Ricin: Mechanism of toxicity, clinical manifestations, and vaccine development. A review

Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 201-208

  Doan, Leah G ^a  

^a Department of Geology and Geological Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthrax; Botulinum; Ricin; Vaccine development

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; ANTHRAX TOXIN; BOTULINUM TOXIN; CASTOR OIL; RICIN;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; FLUID THERAPY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INTOXICATION; LIVER TOXICITY; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; REHYDRATION; REVIEW; RICINUS COMMUNIS; STOMACH LAVAGE; TOXIN ANALYSIS; VACCINE PRODUCTION; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; BIOTERRORISM; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; POISONING; RICIN; VACCINES, SYNTHETIC;

ANTHRAX; CASTOR; RICINUS COMMUNIS;

EID: 2942530316     PISSN: 07313810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CLT-120030945     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Klaassen CD. Toxic effects on plants. In: Casarrett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001: 968.
2. Hardin JW, Arena JM. Internal poisoning. In: Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974:119-121.
3. Franz H. The ricin story. In: Franz H, ed. Advances in Lectin Research. Vol. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988:110-125.
4. Greenfield AR, Brown BR, Hutchins JB, Iandolo JJ, Jackson R, Slater L, Bronze MS. Microbiological, biological, and chemical weapons of warfare and terrorism. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323:326-340.
5. Twilley IC, Roth DWH Jr, Lofquist RA. Nylon 6 Production. US Patent 3,558,567, December 28, 1967.
6. Kim SU, Son HS, Yoon SH. Preparation of rubber compositions with excellent properties. Korean Patent 2,000,060,113, March 12, 1999.
7. Jackwerth B, Bruening S. Cosmetics preparation containing dicarboxylic acids as emulsifiers and moisturizers. German Patent 2,002,012,778, August 8, 2001.
8. Lubricating oil for metalworking. Japanese Patent 58,017,197, July 23, 1981.
9. Franz DR, Jaax NK. Ricin toxin. In: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological U.S. Warfare. Washington: Office of the Surgeon General; Department of the Army, DC, 1997:631-642.
10. Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC Jr, Klein-Schwartz W, Youniss J, Rose SR, Borys D, May ME. 2002 annual report of the american association of poison control centers toxic exposure surveillance system. Am J Emerg Med Sep 2003; 21(5):353-421.
11. Knight B. Ricin a potent homicidal poison. Br Med J 1979; Feb 3:350-351.
12. Marshall E. Bracing for biological nightmare. Science 1997; 275:745.
13. Frigerio L, Roberts LM. The enemy within: ricin and plant cells. J Exp Bot 1998; 49(326):1473-1480.
14. Olsnes S, Kozolv JV. Ricin. Toxicon 2001; 39:1723-1728.
15. Olsnes S, Wesche J, Falnes PO. Binding uptake, routing and translocation of toxins with intracellular sites of action. In: Alouf JE, Freer JH, eds. The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Toxins. London: Academic Press, 1999:73-93.
16. Monfort W, Villafranca JE, Monzingo AF, Ernst S, Katzin B, Rutenber E, Xuong NH, Rovertus JD. The three dimensional structure of ricin at 2.8 Å. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:5398-5403.
17. Rutenber E, Robertus JD. Structure of ricin b-chain at 2.5 Å resolution. Proteins 1991; 10:260-269.
18. Monzingo AF, Robertus JD. X-ray analysis of substrate analogs in the ricin a-chain active site. J Mol Biol 1992; 227:1136-1145.
19. Lord JM, Roberts LM, Robertus JD. Ricin: structure, mode of action, and some current applications. FASEB J 1994; 8:201-208.
20. Weston SA, Tucker AD, Thatcher DR, Derbyshire DJ, Pauptit RA. X-ray structure of recombinant ricin a-chain at 1.8 Å resolution. J Mol Biol 1994; 266:1043-1049.
21. Day PJ, Ernst SR, Frankel AE, Monzingo AF, Pascal JM, Molina-Svinth MC, Rovertus JD. Structure and activity of an active substitution of ricin a chain. Biochemistry 1996; 35:11098-11103.
22. Sandvig K, van Deurs B. Entry of ricin and shiga toxins into cells: molecular mechanisms and medical perspective. EMBO J 2000; 19:5943-5950.
23. Olsnes S, Pihl A. Different biological properties of the two constituent peptide chains of ricin, a toxic protein inhibiting protein synthesis. Biochemistry 1973; 12:3121-3126.
24. Endo Y, Mitsui K, Motizuki M, Tsurugi K. The mechanism of ricin and related toxic lectins on eukaryotic ribosomes. The site and the characteristics of the modification in 28s ribosomal rna caused by the toxins. J Biol Chem 1987; 262(12):5908-5912.
25. Endo Y, Tsurugi K. RNA-N glycosidase activity of ricin a-chain. Mechanism of action of the toxic lectin ricin on eukaryotic ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1987; 262(17):8128-8130.
26. Manske JM, Vallera DA. Intracellular trafficking of ricin immunotoxins: the role of ricin b-chain. In: Saelinger CB, ed. Trafficking of Bacterial Toxins. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1990:169.
27. Wesche J, Rapak A, Olsnes S. Dependence of ricin toxicity on translocation of the toxin a-chain from the er to the cytosol. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(48): 3443-3449.
28. Wales R, Richardson PT, Roberts LM, Woodland HR, Lord JM. Mutational analysis of the galactose binding ability of recombinant ricin b chain. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:19172-19179.
29. van Deurs B, Sandvig K. Transport of protein toxins into cells: pathways used by ricin, cholera toxin and shiga toxin. FEBS Lett 2002; 529:49-53.
30. Sphyris N, Lord JM, Wales R, Roberts LM. Mutational analysis of the ricinus lectin b-chains. Galactose-binding ability of the gamma subdomain of ricinus communis agglutinin b-chain. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20292-20297.
31. van Deurs B, Tonnessen TI, Petersen OW, Sandvig K, Olsnes S. Routing of internalised ricin and ricin conjugates to the golgi complex. J Cell Biol 1986; 102:37-47.
32. Fodstad O, Olsnes S, Pihl A. Toxicity, distribution and elimination of the cancerostatic lectins abrin and ricin after parenteral injection into mice. Br J Cancer 1976; 34:418-425.
33. Ramsden CS, Drayson MB, Bell EB. The toxicity, distribution, and excretion of ricin holotoxin in rats. Toxicology 1989; 55:161-171.
34. Brown RFR, White DE. Ultrastructure of rat lung following inhalation of ricin aerosol. Int J Exp Pathol 1997; 78:267-276.
35. Wilhelmsen C, Pitt L. Lesions of acute inhaled lethal ricin intoxication in rhesus monkeys. Vet Pathol 1996; 33:296-302.
36. Palatnick W, Tenenbein M. Hepatotoxicity from castor bean ingestion in a child. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38(1):67-69.
37. Reed RP. Castor oil seed poisoning a concern for children. Med J Aust 1998; 168:423-424.
38. Aplin PJ, Eliseo T. Ingestion of castor oil plant seed. Med J Aust 1997; 167:260-261.
39. Rauber A, Heard J. Castor bean toxicity reexamined: a new perspective. Vet Hum Toxicol 1985; 27(6):498-502.
40. Kopferschmitt J, Flesch F, Lugnier A, Sauder P, Jaeger A, Mantz JM. Acute voluntary intoxication by ricin. Human Toxicol 1983; 2:239-242.
41. Lambert JM, Goldmacher VS, Collinson AR, Nadler LM, Blatter WA. An immunotoxin prepared with blocked ricin: a natural plant toxin adapted for therapeutic use. Cancer Res 1991; 51:6236-6244.
42. Fodstad O, Kvalheim G, Godal A, Lotsberg J, Aamdal S, Host H, Pihl A. Phase I study of the plant protein ricin. Cancer Res 1984; 44:862-865.
43. Fine DR, Shepherd HA, Griffiths GD, Green M. Sub-lethal poisoning by self-injection with ricin. Med Sci Law 1992; 32(1):70-72.
44. Abdykjadur-lufti todliche intoxikation durch die Samen der rizinpflanze. Deut Med Wochsch 1935:416-417.
45. Bispham WN. Report of cases of poisoning by fruit of ricinus communis. Am J Med Sci 1903; 12:319-321.
46. Meldrum WP. Poisoning by castor oil seeds. Br Med J 1900; Feb 10:317.
47. POISINDEX® Editorial Staff: Castor beans (Management/Treatment Protocol). In: Klasco RK, ed. POISINDEX® System. Greenwood Village; Colorado: Thomson MICROMEDEX. (Edition expires [Nov, 2003]).
48. Godal A, Pihl A. Radioimmunoassays of abrin and ricin in blood. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981; 8:409-417.
49. Poli MA, Rivera VR, Hewetson JF, Merrill GA. Detection of ricin by colorimetric and chemiluminescence ELISA. Toxicon 1994; 32(11):1371-1377.
50. Wannemacher RW, Hewetson JF. Deglycosylated ricin toxin a-chain vaccine. PCT Int Appl 2000: 78.
51. Griffiths GD, Phillips GJ, Baily SC. Comparision of the quality of protection elicited by toxoid and peptide liposomal vaccine formulations against ricin as assessed by markers of inflammation. Vaccine 1999; 17(20-21):2562-2568.
52. Griffiths GD, Bailey SC, Stephen C, Hambrook JL, Keyte MP. Local and systemic responses against ricin toxin promoted by toxoid or peptide vaccines alone or in liposomal formulations. Vaccine 1998; 16(5):530-535.
53. Griffiths GD, Bailey SC, Hambrook JL, Keyte M, Jayasekera P, Miles J, Williamson E. Liposomally-encapsulated ricin toxoid vaccine delivered intratracheally elicits a good immune response and protects against a lethal pulmonary dose of ricin toxin. Vaccine 1997; 15(17-18):1933-1939.
54. Matyas GR, Alving CR. Protective prophylactic immunity against intranasal ricin challenge induced by liposomal ricin a subunit. Vaccine Res 1996; 5(3):163-172.
55. Yan C, Rill WL, Malli R, Hewetson J, Naseem H, Tammariello R, Kende M. Intranasal stimulation of long-lasting immunity against aerosol ricin challenge with ricin toxoid vaccine encapsulated in polymeric microspheres. Vaccine 1996; 14(11): 1031-1038.
56. Smallshaw JE, Firan A, Fulmer JR, Ruback SL, Ghetie V, Vitetta ES. A novel recombinant vaccine which protects mice against ricin intoxication. Vaccine 2002; 20:3422-3477.