Altered mentation caused by polioencephalomalacia, hypernatremia, and lead poisoning

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 287-302

  Cebra, Christopher K ^a   Cebra, Margaret L ^b  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Private Veterinary Consultant   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CHELATING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; DEXAMETHASONE; DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE; DIURETIC AGENT; EDETATE CALCIUM DISODIUM; FUROSEMIDE; GLYCEROL; HEPARIN; LAXATIVE; LEAD; MAGNESIUM SALT; MANNITOL; RECOMBINANT HUMAN INSULIN; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SUCCIMER; THIAMINE; WATER;

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN NECROSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; FLUID BALANCE; HYPERNATREMIA; LABORATORY TEST; LEAD POISONING; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; POLIOENCEPHALITIS; POLIOMYELITIS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; THOUGHT DISORDER;

ANIMALS; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; HYPERNATREMIA; LEAD POISONING; RUMINANTS;

EID: 2942567949     PISSN: 07490720     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Breves G., Hoeller H., Harmeyer J., Martens H. Thiamin balance in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. J Anim Sci. 51:(5):1980;1177-1181
2. Edwin E.E., Jackman R. Ruminal thiaminase and tissue thiaminase in cerebrocortical necrosis. Vet Rec. 92:(24):1973;640-641
3. Edwin E.E., Jackman R. Thiaminase I in the development of cerebrocortical necrosis in sheep and cattle. Nature. 228:(273):1970;772-774
4. Bakker H.J., Dickson J., Steele P., Nottle M.C. Experimental induction of ovine polioencephalomalacia. Vet Rec. 107:(20):1980;464-466
5. Meyer P. Thiaminase activities and thiamine content of Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Malva parviflora, Pennisetum clandestinum and Medicago sativa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 56:(2):1989;145-146
6. Pritchard D., Eggleston G.W. Nardoo fern and polioencephalomalacia. Aust Vet J. 54:(4):1978;204
7. Spicer E.M., Horton B.J. Biochemistry of natural and amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep. Aust Vet J. 57:(5):1981;230-235
8. Wernery U., Haydn-Evans J., Kinne J. Amprolium-induced cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in dromedary racing camels. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 45:(6):1998;335-343
9. Loew F.M., Dunlop R.H. Induction of thiamine inadequacy and polioencephalomalacia in adult sheep with amprolium. Am J Vet Res. 33:(11):1972;2195-2205
10. Bulgin M.S., Lincoln S.D., Mather G. Elemental sulfur toxicosis in a flock of sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 208:(7):1996;1063-1065
11. Raisbeck M.F. Is polioencephalomalacia associated with high-sulfate diets? J Am Vet Med Assoc. 180:(11):1982;1303-1305
12. Beke G.J., Hironaka R. Toxicity to beef cattle of sulfur in saline well water: a case study. Sci Total Environ. 101:(3):1991;281-290
13. Niles G.A., Morgan S.E., Edwards W.C. Sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia in stocker calves. Vet Hum Toxicol. 42:(5):2000;290-291
14. Blowey R., Packington A. Polioencephalomalacia associated with ingestion of ammonium sulphate. Vet Rec. 134:(24):1994;636
15. Rousseaux C.G., Olkowski A.A., Chauvet A., Gooneratne S.R., Christenson D.A. Ovine polioencephalomalacia associated with dietary sulphur intake. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 38:(3):1991;229-239
16. Low J.C., Scott P.R., Howie F., Lewis M., FitzSimons J., Spence J.A. Sulphur-induced polioencephalomalacia in lambs. Vet Rec. 138:(14):1996;327-329
17. Jeffrey M., Duff J.P., Higgins R.J., Simpson V.R., Jackman R., Jones T.O., et al. Polioencephalomalacia associated with the ingestion of ammonium sulphate by sheep and cattle. Vet Rec. 134:(14):1994;343-348
18. Dickie C.W., James L.F. Kochia scoparia poisoning in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 183:(7):1983;765-768
19. Bird P.R., Moir R.J. Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants I. The absorption of sulphate in sheep after intraruminal or intraduodenal infusions of sodium sulphate. Aust J Biol Sci. 24:(6):1971;1319-1328
20. Olkowski A.A., Gooneratne S.R., Rousseaux C.G., Christensen D.A. Role of thiamine status in sulphur induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep. Res Vet Sci. 52:(1):1992;78-85
21. Dorman D.C., Moulin F.J., McManus B.E., Mahle K.C., James R.A., Struve M.F. Cytochrome oxidase inhibition induced by acute hydrogen sulfide inhalation: correlation with tissue sulfide concentrations in the rat brain, liver, lung, and nasal epithelium. Toxicol Sci. 65:(1):2002;18-25
22. Mella C.M., Perez-Oliva O., Loew F.M. Induction of bovine polioencephalomalacia with a feeding system based on molasses and urea. Can J Comp Med. 40:(1):1976;104-110
23. Loneragan G.H., Gould D.H., Callan R.J., Sigurdson C.J., Hamar D.W. Association of excess sulfur intake and an increase in hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the ruminal gas cap of recently weaned beef calves with polioencephalomalacia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 213:(11):1998;1599-1604
24. Gould D.H., Cummings B.A., Hamar D.W. In vivo indicators of pathologic ruminal sulfide production in steers with diet-induced polioencephalomalacia. J Vet Diagn Invest. 9:(1):1997;72-76
25. Stegelmeier B.L., James L.F., Hall J.O., Mattix M.T. Neurologic disease in range goats associated with Oxytropis sericea (Locoweed) poisoning and water deprivation. Vet Hum Toxicol. 43:(5):2001;302-304
26. Sandals W.C. Acute salt poisoning in cattle. Can Vet J. 19:(5):1978;136-137
27. Scarratt W.K., Collins T.J., Sponenberg D.P. Water deprivation-sodium chloride intoxication in a group of feeder lambs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 186:(9):1985;977-978
28. Edwards W.C. Toxicology of oil field wastes. Hazards to livestock associated with the petroleum industry. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 5:(2):1989;363-374
29. Smith B., Fyfe B.H. Suspected acute salt poisoning in sheep. NZ Vet J. 19:(9):1971;220-221
30. Singer R.H., McCarty R.T. Acute ammonium salt poisoning in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 32:(8):1971;1229-1238
31. Pearson E.G., Kallfelz F.A. A case of presumptive salt poisoning (water deprivation) in veal calves. Cornell Vet. 72:(2):1982;142-149
32. Pringle J.K., Berthiaume L.M. Hypernatremia in calves. J Vet Intern Med. 2:(2):1988;66-70
33. Carmalt J.L., Baptiste K.E., Naylor J.M. Hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves: 30 cases (1988-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 216:(1):2000;68-70
34. Cebra C.K. Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolarity in 6 neonatal llamas and alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 217:(11):2000;1701-1704
35. Arieff A.I., Carroll H.J. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia: clinical features, pathophysiology, renal function, acid-base balance, plasma-cerebrospinal fluid equilibria and the effects of therapy in 37 cases. Medicine. 51:(2):1972;73-94
36. Angelos S.M., Smith B.P., George L.W., House J.K., Van Metre D.C., Fecteau G., et al. Treatment of hypernatremia in an acidotic neonatal calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 214:(9):1999;1364-1367
37. Hoff B., Boermans H.J., Baird J.D. Retrospective study of toxic metal analyses requested at a veterinary diagnostic toxicology laboratory in Ontario (1990-1995). Can Vet J. 39:(1):1998;39-43
38. Marcal W.S., Gaste L., Liboni M., Pardo P.E., Nascimento M.R., Hisasi C.S. Concentration of lead in mineral salt mixtures used as supplements in cattle food. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 53:(1):2001;7-9
39. Veterinary Investigation Service. Discarded battery kills 55 heifers. Vet Rec. 128:(6):1991;143-144
40. Blakley B.R. A retrospective study of lead poisoning in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol. 26:(6):1984;505-507
41. Strojan S.T., Phillips C.J. The detection and avoidance of lead-contaminated herbage by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85:(11):2002;3045-3053
42. Burrows G.E., Borchard R.E. Experimental lead toxicosis in ponies: comparison of the effects of smelter effluent-contaminated hay and lead acetate. Am J Vet Res. 43:(12):1982;2129-2133
43. Gudmundson J. Lead poisoning in cattle. Agri-Practice. 14:(11):1993;43-47
44. Lopez Alonso M., Prieto Montana F., Miranda M., Castillo C., Hernandez J., Benedito J.L. Cadmium and lead accumulation in cattle in NW Spain. Vet Hum Toxicol. 45:(3):2003;128-130
45. Goldstein G.W., Asbury A.K., Diamond I. Pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy. Uptake of lead and reaction of brain capillaries. Arch Neurol. 31:(6):1974;382-389
46. Ahrens F.A. Effects of lead on glucose metabolism, ion flux, and collagen synthesis in cerebral capillaries of calves. Am J Vet Res. 54:(5):1993;808-812
47. Baker J.C. Lead poisoning in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 3:(1):1987;137-147
48. Tyler J.W., Ruffin D.C., Hudson J.A., D'Andrea G.H., Carlson R.L., Wolfe D.F. Clinical vignette. Radiography as an adjunct to the diagnosis of acute lead poisoning in cattle. J Vet Intern Med. 8:(1):1994;67-70
49. Radostits O.M., Gay C.C., Blood D.C., Hinchcliff K.W. Lead poisoning. Veterinary medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses. 9th edition:2000;1575-1585 WB Saunders, New York
50. Meldrum J.B., Ko K.W. Effects of calcium disodium EDTA and meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on tissue concentrations of lead for use in treatment of calves with experimentally induced lead toxicosis. Am J Vet Res. 64:(6):2003;672-676
51. Coppock R.W., Wagner W.C., Reynolds J.D., Vogel R.S., Gelberg H.B., Florence L.Z., et al. Evaluation of edetate and thiamine for treatment of experimentally induced environmental lead poisoning in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 52:(1):1991;1860-1865
52. Dey S., Swarup D., Kalicharan, Singh B. Treatment of lead toxicity in calves. Vet Hum Toxicol. 37:(3):1995;230-232