hunter JM. Prolonged use of atracurium in a patient with tetanus. Anaesthesia 43, 962-963 (1988).
57. Rose AG. Catecholamine induced myocardial damage associated with phaeochromocytoma and tetanus. S. Afr. Med. J. 48, 1285-1289 (1974).
58. Hollow VM, Clarke GM. Autonomic manifestations of tetanus. Anaesth. Intensive Care 3, 142-147 (1975).
59. Pinder M Controversies in the management of tetanus. Intensive Care Med. 14, 129-143 (1997).
60. Kerr JH, Corbett JL, Prys-Roberts C, Crampton Smith A, Spalding JMK. Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in tetanus. Studies on 82 cases. Lancet 2, 236-241 (1968).
61. Prys Roberts C. Corbett JL, Kerr JH. Treatment of sympathetic activity in tetanus. Lancet 1, 542-546 (1969).
62. Buchanan, N, Smit L, Cane RD, De Andrade M, Sympathetic overactivity in tetanus: fatality associated with propranolol. Br. Med. J. 2, 254-255 (1978).
63. Udwadia FE, Sunavala JD, Jain MC et al. Haemodynamics studies during the management of severe tetanus. Q. J. Med. 83(302), 449-460 (1992).
64. Wesley AG, Hariparsad D, Pather M, Rocke DA. Labetelol in tetanus. The treatment of sympathetic nervous system over activity. Anaesthesia 38, 243-249 (1983).
65. King WW, Cave DR. Use of esmolol to control autonomic instability of tetanus. Am. J. Med. 91, 4252-4258 (1991).
66. Rocke DA, Wesley AG, Pather M, Calver AD, Harispasad D. Morphine in tetanus - the management of sympathetic nervous system overactivity. S. Af. Medl. J. 70, 666-668 (1986).
67. Buchanan N, Cane RD, Wolfson G, De Andrade M. Autonomic dysfunction in tetanus: the effects of a variety of therapeutic agents with special reference to morphine. Intensive Care Med. 5, 65-68 (1979).
68. Sutton DN, Tremlett MR, Woodcock TE, Nielsen MS. Management of autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus: the use of magnesium sulfate and clonidine. Intensive Care Med. 16, 75-80 (1990).
69. Brown JL, Sinding H, Mathias CJ. Autonomic disturbances in severe tetanus: failure of parenteral clonidine to control blood pressure J. Infect. 29(1), 67-71 (1994).
70. Altura BM, Altura BT. General Anaesthetics and Magnesium Ions as Calcium Antagonists on Vascular Smooth Muscle. Weiss GB Ed.: New perspectives on calcium antagonists. American Physiological Society, MD, USA 131-145 (1981).
71. Douglas WW, Rubin RP. The mechanism of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and the role of calcium in stimulus secretion coupling. J. Physiol. 167, 288-310 (1973).
72. Lishajko F. Releasing effect of calcium and phosphate on catecholamines, ATP and protein from chromaffin cell granules. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 79, 575-584 (1970).
73. ++ on noradrenaline release and uptake in adrengic nerve granules in different media. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 89, 415-522 (1973).
74. James MFM. Use of magnesium sulfate in the anaesthetic management of phaechromocytoma: a review of 17 anaesthetics. Br. J. Anaesth. 62, 616-623 (1989).
75. James MFM, Manson EDM. The use of magnesium sulfate infusions in the management of very severe tetanus. Intensive Care Med. 11, 5-12 (1985).
76. Delport SD, Neonatal tetanus - an opportunity for prevention. S. Afr. Med. J. 77, 78-79 (1990).
77. Checketts MR, White RJ. Avoidance of intermittent positive pressure ventilation in tetanus with dantrolene therapy. Anaesthesia 48(11), 969-971 (1993).
78. Muller H, Borner U, Zierski J, Hempelmann G. Intra thecal baclofen for treatment of tetanus-induced spasticity. Anaesthesiology 66, 76-79 (1987).
79. Saissy JM, Demaziere J, Vitris M, Marcoux L et al. Treatment of severe tetanus by intrathecal injections of baclofen without artificial ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 18(4) 241-244 (1992).
80. Lee C Zhang, Kwan WF. Electromyographic and mechanomyographic characteristics of neuromuscular block by magnesium sulfate in the pig. Br. J. Anaesth. 76, 278-283 (1996).
81. Attygalle D, Rodrigo N. Magnesium sulfate for control of spasms in severe tetanus. Anaesthesia 52, 956-962 (1997).
82. Attygalle D, Rodrigo N. Magnesium as first line therapy in the management of tetanus: a prospective study. Anaesthesia 57, 811-817 (2002).
83. Ramanathan J, Sibai BM, Duggirala V, Maduska AL. Pulmonary function in pre eclamptic women receiving MagnesiumSOA. J. Reprod. Med. 33, 432-435 (1988).
84. William S. Use of magnesium to treat tetanus. Br. J. Anaesth. 88, 152-153 (2001).
85. Foca A, Rotiroti D, Mastroeni P, Nistico G. Effects of tetanus toxin after intracerbral microinjection are antagonized by drugs enhancing GABAergic transmission in adult fowl. Neuropharmacology 23, 155-158 (1984).