Major active faults determine the location of the Tongonan geothermal field: Evidence provided by rock alternation and stable isotope geochemistry

Island Arc

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 370-386

  Scott, Graeme L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b NONE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Leyte; Philippine fault; Rock alteration geochemistry; Stable isotopes; Tongonan geothermal field

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE FAULT; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; STABLE ISOTOPE;

ASIA; EURASIA; LEYTE [(ISL) VISAYAS]; PHILIPPINES; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VISAYAS;

EID: 2942548957     PISSN: 10384871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2004.00432.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Abbey S. 1979. Studies in 'standard samples' for use in the general analysis of silicate rocks and minerals. Part 6: 1979 edition of 'usable values'. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80, 30.
2. Alvis-Isidro R. R., Solana R. R., D'Amore F., Nuti S. & Gonfiantini R. 1993. Hydrology of the greater Tongonan geothermal system, Philippines, as deduced from geochemical and isotopic data. Geothermics 22, 43549.
3. Aunzo Z. P., Sarmiento Z. F. & Sarit A. D. 1986. Simulation of the Tongonan geothermal field. The initial state: preliminary result. Proceedings of the 5th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, pp. 135-40. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
4. Aurelio M. A. 2000. Shear partitioning in the Philippines: Constraints from Philippine Fault and global positioning system data. The Island Arc 9, 584-97.
5. Blattner P. 1985. Isotopic shift data and the natural evolution of geothermal systems. Chemical Geology 49, 187-203.
6. Blattner P. 1993. 'Andesite water': a phantom of the isotopic evolution of water-silicate systems. Comment on 'Isotope shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin' by W. F. Giggenbach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, 511-18.
7. Cathles L. M. 1983. An analysis of the hydrothermal system responsible for massive sulfide deposition in the Hokuroku Basin of Japan. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 439-87.
8. Clayton R. N. & Mayeda T. K. 1963. The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27, 43-52.
9. Clayton R. N., Muffler L. J. P. & White D. E. 1968. Oxygen isotope study of calcite and silicates of River Ranch, 1 well, Salton Sea Geothermal Field, California. American Journal of Science 266, 968-79.
10. + or Nacl or KCl at hydrothermal conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 445-66.
11. Cole D. R., Ohmoto H. & Lasaga A. C. 1983. Isotopic exchange in mineral fluid systems. I. Theoretical evaluation of oxygen isotope exchange accompanying surface reactions and diffusion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 1681-93.
12. Condie K. C., Viljoen M. J. & Kable E. I. D. 1977. Effects of alteration on element distributions in Archean tholeiites from Barborton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 64, 75-89.
13. Craig H. 1963. The isotope geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas. In Tongiorgi E. (ed.) Nuclear Geology in Geothermal Areas, pp. 17-53, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pisa.
14. Craig H., Boato G. & White D. E. 1956. Isotope geochemistry of thermal waters. Publication of the National Academy of Science and National Resources Council Washington 400, 29-38.
15. Delfin F. G. & Tebar H. J. 1986. Geologic structures at the Mahiao, Sambaloran and Malitbog sectors of the Tongonan geothermal field, Leyte, Philippines. Proceedings of the 8th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, pp. 129-34. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
16. Finlow-Bates T. & Stumpfl E. F. 1981. The behaviour of so-called immobile elements in hydrothermally altered rocks associated with volcanogenic submarine-exhalative ore deposits. Mineral Deposita 16, 319-28.
17. Fournier R. O. & Potter R. W. 1982. An equation correlating the solubility of quartz in water from 25°C to 900°C at pressures up to 10,000 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46, 1969-74.
18. Garlick G. D. 1966. Oxygen isotope fractionation in igneous rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1, 362-8.
19. Gat J. R. 1980. The isotopes and hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation. In Handbook of Environmental Geochemistry, Vol. 1, pp. 21-47, Elsevier, New York.
20. Giggenbach W. F. 1992a. Isotope shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 113, 495-510.
21. Giggenbach W. F. 1992b. Isotopic composition of geothermal water and steam discharges. In D'Amore F. (ed.) Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development, pp. 253-73, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, New York.
22. Giggenbach W. F. 1993. Reply to comment by P. Blattner: 'Andesite water': a phantom of the isotopic evolution of water-silicate systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, 519-22.
23. Goguel R. 1983. The rare alkalies in hydrothermal alteration at Wairakei and Broadlands geothermal fields, Nz. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 429-37.
24. Govindaraju K. 1984. Compilation of working values and sample descriptions for 170 international reference samples of mainly silicate rocks and minerals. Geostandards Newsletter 8 (Special issue), 1-86.
25. Gresens R. L. 1967. Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism. Chemical Geology 2, 47-65.
26. Groves A. W. 1951. Silicate Analysis, 2nd edn. Allen & Unwin, London.
27. Helgeson H. C., Murphy W. M. & Aagaard P. 1984. Thermodynamic and kinetic constraints on reaction rates among minerals and aqueous solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 2405-32.
28. 2O and some general implications for alteration/mineralisation processes. Economic Geology 75, 210-28.
29. Hulston J. R., Stewart M. K., Glover R. B., Camales R. A., Bogie I. M. & Barnett P. R. 1982. Stable isotope geochemistry of the Tongonan geothermal system, Leyte, Philippines. Proceedings of the 4th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, pp. 265-70. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
30. Ignacio C. P. & Bromley C. J. 1982. Interpretation of gravity surveys at Tongonan geothermal field. Proceedings of the 4th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, pp. 241-6. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
31. Knox J. 1983. The margins of the Tongonan geothermal field (PhD Thesis). University of Auckland, Auckland.
32. Matsuhisa Y., Goldsmith J. R. & Clayton R. N. 1979. Oxygen isotope fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 1131-40.
33. Naylor M. A., Mandl G. & Sijpesteijn C. H. J. 1986. Fault geometries in basement-induced wrench faulting under different initial stress states. Journal of Structural Geology 8, 737-52.
34. Norrish K. & Hutton J. T. 1969. An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33, 431-53.
35. Norton D. L. 1984. Theory of hydrothermal systems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12, 155-77.
36. Norton D. & Knight J. 1977. Transport phenomena in hydrothermal systems: cooling plutons. American Journal of Science 277, 937-81.
37. Norton D. & Taylor H. P. 1979. Quantitative simulation of hydrothermal systems of crystallising magmas on the basis of transport theory and oxygen isotope data: an analysis of the Skaergaard intrusion. Journal of Petrology 20, 421-86.
38. Parker R. J. 1978. An iterative method for determining background intensities used in XRF calibration lines for flux-fusion silicate rock analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry 7, 38-43.
39. Parker R. J. & Willis J. P. 1977. Computer programs SORT, REORD and MW for major element XRF data processing. Computers and Geoscience 3, 115-71.
40. Peck L. C. 1964. Systematic Analysis of Silicates, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1170, US Government. Printing Office, Washington, DC.
41. Pollitz F. F. 1986. Pliocene change in Pacific plate motion. Nature 320, 738.
42. Scott G. L. 1983. Rock geochemistry of the Tongonan geothermal field, Leyte, Philippines. Proceedings of the 5th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, pp. 219-24. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
43. Scott G. L. 1988. The fluid-rock interaction history of the Tongonan Geothermal Field, Philippines (PhD Thesis). University of Auckland, Auckland.
44. Scott G. L. 1989. Magmatic chloride and metals in fluids, Tongonan geothermal field, Philippines. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 38, 355-60.
45. Scott G. L. 1990. A fluid inclusion investigation of the Tongonan geothermal field, Philippines. Geothermics 30, 259-71.
46. Scott G. L. 2000. Heat source for the Tongonan geothermal field. The Island Arc 9, 513-26.
47. Scott G. L. 2001. Hydrothermal alteration and fluid geochemistry of the Tongonan geothermal field, Philippines. Resource Geology 51, 117-34.
48. Scott G. L. & Blattner P. 1986. Oxygen isotope fine structure and fluid throughput of the Tongonan Geothermal Field, Philippines - a preliminary report. Proceedings of the 5th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, pp. 7-11. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
49. Shapiro L. & Brannock W. W. 1962. Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate and phosphate rock. In United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 1144A. US Government Printing Office, Washington.
50. Sheppard S. M. F. 1981. Chemistry and geochemistry of solutions at high temperatures and pressures. In Rickard D. & Wickman F. E. (eds.) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 13-14, pp. 419-45, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
51. Sourirajan S. & Kennedy G. C. 1962. The system water-NaCl at elevated temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science 260, 115-41.
52. Stewart M. K. 1978. Stable isotopes in waters from the Wairakei geothermal area, New Zealand. Stable Isotopes in the Earth Sciences DSIR Bulletin 220, 113-19.
53. Taylor H. P. 1968. Oxygen isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 19, 1-71.
54. Taylor H. P. 1979. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal. ore deposits. In Barnes H. L. (ed.) Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd edn, pp. 236-77. Wiley Interscience, New York.
55. 16O ratios in coexisting minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin 73, 675-94.
56. Taylor H. P. & Forester R. W. 1979. An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of the Skaergaard intrusion and its country rocks: a description of a 55 m.y. old fossil hydrothermal system. Journal of Petrology 20, 355-419.
57. Taylor B. E. & Friedrichsen H. 1983. Light stable isotope systematics of granitic pegmatites from North America and Norway. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience) 41, 127-67.
58. Viereck L. G., Griffin B. S., Schmincke H. & Pritchard R. G. 1982. Voleaniclastic rocks of the Reydarfjordur drill hole, Eastern Iceland. 2. Alteration. Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (138), 6459-76.
59. Wood D. A., Gibson I. L. & Thompson R. N. 1976. Elemental mobility during zeolite facies metamorphism of Tertiary basalts of Eastern Iceland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 55, 241-54.