Effect of trail design and grooming on the incidence of injuries at alpine ski areas

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 264-268

  Bergstrom K A ^a,b   Ekeland, A ^c  

^a Orthoped Surg and Sports Medicine ^*  (Norway)

^b Orthoped Surg and Sports Medicine   (Norway)

^c MARTINA HANSENS HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; GROOMING; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INJURY; MALE; NORWAY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SKIING; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SKIING; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES;

EID: 2942522444     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2002.000270     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Shealy JE, Geyer LW, Hayden R. Epidemiology of ski injuries: an investigation of the effect of method of skill acquisition and release bindings used on accident rates. Human Factors 1974;16:459-73.
2. Shealy JE. Comparison of downhill ski injury patterns: 1978-81 vs. 1988-90. In: Johnson RJ, Mote JR CD, Zelcer J, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: ninth volume, ASTM STP 1182. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993:23-32.
3. Eriksson E, ed. Symposium on ski trauma and skiing Safety. Orthop Clin North Am 1976;7:1-258.
4. Hauser W, Asang E, Müller B. Injury risk in alpine skiing. In: Johnson RJ, Mote JR CD, Binet MH, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: seventh vlume. ASTM STP1022. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1989:18-24.
5. Raas E. The International Skiing Federation contribution to safety in skiing. In: Mote JR CD, Johnson RJ, eds. Skiing safety and trauma: sixth volume, ASTM STP 938. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1987:329-32.
6. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Shealy JE. Skier injury trends. In: Johnson RJ, Mote JR CD, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: ninth volume, ASTM STP 1022. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993:11-22.
7. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Shealy JE. Skiers injury trends: 1972 to 1994. In: Mote JR CD, Johnson RJ, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: eleventh volume, ASTM STP 1289. Philadelpia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997:37-48.
8. Ekeland A, Holtemoen Å, Lystad H. Skiing injuries in alpine recreational skiers. In: Johnson RJ, Mote JR CD, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: seventh volume, ASTM STP 1022. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1989:41-50.
9. Goulet C, Regnier G, Grimard G, et al. Risk factors associated with alpine skiing injuries in children. A case-control study. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:644-50.
10. Rønning R, Gerner T, Engebretsen L. Risk of injury during alpine and telemark skiing and snowboarding. The equipment-specific distance-correlated injury index. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:506-8.
11. Ekeland A, Holtemoen A, Lystad H. Lower extremity equipment-related injuries in alpine recreational skiers. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:201-5.
12. Ettlinger C, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE. A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpine skiing. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:531-7.
13. Bergstrøm KA, Askild O, Jørgensen NA, et al. Evaluation of skiing injuries by Injury Severity Score. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1999;9:110-13.
14. Bergstrøm KA, Askild O, Jørgensen NA, et al. Organisation of skiing safety in a new alpine area: Injury Severity Score used to compare and classify the difficulty of the slopes. In: Johnson RJ, Mote JR CD, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: ninth volume, ASTM STP 1182. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993:229-35.
15. Wright CC, Abbess CR, Jarrett DF. Estimating the regression-to-mean effect associated with road accident black spot treatment: towards a more realistic approach. Accid Anal Prev 1988;20:199-214.
16. Matter P, Müller W, Ott Ch. Frequency of ski injuries in the Davos region. Orthop Clin North Am 1976;7:31-5.
17. Lystad H. Collision injuries in Alpine skiing. In: Johnson RJ, Mote JR CD, Binet MH, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: seventh volume, ASTM STP 1022. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1989:69-74.
18. Committee on Injury Scaling. The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1985 revision. Arlington Heights, American Association of Automotive Medicine, 1985.
19. Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W, et al. The Injury Severity Score. A method for describing patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma 1974;14:187-96.
20. Altman DG. Relation between several variables. In: Altman DG, ed. Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991:325-64.
21. Ekeland A, Rødven A. Injuries in alpine skiing, telemarking and snowboarding. In: Johnson RJ, Zucco P, Shealy JE, eds. Skiing safety and trauma: thirteenth volume, ASTM STP 1397. West Conshohocken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2001:87-94.
22. Uland Ø, Kopjar B. Occurrence and trends of ski injuries in Norway. Br J Sports Med 1998;32:299-303.
23. Young LR, Lee SM. Alpine injury patterns at Waterville Valley: 1989 update. In: Mote JR CD, Johnson RJ, eds. Skiing trauma and safety: eighth volume, ASTM STP 1104. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1991:125-32.
24. Penniman D. Customs and practices at U.S. ski areas for mitigating common hazards through trail configuration and maintenance. In: Johnson RJ, ed. Skiing trauma and safety: twelfth volume, ASTM STP 1345. West Conshohocken, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999:35-44.