Management of Hyperhomocysteinemia

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 159-170

  Chan, Emily ^a   Fonseca, Vivian A ^a  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942551890     PISSN: 15404196     EISSN: 15578518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/154041903322294489     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Carson NAJ, Dent CE, Field CMB, et al. Homocystinuria: Clinical and pathological review of ten cases. J Pediatr 1965; 66: 565–583.
2. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia. Implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1969; 56: 111–128.
3. Boers GH, Smals AG, Trijbels FJ, et al. Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 709–715.
4. Kluijtmans LA, van den Heuvel LP, Boers GH, et al. Molecular genetic analysis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia: a common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Am J Human Genet 1996; 58: 35–41.
5. Wald NJ, Watt HC, Law MR, et al. Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 862–867.
6. 6, pyridoxal phosphate, and folate. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 1107–1111.
7. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 286–291.
8. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in U.S. physicians. JAMA 1992; 268: 877–881.
9. Boushey CJ, Beresford SAA, Omenn GS, et al. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. JAMA 1995; 274: 1049–1057.
10. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1149–1155.
11. Den Heijer M, Koster T, Blom HJ, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 759–762.
12. Mandel H, Brenner B, Berant M, et al. Coexistence of hereditary homocystinuria and factor V leiden—effect on thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 763–768.
13. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. JAMA 1997; 277: 1775–1781.
14. Folsom AR, Nieto J, McGovern PG, et al. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins. The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 1998; 98: 204–210.
15. Evans RW, Shaten BJ, Hempel JD, et al. Homocysteine and risk of cardiovascular disease in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1947–1953.
16. Schorah CJ, Devitt H, Lucock M, et al. The responsiveness of plasma homocysteine to small increases in dietary folic acid: a primary care study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 407–411.
17. Malinow MR, Duell PB, Hess DL, et al. Reduction of plasma homocysteine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1009–1015.
18. Venn BJ, Mann JI, Williams SM, et al. Dietary counseling to increase natural folate intake: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in free-living subjects to assess effects on serum folate and plasma total homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 758–765.
19. Riddell LJ, Chisholm A, Williams S, et al. Dietary strategies for lowering homocysteine concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1448–1454.
20. Tice JA, Ross E, Coxson PG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of vitamin therapy to lower plasma homocysteine levels for the prevention of coronary heart disease: effect of grain fortification and beyond. JAMA 2001; 286: 936–943.
21. Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Collaboration. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ 1998; 316: 894–898.
22. Malinow MR, Nieto FJ, Kruger WD, et al. The effects of folic acid supplements on plasma total homocysteine are modulated by multivitamin use and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1157–1162.
23. Woo KS, Chook P, Chan LLT, et al. Long-term improvement in homocysteine levels and arterial endothelial function after 1-year folic acid supplementation. Am J Med 2002; 112: 535–539.
24. van der Griend R, Biesma DH, Haas FJLM, et al. The effect of different treatment regimens in reducing fasting and postmethionine-load homocysteine concentrations. J Jntern Med 2000; 248: 223–229.
25. Fohr IP, Prinz-Langenohl R, Brönstrop A, et al. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype determines the plasma-homocysteine-lowering effect of supplementation with 5-methylenetetrahyrofolate or folic acid in healthy young women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 275–282.
26. Guttormsen AB, Ueland PM, Nesthus I, et al. Determinants and vitamin responsiveness of intermediate hyperhomocysteinemia (≥40 µmol/L). The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2174–2183.
27. Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, et al. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 465–470.
28. 6 status on homocysteine metabolism. J Clin Jnvest 1996; 98: 177–184.
29. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJH, Van Der Merwe A, et al. Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr 1994; 124: 1927–1933.
30. Brattström L, Israelsson B, Norrving B, et al. Impaired homocysteine metabolism in early-onset cerebral and peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 1990; 81: 51–60.
31. 6 plus folic acid therapy in young patients with arteriosclerosis and hyperhomocysteinemia. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20: 933–940.
32. Dudman NP, Wilcken DE, Wang J, et al. Disordered methionine/homocysteine metabolism in premature vascular disease. Its occurrence, cofactor therapy, and enzymology. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1253–1260.
33. Simolin LA, Benevenga NJ, Berlow S. The use of betaine for the treatment of homocystinuria. J Pediatr 1981; 99: 467–472.
34. Wilcken DE, Wilcken B, Dudman P, et al. Homocystinuria—the effect of betaine in the treatment of patients not responsive to pyridoxine. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 448–453.
35. Baliga BS, Reynolds T, Fink LM, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: cardiovascular risk factors and effect of treatment with folic acid and pyridoxine. Endocr Pract 2000; 6: 435–441.
36. Bostom AG, Colleton BF. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 891–900.
37. Van Guldener C, Janssen MJFM, de Meer K, et al. Effect of folic acid and betaine on fasting and post-methionine-loading plasma homocysteine and methionine levels in chronic haemodialysis patients. J Jntern Med 1999; 245: 175–183.
38. Van Guldener C, Janssen MJ, Lambert J, et al. No change in impaired endothelial function after long-term folic acid therapy of hyperhomocysteinaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 106–112.
39. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Lapane KL, et al. High-dose B-vitamin treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in dialysis patients. Kidney Jnt 1996; 49: 147–152.
40. 12. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 455–461.
41. Tremblay R, Bonnardeaux A, Geadah D, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients: effects of 12-month supplementation with hydrosoluble vitamins. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 851–858.
42. Sunder-Plassmann G, Födinger M, Buchmayer H, et al. Effect of high-dose folic acid therapy on hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients: results from the Vienna Multicenter Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1106–1116.
43. 12 and high-dose folic acid in hemodialysis patients with hyper-homocyst(e)inemia. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1103–1109.
44. Touam M, Zingraff J, Jungers P, et al. Effective correction of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients by intravenous folinic acid and pyridoxine therapy. Kidney Jnt 1999; 56: 2292–2296.
45. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Gohh RY, et al. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 2001; 59: S246-S252.
46. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Bagley P, et al. Controlled comparison of L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate versus folic acid for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients. Circulation 2000; 101: 2829–2832.
47. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Gohh RY, et al. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients versus hemodialysis patients. Transplantation 2000; 69: 2128–2131.
48. Beaulieu AJ, Gohh RY, Han H, et al. Enhanced reduction of fasting total homocysteine levels with supra-physiological versus standard multivitamin dose folic acid supplementation in renal transplant recipients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 2918–2921.
49. Zantvoort FA, Waldmann J, Colic D, et al. Incidence and treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 3679–3680.
50. Arnesen E, Refsum H, Bønaa KH, et al. Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 704–709.
51. Verhoef P, Kok FJ, Kruyssen DACM, et al. Plasma total homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 989–995.
52. Stehouwer CDA, Weijenberg MP, van den Berg M, et al. Serum homocysteine and risk of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in elderly men. A 10-year follow-up. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1895–1901.
53. Bots ML, Launer LJ, Lindemans J, et al. Homocysteine and short-term risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 38–44.
54. Nygård O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 230–236.
55. Omland T, Samuelsson A, Hartford M, et al. Serum homocysteine concentration as an indicator of survival in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Arch Jntern Med 2000; 160: 1834–1840.
56. Verhoef P, Hennekens CH, Allen RH, et al. Plasma total homocysteine and risk of angina pectoris with subsequent coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 799–801.
57. Perry IJ, Refsum H, Morris RW, et al. Prospective study of serum total homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Lancet 1995; 346: 1395–1398.
58. Verhoef P, Hennekens CH, Malinow MR, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994; 25: 1924–1930.
59. Petri M, Roubenoff R, Dallal GE, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for atherothrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1996; 348: 1120–1124.
60. Malinow MR, Kang SS, Taylor LM, et al. Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 1989; 79: 1180–1188.
61. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Schoenfeld MR. Association between plasma homocysteine and extracranial carotid arterial disease in older persons. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1432–1433.
62. Fermo I, D'Angelo SV, Paroni R, et al. Prevalence of moderate hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with early-onset venous and arterial occlusive disease. Ann Jntern Med 1995; 123: 747–753.
63. Malinow MR, Nieto FJ, Szklo M, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial wall thickening and plasma homocysteine in asymptomatic adults. Circulation 1993; 87: 1107–1113.
64. Konecky N, Malinow MR, Tunick PA, et al. Correlation between plasma homocysteine and aortic sclerosis. Am Heart J 1997; 133: 534–540.
65. Fonseca V, Guba SC, Fink LM. Hyperhomocysteinemia and the endocrine system: implications for atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Endocrinal Rev 1999; 20: 738–759.
66. Tawakol A, Omland T, Gerhard M, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation 1997; 95: 1119–1121.
67. Nappo F, De Rosa N, Marfella R, et al. Impairment of endothelial functions by acute hyperhomocysteinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins. JAMA 1999; 281: 2113–2118.
68. Sharma N, Andrews TC. Endothelial function as a therapeutic target in coronary artery disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2000; 2: 303–307.
69. 6 and risk of myocardial infarction in U.S. physicians. J Am Col Nutr 1996; 15: 136–143.
70. 6 from diet and supplements in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1998; 279: 359–364.
71. Woo KS, Chook P, Lolin YI, et al. Folic acid improves arterial endothelial function in adults with hyperhomocystinemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 2002–2006.
72. 12) administration on endothelial dysfunction induced by post-methionine load hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84:1359–1361.
73. 6 improves biological markers of endothelial dysfunction. Br J Haematol 1999; 107: 776–778.
74. van den Berg M, Boers GHJ, Franken DG, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial cell dysfunction in young patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25: 176–181.
75. 6 attenuates thrombin generation. Thombosis Research 1999; 95: 281–288.
76. De Vecchi AF, Patrosso C, Novembrino C, et al. Folate supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients with normal erythrocyte folate: effect on plasma homocysteine. Nephron 2001; 89: 297–302.
77. Ishikawa M, Namiki A, Kubota T, et al. Effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on endothelial activation and dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 1203–1205.
78. 6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 517–522.
79. Morita H, Kurihara H, Kuwaki T, et al. Homocysteine as a risk factor for restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Thromb Haemostasis 2000; 84: 27–31.
80. Kumbasar SD, Dincer I, Ertas F, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and restenosis. J Cardiovasc Risk 2001; 8: 9–13.
81. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, et al. Association of plasma homocysteine with restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 726–733.
82. Miner Se, Hegele RA, Sparkes J, et al. Homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a prospective study. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 272–278.
83. 12, and folate to coronary instent restenosis. Am J Card 2002; 89: 295–299.
84. Schnyder G, Marco R, Pin R, et al. Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1593–1600.
85. 6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention. The Swiss Heart Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 973–979.
86. Zheng H, Dimayuga C, Hudaihed A, et al. Effect of dexrazoxane on homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in normal subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: E15–E18.